Ectopic pregnancy piyush giri
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An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been rising in many countries due to factors like increased sexually transmitted infections, improved diagnostic tools, and delayed childbearing. Ectopic pregnancy remains a leading cause of early pregnancy-related death, though modern treatment has reduced mortality rates ten-fold over the past 35 years.
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Sileshi prematurity and lbw
1) Prematurity and low birth weight are leading causes of newborn death and illness worldwide. Preterm birth is defined as birth before 37 weeks gestation. Babies born preterm or with low birth weight face serious health complications.
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Intrauterine foetal death is defined as the death of a foetus after 28 weeks of gestation but before birth where the foetus remains in the uterus. The causes of intrauterine foetal death are often unknown but can include preeclampsia, antepartum hemorrhage, diabetes, severe anemia, hyperpyrexia, malaria, TORCH infections, congenital malformations, Rh-incompatibility, and chromosomal abnormalities. The diagnosis is made when the foetus is no longer alive but remains in the uterus.
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Threatened abortion refers to vaginal bleeding in the first half of pregnancy where the process of abortion has started but recovery is still possible. It occurs in 20-25% of pregnancies and miscarriage is 2.6 times as likely. Management may include bed rest, progesterone therapy, tocolytic drugs, and monitoring with ultrasound and blood tests. While progesterone therapy may help continue the pregnancy, evidence does not support the routine use of hCG or tocolytic drugs for threatened abortion. Close monitoring is important as these pregnancies have an increased risk of complications.
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This document discusses preterm labor and birth. Some key points:
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- Diagnosis involves regular contractions and cervical changes seen on examination. Prevention focuses on identifying and treating risk factors.
- Management includes tocolytic drugs to stop contractions if not contraindicated, corticosteroids to accelerate fetal lung maturity, antibiotics for infections, and careful neonatal care for babies born preterm.
Preterm labour
Preterm labor is defined as the onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation. It can be spontaneous or medically indicated and accounts for a majority of neonatal deaths and disabilities. Risk factors include multiple pregnancies, infections, cervical insufficiency, and genetic factors. Management involves tocolytic drugs to delay labor, corticosteroids to improve neonatal outcomes, and careful fetal monitoring during labor. Prematurity and its complications remain a major challenge in obstetrics.
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Threatened abortion
Threatened abortion refers to vaginal bleeding in the first half of pregnancy where the process of abortion has started but recovery is still possible. It occurs in 20-25% of pregnancies and miscarriage is 2.6 times as likely. Management may include bed rest, progesterone therapy, tocolytic drugs, and monitoring with ultrasound and blood tests. While progesterone therapy may help continue the pregnancy, evidence does not support the routine use of hCG or tocolytic drugs for threatened abortion. Close monitoring is important as these pregnancies have an increased risk of complications.
Preterm
This document discusses preterm labor and birth. Some key points:
- Preterm birth occurs in 7-12% of deliveries and accounts for over 85% of perinatal morbidity and mortality.
- Risk factors for preterm birth include previous preterm births, infections, cervical factors like short cervical length, and medical conditions in the mother.
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This document provides information on preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). It defines preterm labour as onset of labour before 37 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preterm labour include infections, cervical weakness, smoking, and a history of prior preterm births. Diagnosis involves documenting uterine contractions and assessing cervical changes. Tocolytics can be used to delay labour up to 72 hours to allow for steroid administration. Management may include antibiotics, monitoring, and planning for neonatal intensive care. PPROM is defined as rupture of membranes before 37 weeks and contributes to one third of preterm births.
Contraception and abortion slides
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Management-of-Postterm-Pregnancy
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This document provides information on preterm and post-term labor. It defines preterm labor as onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation and discusses the main risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Diagnosis requires documentation of regular contractions and cervical changes. Tocolytics and steroids are used to delay delivery. For post-term labor, it defines this as pregnancy exceeding 42 weeks and notes the risks include macrosomia, dystocia, and complications of prolonged labor. Conservative management or induction is recommended depending on cervical status and fetal well-being.
preterm labour
preterm labour is a major obstetrical syndrome
we need to understand and try to prevent and treat preterm labour for better outcomes
Preterm labor & PROM
This document discusses preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). It defines preterm birth as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation and notes that the rate of spontaneous preterm births is decreasing while induced preterm births are rising. PPROM is defined as rupture of membranes before 37 weeks, and risk factors, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined. Expectant management is generally recommended for PPROM between 24-34 weeks to balance infection and prematurity risks.
Obstetrics-Preterm Birth
This document defines terms related to preterm birth such as gestational age, birth weight, and viability thresholds. It discusses the morbidity of preterm birth and contributing factors such as prior preterm birth, infection, lifestyle factors, and cervical changes. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical length, funneling, and fetal fibronectin levels. Management of preterm rupture of membranes and preterm labor is also outlined, including expectant management, risks, and use of tocolytics and antimicrobial therapy.
Tocolysis for preterm labour: RCOG Guidelines
1) The use of tocolytic drugs is associated with prolonging pregnancy up to 7 days but does not significantly impact preterm birth rates or neonatal outcomes.
2) Tocolysis should only be considered if delaying birth will allow for completing a course of corticosteroids or in utero transfer to another hospital.
3) Nifedipine and atosiban are effective tocolytic options, with fewer maternal side effects than beta-agonists, though long-term neonatal outcomes remain unclear for all tocolytic drugs.
Preterm labour
This document discusses preterm labour, including its definition as regular painful contractions between 20-36 weeks gestation. Risk factors for preterm birth include prior preterm birth, infections, cervical issues, and lifestyle factors like smoking. Prevention focuses on identifying and modifying risks. Management includes monitoring cervical length, administering steroids to aid fetal lung maturity, tocolytic drugs to delay birth, and optimizing care at facilities equipped for preterm neonates. Complications for preterm infants include cerebral palsy and cognitive impairments.
Preterm labour
This document discusses preterm labour, including definitions, incidence, risk factors, causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It causes can include activation of the HPA axis, inflammation, decidual hemorrhage, and uterine overdistention. Treatments include tocolytics like beta-mimetics and calcium channel blockers, antibiotics, cervical cerclage, progesterone, and antenatal steroids.
MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM PROM ON INDUCTION OF LABOUR
INCIDENCE OF PPROM
Preterm PROM-defined as PROM prior to 37 weeks of gestation complicates
2% to 4% of all singleton
7% to 20% of twin pregnancies.
It is the leading identifiable cause of premature birth ( 30%)
accounts for approximately 18% to 20% of perinatal deaths in the United States.
Dr. Sharda Jain
Dr. jyoti Bhasker
Preterm labor
Dr. Kirtan Vyas is an assistant professor who has numerous qualifications and accomplishments. He has published in international journals, presented at conferences, and held various organizational roles. The document discusses preterm labor (PTL), defining it as labor before 37 weeks of pregnancy. It outlines the significance and risk factors of PTL and describes the initial evaluation, management, and potential neonatal complications of PTL. Evaluation includes examination, ultrasound, and biochemical markers to assess the status of the cervix and predict the likelihood of preterm delivery."
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Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of ectopic pregancy.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It is a serious medical condition that can lead to infertility, hemorrhage, and death if left untreated. With advances in ultrasound and beta-hCG testing, ectopic pregnancies can now be diagnosed rapidly and accurately. This document discusses the etiology, locations, diagnostic imaging findings, and treatments of ectopic pregnancy based on ultrasound, MRI, CT, and clinical findings.
First trimester mtp
The document discusses methods for medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in the first trimester. It describes surgical methods like menstrual regulation and vacuum evacuation that can be used for termination up to 12 weeks of gestation. It also outlines two medical methods - mifepristone and prostaglandins. Mifepristone is an antiprogestogenic drug that is administered orally up to 9 weeks of gestation to terminate the pregnancy. Prostaglandins are also described as a medical method to terminate pregnancy. The document provides details on protocols, advantages and disadvantages of both the surgical and medical termination methods for the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Posttermpregnancy
This document discusses post-term pregnancy, defined as pregnancy lasting more than 42 weeks. The prevalence of post-term pregnancy is 5-10% of all pregnancies. Risk factors include errors in calculating gestational age, previous post-term pregnancies, and maternal obesity. Babies born post-term have higher risks of complications like macrosomia, birth trauma, perinatal mortality, and fetal dysmaturity syndrome. Management options include induction of labor at 41 weeks or expectant management with ongoing fetal monitoring. Both approaches have low complication rates for low-risk women when properly monitored.
Preterm Labor by Yinka Oyelese
The document discusses preterm birth rates in the United States, risks of preterm birth for infants, and potential causes and predictors of preterm birth. It also reviews various interventions for preventing preterm birth, including cervical cerclage, tocolytic medications, progesterone supplementation, and cervical length screening.
Preterm labour
The document defines preterm labour as onset of labour prior to 37 weeks of gestation. Preterm labour can be established or threatened. It discusses various risk factors for preterm labour including obstetric complications, infection, past obstetric history, and genetics. Management of preterm labour involves tocolysis to halt contractions as well as corticosteroid administration to improve neonatal outcomes. Preterm birth accounts for the majority of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Preterm labor: Update 2014
This document provides information from a lecture on preterm birth and its modern management. It begins with polling questions on topics like the percentage of preterm births in the US and trends over time. It then defines preterm birth and its subdivisions. It discusses risks of prematurity like infant death and long-term complications. It notes that since 2006, the US preterm birth rate has dropped for the sixth consecutive year. However, the US rate remains the highest among industrialized nations. The document explores factors that may be contributing to the decline in preterm births and reviews evidence on the effects of prenatal care. It also examines current understanding of the pathology underlying preterm labor and discusses progesterone and 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone cap
Preterm labour
This document provides information on preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). It defines preterm labour as onset of labour before 37 weeks of gestation. Risk factors for preterm labour include infections, cervical weakness, smoking, and a history of prior preterm births. Diagnosis involves documenting uterine contractions and assessing cervical changes. Tocolytics can be used to delay labour up to 72 hours to allow for steroid administration. Management may include antibiotics, monitoring, and planning for neonatal intensive care. PPROM is defined as rupture of membranes before 37 weeks and contributes to one third of preterm births.
Contraception and abortion slides
Contraceptive methods fall into three categories: preventing the release of eggs and sperm, keeping sperm and egg apart, and preventing implantation of an embryo. Common contraceptive methods include barrier methods like condoms and diaphragms, hormonal birth control pills, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and permanent sterilization procedures like tubal ligation and vasectomy. Abortion is defined as the termination of a pregnancy.
RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE (Lifecare Centre’s Protocol of management ) Dr. Shar...
1) Recurrent miscarriage is defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies before 24 weeks of gestation. It affects 1% of couples trying to conceive.
2) Workup for recurrent miscarriage includes examining for environmental exposures, lifestyle issues, ovarian function, uterine cavity issues, autoimmune factors like antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, thrombophilia, and chromosomal abnormalities.
3) Treatments recommended include low-dose aspirin with heparin for antiphospholipid syndrome, heparin therapy for inherited thrombophilia, referral to a clinical geneticist for abnormal karyotypes, cervical cerclage for short cervical length, and treating bacterial vaginosis.
Pathophysiology of preterm labor
This document discusses the pathophysiology of preterm birth, which accounts for 6-10% of births and is a major cause of neonatal death and impairment. Risk factors include race, age, socioeconomic status, BMI, smoking, and stress. Preterm birth is caused by inflammation/infection, hormonal changes, cervical insufficiency, and genetic factors. It can be predicted using tests for fetal fibronectin and cervical length. Prevention methods include cervical cerclage, progesterone supplementation, and antibiotics in some cases. The goal of treatment is to inhibit preterm labor when possible and ensure delivery occurs in a facility equipped for neonatal care.
Management-of-Postterm-Pregnancy
Management of postterm pregnancy involves balancing risks to the fetus and mother. Postterm is defined as past 42 weeks gestation. Accurately dating the pregnancy is important to avoid false diagnosis. Risks to the fetus include stillbirth, meconium aspiration, and macrosomia. Risks to the mother include dystocia and infection. Studies show inducing labor at 41 weeks reduces stillbirths without increasing C-sections. Methods of antenatal testing after 41 weeks are debated, though monitoring is recommended. While an unfavorable cervix was viewed as a risk factor for C-section, recent evidence suggests underlying issues may be more important. Further research is needed to determine the optimal time for induction to minimize risks
preterm and postterm labour
This document provides information on preterm and post-term labor. It defines preterm labor as onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation and discusses the main risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Diagnosis requires documentation of regular contractions and cervical changes. Tocolytics and steroids are used to delay delivery. For post-term labor, it defines this as pregnancy exceeding 42 weeks and notes the risks include macrosomia, dystocia, and complications of prolonged labor. Conservative management or induction is recommended depending on cervical status and fetal well-being.
preterm labour
preterm labour is a major obstetrical syndrome
we need to understand and try to prevent and treat preterm labour for better outcomes
Preterm labor & PROM
This document discusses preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). It defines preterm birth as delivery before 37 weeks of gestation and notes that the rate of spontaneous preterm births is decreasing while induced preterm births are rising. PPROM is defined as rupture of membranes before 37 weeks, and risk factors, diagnosis, and management approaches are outlined. Expectant management is generally recommended for PPROM between 24-34 weeks to balance infection and prematurity risks.
Obstetrics-Preterm Birth
This document defines terms related to preterm birth such as gestational age, birth weight, and viability thresholds. It discusses the morbidity of preterm birth and contributing factors such as prior preterm birth, infection, lifestyle factors, and cervical changes. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical length, funneling, and fetal fibronectin levels. Management of preterm rupture of membranes and preterm labor is also outlined, including expectant management, risks, and use of tocolytics and antimicrobial therapy.
Tocolysis for preterm labour: RCOG Guidelines
1) The use of tocolytic drugs is associated with prolonging pregnancy up to 7 days but does not significantly impact preterm birth rates or neonatal outcomes.
2) Tocolysis should only be considered if delaying birth will allow for completing a course of corticosteroids or in utero transfer to another hospital.
3) Nifedipine and atosiban are effective tocolytic options, with fewer maternal side effects than beta-agonists, though long-term neonatal outcomes remain unclear for all tocolytic drugs.
Preterm labour
This document discusses preterm labour, including its definition as regular painful contractions between 20-36 weeks gestation. Risk factors for preterm birth include prior preterm birth, infections, cervical issues, and lifestyle factors like smoking. Prevention focuses on identifying and modifying risks. Management includes monitoring cervical length, administering steroids to aid fetal lung maturity, tocolytic drugs to delay birth, and optimizing care at facilities equipped for preterm neonates. Complications for preterm infants include cerebral palsy and cognitive impairments.
Preterm labour
This document discusses preterm labour, including definitions, incidence, risk factors, causes, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It causes can include activation of the HPA axis, inflammation, decidual hemorrhage, and uterine overdistention. Treatments include tocolytics like beta-mimetics and calcium channel blockers, antibiotics, cervical cerclage, progesterone, and antenatal steroids.
MANAGEMENT OF PRETERM PROM ON INDUCTION OF LABOUR
INCIDENCE OF PPROM
Preterm PROM-defined as PROM prior to 37 weeks of gestation complicates
2% to 4% of all singleton
7% to 20% of twin pregnancies.
It is the leading identifiable cause of premature birth ( 30%)
accounts for approximately 18% to 20% of perinatal deaths in the United States.
Dr. Sharda Jain
Dr. jyoti Bhasker
Preterm labor
Dr. Kirtan Vyas is an assistant professor who has numerous qualifications and accomplishments. He has published in international journals, presented at conferences, and held various organizational roles. The document discusses preterm labor (PTL), defining it as labor before 37 weeks of pregnancy. It outlines the significance and risk factors of PTL and describes the initial evaluation, management, and potential neonatal complications of PTL. Evaluation includes examination, ultrasound, and biochemical markers to assess the status of the cervix and predict the likelihood of preterm delivery."
Preventing preterm labour
Screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in high-risk pregnant women reduces the risk of preterm birth. However, routine screening of all pregnant women in the first trimester with urine culture is not currently recommended due to the low prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the general pregnant population and the costs of universal screening.
Ivf presentation
This document discusses in vitro fertilization (IVF), including:
- What IVF is and a brief history of its development
- Why it is used, typically for issues like damaged fallopian tubes or male factor infertility
- Benefits like helping more people have families but also concerns like health risks of multiple pregnancies
- The social impacts, including lack of regulation for surrogacy which led to legal dilemmas, and debates over stem cell research and "creating immortality"
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RECURRENT MISCARRIAGE (Lifecare Centre’s Protocol of management ) Dr. Shar...
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Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of ectopic pregancy.
Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It is a serious medical condition that can lead to infertility, hemorrhage, and death if left untreated. With advances in ultrasound and beta-hCG testing, ectopic pregnancies can now be diagnosed rapidly and accurately. This document discusses the etiology, locations, diagnostic imaging findings, and treatments of ectopic pregnancy based on ultrasound, MRI, CT, and clinical findings.
First trimester mtp
The document discusses methods for medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) in the first trimester. It describes surgical methods like menstrual regulation and vacuum evacuation that can be used for termination up to 12 weeks of gestation. It also outlines two medical methods - mifepristone and prostaglandins. Mifepristone is an antiprogestogenic drug that is administered orally up to 9 weeks of gestation to terminate the pregnancy. Prostaglandins are also described as a medical method to terminate pregnancy. The document provides details on protocols, advantages and disadvantages of both the surgical and medical termination methods for the first trimester of pregnancy.
Pregnancy of unkown location
The document discusses pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), where transvaginal ultrasound shows no signs of intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy. It outlines diagnostic criteria and management pathways based on serum hCG levels and symptoms. Ultrasound findings that can indicate early intrauterine, ectopic, or failed pregnancies are also described, along with diagnostic modalities and imaging features.
Gynaecological emergency
This document discusses the case of a 31-year-old woman, G3P2, who presented at 12 weeks and 1 day post-amnenorrhea with a suspected molar pregnancy. Ultrasound findings showed multiple cysts in the uterine cavity with no fetal echo, and her hCG level was 7513 IU/ml. She was diagnosed with a leaking ectopic pregnancy and underwent a laparoscopic left salpingectomy. Intraoperatively, 700cc of hemoperitoneum was found along with a left tubal ectopic pregnancy, while the right fallopian tube and ovaries were normal. The patient was discharged well with advice on contraception.
ASER 2009
1) The document presents an organized approach to sonographically evaluating pregnant patients in emergency settings. It illustrates various pregnancy-related conditions through 10 case studies.
2) The case studies cover abnormal pregnancies, uterine complications, abnormal placentation, non-obstetric complications, mimicking conditions, and postpartum complications. Imaging findings and diagnoses are presented for each case.
3) Key information on pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and outcomes are discussed for each condition presented.
Ectopic pregnancy
This document provides information on ectopic pregnancy, including its definition, types, risk factors, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It can seriously endanger a woman's health if not promptly recognized and treated.
- Risk factors include previous pelvic inflammatory disease, previous ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and certain contraceptive methods. Diagnosis involves clinical history, examination, ultrasound, and beta-hCG levels.
- Management options depend on the clinical situation and include expectant management for stable patients, medical management using methotrexate, and surgical management including laparoscopy
Ectopic pregnancy
1. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most commonly in one of the fallopian tubes. It has become more common in recent decades due to rising rates of pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility treatments, and intrauterine device use.
2. Ectopic pregnancies are usually diagnosed through clinical history and examination combined with serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and transvaginal ultrasound. hCG levels that are rising slower than normal or an ultrasound that shows an empty uterus with a pregnancy sac located elsewhere can indicate an ectopic pregnancy.
3. Treatment depends on the individual case but typically involves surgery to remove the ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy for undergraduate
This document discusses ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. It provides details on the classification, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies are typically diagnosed through transvaginal ultrasound or serum hCG levels. Treatment options include medical management with methotrexate or surgical intervention like laparoscopy or laparotomy depending on the stability of the patient and size of the ectopic mass. The goal is to resolve the ectopic pregnancy while preserving the patient's future fertility if possible.
Ectopic pregnancy
1) An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes. Risk factors include prior pelvic infection, surgery on the fallopian tubes, prior ectopic pregnancy, IUD use, DES exposure, and assisted reproduction.
2) In a tubal pregnancy, the fertilized egg implants and develops in the fallopian tube. This is not viable and can lead to tubal rupture due to the thin tube wall.
3) Without treatment, outcomes of tubal ectopic pregnancy include tubal mole, abortion, or rupture.
Ectopic pregnancy
This document discusses ectopic pregnancy, which occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. It presents risks to a woman's health. Ectopic pregnancies are often caused by factors that delay the transit of the fertilized egg through the fallopian tubes. Diagnosis can be made through a combination of clinical history, examination, and investigations like ultrasound and blood tests. Early diagnosis through increased awareness and diagnostic tests has lowered the risks associated with ectopic pregnancies.
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Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of ectopic pregancy.
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2) Common etiological factors include uterine anomalies, immunological issues such as antiphospholipid syndrome, endocrine disorders such as thyroid disease or diabetes, genetic factors, and thrombophilic disorders.
3) Evaluation involves a detailed history, physical exam, ultrasound, hormonal and immunological testing. Uterine anomalies require hysteroscopy or laparoscopy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery, medication, lifestyle changes, or cerclage. The goal is to identify modifiable risk factors.
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The document discusses abortion, including definitions of different types such as spontaneous, recurrent, and induced abortion. It summarizes factors that can cause early spontaneous abortion, including fetal factors like chromosomal abnormalities, maternal factors like infections, medical conditions, nutrition, and environmental/occupational exposures. It also describes clinical classifications of spontaneous abortion like threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and complete abortion. Symptoms and signs of different types of early pregnancy loss are provided.
ABORTION.ppt
This document defines abortion and miscarriage and discusses the classification, causes, risk factors, and management of spontaneous abortion. It defines abortion as the termination of a pregnancy before 20 weeks or when the fetus weighs less than 500g. The most common causes of early pregnancy loss are defective placentation, chromosomal abnormalities, and maternal age. Risk factors include prior pregnancy loss, infections, endocrine and anatomical factors, immunological issues like antiphospholipid syndrome, and exogenous agents. Spontaneous abortions are classified as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, missed, or septic based on symptoms and examination findings. Management depends on the classification and may include observation, medication, or surgical evacuation.
Multiple pregnancy for 4th year med. students
Multiple pregnancies are associated with increased risks for both the mother and fetuses. Maternal risks include preeclampsia, anemia, preterm labor, and postpartum hemorrhage. Fetal risks are also increased and include low birth weight, prematurity, intrauterine growth restriction, congenital anomalies, and twin-twin transfusion syndrome in monochorionic twins. Careful antenatal monitoring and management can help prolong gestation and improve outcomes.
Abortion Including Recurrent Abortion And Septic Abortion.pptx
Abortion is defined as the spontaneous or induced termination of pregnancy
before fetal viability. Many prefer miscarriage for spontaneous loss.
abortion as
loss or termination of a pregnancy with a fetus aged younger than 20 weeks’
gestation or weighing <500 g.
Of all miscarriages, approximately half are euploid abortions, that is, carrying a normal chromosomal complement.
Most common abnormalities are
trisomy, found in 50 to 60 percent;
monosomy X, in 9 to 13 percent; and
triploidy, in 11 to 12 percent
A prominent miscarriage risk is associated with poorly
controlled diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyroid disease, and systemic lupus
erythematosus. In these, inflammatory mediators may be an underlying theme
to pregnancy loss.
For women undergoing cancer treatment, direct therapeutic radiation can
cause miscarriage.
multiple pregnancy
Multiple pregnancies can involve more than two fetuses developing simultaneously in the uterus. The most common variety is twins, while triplets, quadruplets, and more are rare. Management of multiple pregnancies aims to monitor fetal well-being and expedite delivery of additional fetuses after the first to prevent strain from placental insufficiency. Cesarean section may be recommended depending on fetal presentation and other complications.
recurrent abortion
1. Recurrent miscarriage, defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses, affects 1% of couples trying to conceive. Risk factors include advancing maternal and paternal age, previous miscarriages, antiphospholipid syndrome, genetic factors, anatomical abnormalities, endocrine disorders, immune factors, and certain infections.
2. Antiphospholipid syndrome, caused by antiphospholipid antibodies that inhibit trophoblast function and cause inflammation and thrombosis, is the most important treatable cause, present in 15% of recurrent miscarriage cases.
3. Other factors discussed include parental chromosomal rearrangements in 2-5% of cases, embryonic chromosomal abnormalities accounting for 30-57% of further miscarri
IUFD.pptx
This document discusses intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD), also known as stillbirth. It defines IUFD as the death of a fetus in the uterus after 20 weeks of gestation. The document then covers the objectives, incidence, causes and risk factors, maternal complications, types and classifications, diagnosis, and management of IUFD. It describes the various placental, fetal, and maternal conditions that can potentially lead to IUFD, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and maternal infections. Methods for diagnosing IUFD include ultrasound, biophysical profile, and Doppler velocimetry. Postmortem examination of the fetus and placenta is also discussed.
Bleeding in early pregnancy
Early bleeding in pregnancy can be caused by ectopic pregnancy, abortion, or hydatidiform mole. Abortion, also called miscarriage, is the spontaneous loss of a fetus before 24 weeks gestation and can be caused by fetal chromosome abnormalities in 50% of cases, uterine abnormalities like fibroids, endocrine issues like diabetes, infections, or environmental factors. The types of abortion include threatened, inevitable, incomplete, complete, and missed. Missed abortion features the gradual disappearance of pregnancy signs and symptoms despite an empty uterus seen on ultrasound. Management depends on the type but may include medication, dilation and evacuation, or expectant management.
Post term pregnancy
Post-term pregnancy is defined as exceeding 40 weeks of gestation. It occurs in 5-10% of pregnancies, often due to inaccurate gestational age calculation. Both mother and baby are at increased risk of complications like dystocia, meconium aspiration, stillbirth. Management includes assessing gestational age accurately, monitoring the fetus, and inducing labor between 41-42 weeks to prevent risks of post-term pregnancy. Intrauterine fetal death is the death of a fetus before delivery. It can result from maternal, fetal or obstetric complications. Evaluation includes detailed history, examinations, and tests to determine the cause to help counsel patients and prevent future recurrence.
spontanious abortion.pptx
This document discusses first-trimester abortion and miscarriage. It defines key terms and outlines the various causes of spontaneous abortion, including fetal factors like aneuploidy and structural abnormalities, as well as maternal factors such as medical disorders, infections, imaging/surgery during pregnancy, and environmental/lifestyle exposures. Chromosomal anomalies are a major contributor to early pregnancy loss, with aneuploidy causing about half of first-trimester miscarriages. Maternal infections may also increase abortion risk in some cases. Radiation exposure, chemotherapy, and certain medical conditions are additional potential risk factors.
reccurent miscarriages.ppt
This document discusses recurrent miscarriages, defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages before 24 weeks of gestation. It notes that recurrent miscarriages can affect 1-2% of women of reproductive age. Potential causes discussed include genetic factors, anatomic uterine factors, endocrine factors, infections, and immunological factors. For the case of a 40-year old woman with three consecutive miscarriages around 6 weeks of gestation, the most likely cause is genetic factors like fetal chromosomal abnormalities, given her advanced maternal age.
Intra-uterine fetal death and Post-term pregnancy
Intra-uterine Uterine fetal death and Post-term pregnancy are the important conditions in pregnancy. So definite management is mandatory.
Abdominal pregnancy and IVF
Conferencia en el World Congress of Embriology & In Vitro Fertilization; Orlando Florida, Marzo 2018. DR. GERMAN BARRIENTOS VARGAS.
ABORTION ( PART- 1)
Abortion is the expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500g or less when it is not capable of independent survival . there are many types of abortion. for this yo u read this ppt and also be ready to watch its next part. so read it and get information about miscarriage. it is an important topic in obstetrics. stay tuned.
How at assess an infertile couple
As an intern doctor in Gyne department , this presentation outlines the steps of assessment of an infertile couple including history taking , examinations and relevant investigations and imagings .
Recurrent pregnancy loss
The document discusses recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as 3 or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestation. It outlines various etiological factors that can cause RPL, including anatomical, endocrine, immunological, genetic, thrombophilic, and environmental factors. For evaluation and treatment, it recommends investigating common, treatable causes first such as uterine anomalies, thyroid disorders, antiphospholipid syndrome, and thrombophilias. Treatments discussed include surgery, medications, lifestyle changes, and assisted reproductive technologies.
Types of Abortion
The document discusses different types of abortion including threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, incomplete abortion, complete abortion, missed abortion, and recurrent abortion. It describes the causes, signs, symptoms, management, and risks associated with each type. The most common cause of spontaneous abortion is a significant genetic abnormality in the fetus. Management depends on the type but may include bed rest, ultrasound, suction curettage, controlling bleeding, and emptying the uterus.
15a.Abnormal Early Pregnancies
The document discusses different types of abortion including threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, incomplete abortion, complete abortion, missed abortion, and recurrent abortion. It describes the causes, signs, symptoms, management, and risks associated with each type. The main causes of abortion discussed are infections, environmental exposures, psychological factors, systemic disorders, endocrine factors, uterine abnormalities, trauma, and fetal factors like genetic abnormalities.
Abnormal Early Pregnancies
The document discusses different types of abortion including threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, incomplete abortion, complete abortion, missed abortion, and recurrent abortion. It describes the causes, signs, symptoms, management, and risks associated with each type. The main causes of abortion discussed are infections, environmental exposures, psychological factors, systemic disorders, endocrine factors, uterine abnormalities, trauma, and fetal factors like genetic abnormalities.
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Ectopic pregnancy piyush giri
- 2. DEFINATION. An Ectopic Pregancy or Extrauterine Pregnancy is one in which the blastocyst implants anywhere other than the endometrial lining of the uterine cavity. Implantation occurs 5-7 days following fertilization.
- 3. EPIDEMIOLOGY They account for 1.3 to 2 percent of reported pregnancies 1 in 100(from 1:25 to 1:250) normal pregnancies. 1:28 in West Indies. 8:1000 in Russia. Mortality-0.4% in Russia The secondary infertility-40% after operation
- 4. INCIDENCE Recent evidencees indicate that the incidence of ectopic pregnancy has been rising in many countries. USA-5 fold UK- 2 fold India 1 in 100 pregnancies Recurrence rate is 15% after first, and 25% after second ectopics.
- 5. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASED INCIDENCE. Greater prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases,specially chlamydial infections. Identification improved through the use of more sensitive diagnostic tools. Tubal factors infertility,including restoration of tubal patency or documented tubal pathology has increased. Delayed child bearing is more prevalent accompanied by increased use of assisted reproductive technologies hence risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased. Intrauterine devices and tubal sterilization rates have increased and failures predispose to ectopic pregnancy.
- 6. MORTALITY Ectopic Pregnancy remains the leading cause of early pregnancy-related death.Still, current diagnostic and treatment protocols have resulted in 10-fold decline in the case fatality over the past 35 years.
- 7. TYPES OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY