ED-615-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT_IN_PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONpptx

Historical
Development of
Public
Administration

Objective:
• Describe the evolution of public
administration theory
• Compare and contrast the
development of public administration
in the Philippines and other countries
• Identify key historical events and
figures that have influenced public
administration.

“Public administration comprises the activities that are
involved in carrying out the functions of state and
government”.
• “The institutionalization of administrative
capacity for collective purposes is the foundation of
Public Administration. Such arrangements have
existed in all societies.”
Introduction

• All societies are devoted to advancing the general
welfare or the public interest. The idea that “Public
Administration should not be considered
administration of the public but administration for the
public” has been practiced and expressed in the code of
Hammurabi, in Confucianism.
Introduction

The philosophical & theoretical themes on the subject of
state craft, practical administration, in the great
civilizations, dynasties, monarchies and city states, the idea
of Public Administration had been fundamentally ingrained
and reflected in a wide variety of compositions and shades.

In the practical field of Public Administration, Chinese may
be considered pioneer on account of following innovations:
• The first highly centralized bureaucratic state in the
second century BC.
• Merit Based recruitment for the governmental
administration through competitive exam much better than
the one in Europe and rest of the world till 18th Century
termed as the "birth certificate of modern bureaucracy"

Public administration theories have evolved in response to
changing political, social, and economic environments.
These theories provide frameworks for understanding
how public institutions should be organized, how
decisions should be made, and how services should be
delivered.

1. Which of the following best describes the classical
theory of public administration?
A. Emphasizes emotional intelligence and teamwork in
organizations
B. Focuses on digital tools for faster governance
C. Centers on hierarchy, rules, and organizational
structure
D. Promotes citizen engagement and equity in public
service
PRE-ASSESSMENT

SUMMARY TABLE OF EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC AD
ERA THEORY FOCUS
Late 1800s–1920s CLASSICAL THEORIES Efficiency, structure, hierarchy
1930s–1950s NEO-CLASSICAL Human behavior, decision-making
1950s–1970s BEHAVIORAL/SYSTEMS Organizational dynamics, systems thinking
1960s–1970s NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Social equity, ethics, responsiveness
1970s–1980s PUBLIC CHOICE Market mechanisms, efficiency
1980s–2000s NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT Accountability, privatization
1990s–Present GOVERNANCE/NETWORKS Collaboration, interdependence
2000s–Present NEW PUBLIC SERVICE Democratic values, citizen focus
2000s–Present DIGITAL GOVERNANCE Technology, innovation, transparency

•Focused on efficiency, structure, and hierarchy.
•Sought to make public administration more
scientific and professional.
1. CLASSICAL
THEORIES
(Late 19th – Early 20th Century)

1.SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
(FREDERICK TAYLOR)
Stressed standardization,
time-motion studies, and
productivity.
1. CLASSICAL THEORIES (Late 19th – Early 20th
Century)

Century)

Century)
Scientific

2. BUREAUCRATIC THEORY
(MAX WEBER)
Emphasized rational-legal authority,
formal hierarchy, and rule-based
operation.
Century)

Century)
Max Weber's theory of
bureaucracy is an approach that
proposes a specific way to
manage an organization. It
proposes that the most
appropriate way to run an
organization is to structure it into
a rigid hierarchy of individuals
governed by strict rules and
regulations.
Bureaucratic Theory

Century)
Impersonality in bureaucracy is quite a good thing. Weber
believed that the workplace should be a professional and
impersonal setting. To ensure that all employees are
treated fairly and equally, managers should maintain an
impersonal relationship with them. Furthermore,
employees in the bureaucracy are hired and onboarded
only on their expertise and technical skills. Candidates
may have gained these potentials through formal education,
on-the-job training, or a combination of these methods.
Bureaucratic Theory

Century)
For example, workers are given duties according to their
departments and strengths in the Coca-Cola and Apple
companies. This shows that competencies and functional
specialties should be the foundation for task division.
Employees can better understand their roles and
responsibilities in the company in this manner and what is
expected of them.
Bureaucratic Theory

3. ADMINISTRATIVE
MANAGEMENT
(FAYOL, GULICK, URWICK):
Developed principles of management
and functions like POSDCORB.
Century)

HENRY FAYOL, FATHER OF CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT, HAS GIVEN THE FOLLOWING
MANAGERIAL FUNCTIONS: (I) PLANNING (II)
ORGANIZING (III) COMMAND (IV) COORDINATION
AND CONTROL.
LATER, LUTHER GULICK AND LYNDALL URWICK HAVE
elaborated and given the seven functions of
management and coined an acronym as ‘POSDCORB’.
Century)
Administrative

Classical theories of public administration emerged in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on efficiency,
structure, and formal organization. These theories
emphasized a top-down, hierarchical approach to
administration, where clear rules, division of labor, and
a well-defined chain of command were seen as
essential for effective governance.
Century)

Thinkers like Max Weber promoted the ideal type of
bureaucracy, Frederick Taylor advocated for scientific
management to maximize productivity, and Henri Fayol
and Luther Gulick introduced principles like POSDCORB
to guide administrative functions.
Together, these classical theories laid the foundation
for modern bureaucratic systems and influenced how
public institutions are structured and managed.
Century)

•Reacted to the limitations of classical theories,
especially their neglect of human behavior.
2. Neo-Classical
Theories
(1930s–1950s)

1.Human Relations Theory
(Elton Mayo)
Highlighted the role of social
relations, motivation, and
morale in productivity.
2. Neo-Classical Theories (1930s–
1950s)

CORE FEATURES OF HUMAN RELATIONS THEORY
1950s)

The theory emphasizes the importance of
understanding and meeting the social and
psychological need of employees. These days,
companies acknowledge that satisfied and
motivated employees are more productive,
perform better, more engage and showcase
greater innovation in their task
1950s)
Human Relations Theory

2. DECISION-MAKING THEORY
(HERBERT SIMON):
Introduced the concept of bounded
rationality—administrators make
decisions with limited information
and cognitive capacity.
1950s)

2. DECISION-MAKING THEORY (HERBERT SIMON):
1950s)

The theory basically predicts the importance
of a decision and how to imply it.
Based on Simon’s opinions, there can be
multiple actions that can best suit the
situation, as there can always be some
missing information to the person who is
making the decision.
1950s)
Decision-Making

In the classical aspects of economics, the
psychological angle was not considered, while in
this theory, Simon considered the psychological
aspects also. The limit of an employee to solve a
complex problem depends on factors like stress
and motivation very much. In simple words, the
ability or decision of a person to perform is
different when there is a possibility of risk or
uncertainty.
1950s)
Decision-Making

Neo-classical theories of public administration,
emerging between the 1930s and 1950s,
responded to the limitations of classical
approaches by emphasizing the human side
of organizations.
These theories recognized that rigid structures
and rules alone could not ensure effective
administration.
1950s)

The Human Relations Movement, led by Elton Mayo,
highlighted the importance of employee motivation, group
dynamics, and workplace relationships. Herbert Simon
further advanced the field with his concept of bounded
rationality, arguing that decision-making is influenced by
cognitive limitations and incomplete information. Neo-
classical theories shifted the focus from purely structural
efficiency to understanding human behavior and decision
processes within public organizations.
1950s)

•Focused on human behavior, motivation,
communication, and the organization as a system.
3. Behavioral and Systems
Theories
(1950s–1970s)

1.BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH:
Studied leadership styles, employee motivation, and
organizational dynamics.
3. Behavioral and Systems Theories
(1950s–1970s)

EXTENSION, MODIFICATION AND REFINEMENT OF
HUMAN RELATION APPROACH.
BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCE APPROACH RECOMMENDS A Study
of behavioral science (like psychology ,industrial psychology
, sociology)
For understanding the human behavior at work and applying
theories for molding human behavior in desired manner.
(1950s–1970s)
Behavioral Science Approach:

2. SYSTEMS THEORY:
Viewed organizations as open systems
interacting with their environment,
emphasizing feedback and adaptability.
(1950s–1970s)

Systems theory in public administration views government
entities as complex, interconnected systems rather than
isolated parts. It emphasizes how various components of a
public administration system (like different departments,
agencies, and the public) interact and influence each other
to achieve common goals. By understanding these
interactions, systems theory aims to improve overall
organizational effectiveness and responsiveness to the
environment.
(1950s–1970s)
Systems Theory

BEHAVIORAL AND systems theories, which gained
prominence from the 1950s to the 1970s, marked a
significant shift in public administration by
integrating insights from psychology, sociology, and
organizational science. Behavioral theorists focused on
the actions, motivations, and interactions of individuals
within organizations, emphasizing leadership styles,
communication, and employee satisfaction.
(1950s–1970s)

AT THE SAME TIME, Systems theory introduced a holistic view of
public organizations as open systems that interact with their
environments, adapting through feedback and continuous input-
output processes.
Together, these theories advanced the understanding of public
administration as a dynamic and adaptive field, moving beyond
rigid structures to embrace complexity, interdependence, and
human behavior.
(1950s–1970s)

•Introduced normative values such as social
equity, responsiveness, and citizen participation.
•Criticized earlier theories for being too focused on
efficiency and detached from real societal issues.
•Key Thinkers: Dwight Waldo, H. George
Frederickson
4. New Public Administration
(Late 1960s–1970s)

•New Public Administration (NPA), which emerged in the late
1960s to 1970s, was a reformist movement that challenged
the traditional, value-neutral models of public
administration.
Arising from the Minnowbrook Conference in 1968, NPA
emphasized social equity, responsiveness, and citizen
participation as central goals of public service.
4. New Public Administration (Late 1960s–
1970s)

It rejected the notion that efficiency alone should guide
administrative decisions and instead called for a more
democratic and ethically grounded approach.
By focusing on issues such as poverty, inequality, and
social justice, NPA broadened the scope of public
administration, aligning it more closely with the changing
needs and values of society.
4. New Public Administration (Late 1960s–
1970s)

•Applied economic models to public decision-
making.
•Assumed public servants are motivated by self-
interest, like individuals in markets.
5. Public Choice and Market-
Based
Theories
(1970s–1980s)

1.PUBLIC CHOICE THEORY
(JAMES BUCHANAN, GORDON TULLOCK)
Advocated competition, decentralization, and
limited government.
5. Public Choice and Market-Based Theories (1970

The public choice theory uses economic theory
methods to investigate issues usually
addressed by political scientists. It tries to
examine governance issues based on the
premise that voters like elected officials and
bureaucrats, act to enhance their interests and
not always maximize the welfare of society.
Public Choice Theory

The theory applies the same principles that economists
use to analyze consumer behavior in the marketplace to
the collective group decision-making of government
officials. According to economists who study behavior,
the primary motivation behind people's activities in the
marketplace is a concern for their interests. As a result,
they make choices that serve them the best.
Public Choice Theory

•Public Choice and market-based theories, which
gained attraction in the 1970s and 1980s,
introduced economic perspectives into public
administration by viewing government officials and
bureaucrats as self-interested actors.

Influenced by economists like James Buchanan
and Gordon Tullock, Public Choice Theory
argued that political decision-making is often
driven by personal incentives rather than public
interest. This led to calls for decentralization,
privatization, and the use of market mechanisms to
increase efficiency and accountability in
government.

These theories significantly shaped public sector
reforms by promoting competition, limiting
government intervention, and emphasizing the
role of citizens as consumers of public services.

•Introduced private sector practices into the public
sector.
•Emphasized efficiency, accountability, customer
service, and performance measurement.
6. New Public
Management (1980s–Early 2000s)

•Results-based management
•Contracting out and privatization
•Entrepreneurial government (Osborne &
Gaebler)
6. New Public Management (1980s–Early 2

•New Public Management (NPM), emerging in
the 1980s and gaining momentum into the early
2000s, revolutionized public administration by
introducing private sector principles into
government operations.

Driven by demands for greater efficiency,
accountability, and performance, NPM emphasized
results-oriented management, customer service,
decentralization, and market-based mechanisms such
as outsourcing and privatization.
Influenced by neoliberal policies, it sought to make
government "leaner" and more competitive.

While NPM improved service delivery in many contexts,
it was also criticized for undermining public values
and weakening democratic accountability.
Nevertheless, it significantly reshaped the theory and
practice of public administration worldwide.

•Recognized that public administration is no
longer just hierarchical—it involves networks,
partnerships, and multi-actor governance.
7. Governance and
Network Theories(1990s–Present)

•GOVERNANCE THEORY:
Emphasizes coordination across government,
business, and civil society.
7. Governance and Network Theories (1990s–
Present)

•
•NETWORK THEORY:
Focuses on the interdependence of actors and
collaborative problem-solving.
Present)

•Governance and network theories, emerging in the
1990s and continuing to shape public administration
today, represent a shift from hierarchical, top-
down control to collaborative and decentralized
forms of governance.
Present)

These theories recognize that modern public problems
are too complex to be solved by government alone and
require the involvement of multiple actors—including
non-governmental organizations, private sectors, and civil
society.
Governance theory emphasizes shared decision-making,
transparency, and accountability, while network theory
focuses on the interconnected relationships and
coordination among diverse institutions.
Present)

Together, they have transformed public administration
into a more flexible, participatory, and interconnected
system of policy-making and service delivery.
Present)

•Argues that public servants should serve citizens,
not customers.
•Encourages democratic engagement,
transparency, and community building.
•Key Thinkers: Janet and Robert Denhardt
8. New Public Service
(2000s–Present)

•The New Public Service (NPS), emerging in the 2000s,
redefined the role of public administration by
emphasizing democratic values, civic engagement, and
public interest over market efficiency.
Developed by Janet and Robert Denhardt, NPS promotes
the idea that public servants should "serve citizens,
not customers," focusing on collaboration, transparency,
and ethical governance.
8. New Public Service (2000s–Present)

Unlike the market-driven approach of New Public
Management, NPS encourages administrators to act as
facilitators of community dialogue and public
problem-solving.
This theory has reshaped public administration by
reinforcing the importance of citizen participation and
democratic accountability in the design and delivery of
public services.
8. New Public Service (2000s–Present)

•Embraces technology, e-governance, and digital
tools to improve service delivery.
•Encourages innovation, open data, and citizen
interaction through online platforms.
9. Digital Era Governance
(2000s–Present)

•Digital Era Governance, emerging in the 2000s and
continuing today, marks a transformative phase in
public administration by integrating technology and
digital innovation into government processes.
It focuses on improving efficiency, transparency, and
citizen engagement through the use of e-government
platforms, data analytics, artificial intelligence, and
digital communication tools.
Present)

This approach enhances service delivery, enables real-
time decision-making, and fosters greater public
access to information.
Digital Era Governance has reshaped the traditional
functions of public administration, making it more
responsive, interconnected, and adaptable to the
demands of the modern, tech-driven society.
Present)

“If you could ask one theory a
question—what would it be, and
why?”
If Theories could talk:

Public administration theories are more
than ideas in textbooks—they are
reflections of how society thinks, governs,
and evolves. By understanding their
journey, we don’t just learn history—we
learn how to build better governments
today and tomorrow.

•Theories of public administration have evolved from
rigid, hierarchical models to more flexible,
collaborative, and citizen-centered frameworks. Each
theoretical shift reflects the changing expectations of
government and public service in response to
broader societal and technological trends.
Understanding this evolution helps public
administrators adapt to the challenges of modern
governance.

"Theories of public
administration are not static
doctrines but evolving lenses
—each shaped by the needs,
challenges, and values of its
time."

• •Theories of public administration have evolved from rigid, hierarchical models to more flexible, collaborative, and citizen-centered frameworks.
Each theoretical shift reflects the changing expectations of government and public service in response to broader societal and technological
trends. Understanding this evolution helps public administrators adapt to the challenges of modern governance.
• https://nextgates.com/human-relations-theory-enhancing-organizational-performance/
• https://nextgates.com/human-relations-theory-enhancing-organizational-performance/ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Herbert-A-
Simon https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Simons-four-steps-of-the-decision-making_fig16_232655847
• Claudiu, Brandas. (2007). Contributions to Conception, Design and Development of Decision Support Systems (PhD THESIS - Summary).
https://unacademy.com/content/upsc/study-material/public-administration/the-simon-decision-making-theory/
• https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/public-choice-theory/
• https://www.shikhadeep.com.np/2022/02/what-do-you-mean-by-behavioral-science.html
References:

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