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1. Biological Sciences 1
Biological Sciences
Name of the Writer
Name of the Institute
Date

2. Biological Sciences 2
Effects of weather in animals
Introduction
Weather, especially temperature, plays an essential role in affecting the survival and health of
animals in certain areas/habitats. Climate change in some areas may cause the death of the entire
population. Cold-blooded animals (such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates) may
experience temperature changes. Animals that cannot move or live in shallow waters react faster
than endangered animals and get cold more quickly because they are at risk. When the weather
conditions are suitable for most animals, they can breed until the weather is ideal. Therefore, the
study conducted by Bargmann, Wheatcroft, Imperio, and Vetaas (2020) highlights, “Even though
an environment may meet animals’ survival needs, they can still experience extreme
discomfort”. The conditions under which certain animals will survive is considered to be the
temperature range is between 40°F (4°C) and 90°F (32°C). If the temperature is in the area, the
animals will continue to live and reproduce. However, if the temperature changes too much or
too little, this could impact the animals in which they may survive or may not but suffer extreme
cold or frost or sometimes extremely hot, which risks the life of most of the animals.
Many animals suffer due to temperature changes. Those animals are acceptable during the year
but sometimes face hardship and discomfort during particularly cold winter and hot summer. In
temperate regions such as North America, Europe, and Asia, there may be significant differences
between the minimum and maximum temperatures in summer and winter, affecting animals'
lives. The animals which do not hibernate and become dormant in the cold weather have to
endure significant variations in the temperature. The heat may be within acceptable limits, but it
may not be comfortable for most animals. In response to high temperatures, the metabolism of
certain animals slows down, allowing them to absorb more energy. However, the temperature

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and pressure experienced by many aquatic animals’ limits their ability to absorb oxygen.
Although they can recover from the stress on the body, they will not survive if the temperature is
high for a long time. Therefore, from the above analysis, it has been clear that the environment
and weather affect animals to a greater extent.
Keywords: Weather conditions, animals, environment, climate changes.
Acronyms:
DMY Daily milk yield
SCC Somatic cell count

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Annotated Bibliography
Crino, O. L., Driscoll, S. C., Brandl, H. B., Buchanan, K. L., & Griffith, S. C. (2020). Under
the weather: corticosterone levels in wild nestlings are associated with ambient temperature
and wind: General and comparative endocrinology, 285, 113247.
Animal reproduction occurs when the environment is conducive to the development of the
organism. Weather conditions, on the other hand, may be unexpected at times. Young animals
are often subjected to adverse weather conditions as they grow and progress through life. The
next article will thus focus on the impact of inclement weather on corticosterone levels
(hormones linked with avian reactions) and the intestinal health of the animal as a result
(Taeniopygia guttata). Also discussed is how greater temperatures are linked with reduced limits,
which leads in increased corticosterone levels, as well as how increasing air levels are associated
with raised baseline corticosterone levels, according to the study. As a result, the researchers in
the study draw no connection between the climatic conditions and the physical state of the dogs
they studied. As a consequence of these findings, it is possible that the environment has an
impact on pups through altering corticosterone levels. In order to understand how variations in
corticosterone levels influence coyote phenotypic and survival traits, more study is required. In
order to determine whether or not developing animals can adapt rapidly to changes in
environmental forecasts and severe weather events, it is necessary to understand how they react
to changes in environmental predictions and severe weather occurrences.
Huchler, K., Schulze, C.H., Gamauf, A. and Sumasgutner, P., 2020. I am shifting breeding
phenology in Eurasian kestrels Falco tinnunculus: Effects of weather and urbanization.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 8, p.247.

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Climate change and environmental degradation are the two most serious challenges facing the
planet today. Climate change may have an effect on animals because it directly impacts their
breeding circumstances, but it also has the potential to result in an excess of phonological
acceptability, which would be detrimental to the animals' survival. Migratory animals have less
time to make choices as a result of this shift, and species that reproduce completely inside their
habitats may object to this development. Moreover, the connection between climate, mating, and
animal delivery has been investigated during the course of this research (that is, the time between
the two). Aside from that, this study showed that the environment has a direct impact on infant
delivery, since animals avoid giving birth in hot weather. According to the findings of the
research, immigration had little effect on the growth of the city, and parenting began in regions
with the worst climates and spread to other parts of the country outside of the city. From
beginning to end, the amount of time spent typing and sending spam is very little. According to
the findings of a prior community study, being used to this behaviour may help to prevent
harmful effects of future research and to increase effective fertility.
Bargmann, T., Wheatcroft, E., Imperio, S. and Vetaas, O.R., 2020. Effects of weather and
hunting on wild reindeer population dynamics in Hardangervidda National Park. Population
Ecology, 62(1), pp.91-104.
The Hardangervidda National Park is located within a very small geographical region. The
number of people who like nature, on the other hand, has dropped in recent decades. However,
although these motives are not the fundamental causes of these failures, they should be
considered in conjunction with local and global climatic conditions as well as illnesses and
human disturbances. Norway's Hardangerveld Plateau, which is situated near the continent's
southernmost tip, is the continent's biggest animal habitat and the continent's most diverse

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ecosystem. Particularly relevant in light of climate change, these figures must be taken into
consideration. As a result, the focus of this article will be on the effect of climate change and
hunting on the Hardangervidda forest inhabitants over the course of the last twenty years. This
study also discovered that winter has the largest impact on many species in Hardangervidda, and
that low temperatures and poor harvest circumstances are often associated with severe
conditions. The usage and connection of data with trends, as well as with other meteorological
and human-related variables, should be evaluated in future study as more data becomes
accessible.
Braschler, B., Dolt, C. and Baur, B., 2020. The function of a set-aside railway bridge in
connecting urban habitats for animals: A case study. Sustainability, 12(3), p.1194.
The research paper highlighted that it is not known whether the lost animal crossed the road at a
railroad crossing or if it just disappeared. Basel's 12-meter roadway was the subject of the
researchers' investigation on the operation of bicycles and the selling of bicycles (Switzerland).
The tenants of a six-story apartment complex built a railroad fence with a basic gravel bed that
was three feet long and 32 feet broad (6 metres) in height. Pebbles may provide a safe haven for
some creatures. There is little question, however, that many animals are dispersed as they cross
the bridge over the busy highway when they cross the bridge. We discovered variations
depending on the time and date of the study, as well as the regularity with which they consumed
water. Because of this, the findings of the study highlight the essential need of maintaining
railway bridges that link urban ecosystems. Many animals are moved at night, and thus railway
crossings that do not need night traffic (or only require limited passage) may also contribute to
animal dispersion. In the future, railway bridges will be important components of green
infrastructure, according to some experts.

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Foster, C.N., Banks, S.C., Cary, G.J., Johnson, C.N., Lindenmayer, D.B. and Valentine, L.E.,
2020. Animals as agents in fire regimes. Trends in ecology & evolution, 35(4), pp.346-356.
Fires caused by cattle have the potential to have a significant environmental effect. Despite this,
with the exception of a few endangered species, the consequences of animal burning are often
overlooked. It was shown that animals may have an impact on fire behaviour by altering the
amount, structure, or position of fuel, or in rare cases, by altering other fire-control techniques
such as the use of water (such as air temperature or ignition systems). Certain impacts are
immediate and powerful, while others are more subtle. Despite the fact that other creatures are
more subtle, they are capable of reproducing provided they collect enough animal time, space,
and time. When fossil and non-fossil fuels are combined, it will be easier to identify many of the
species that are present in waste sites.
Yang, C., Song, G. and Lim, W., 2020. Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm
animals—Journal of hazardous materials, 389, p.122087.
Mycotoxins are fungi that are produced from maize and are often detected as feed pollutants in
animal husbandry and agriculture. Mycotoxins have been studied experimentally on a large scale
all around the world. According to their findings, aflatoxin, aspergillin A, fumonisins,
zearalenone, and deoxycisanol, in addition to a significant quantity of food, may all be active.
When mycotoxins enter the body of an animal, they may induce inhibition and impede
reproductive function. Furthermore, exposure to organs such as the kidneys, liver, and intestines,
as well as mycotoxins, causes historical alterations in the organs that may impede the
development of the animal in question. Previously published research on the frequency of
mycotoxins in animal diets is summarised in this article (mainly pigs and birds). Also included is
a description of the harmful consequences of mycotoxins on pets after the mycotoxin has been

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completely degraded, as well as the biological activity of mycotoxins on the animal cells that
have been created. A number of symptom pathways in pigs and cattle have been discovered to be
regulated by mycotoxins. These include oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress,
apoptosis, and cell proliferation in both species. A thorough knowledge of the effects of
mycotoxins on farm animals would aid in the reduction of economic losses to farming families
as well as the alleviation of health concerns among consumers of meat and dairy products
containing mycotoxins.
González-Ronquillo, M., Abecia, J.A., Gómez, R. and Palacios, C., 2021. Effects of weather
and other factors on milk production in the Churra dairy sheep breed. Journal of Animal
Behaviour and Biometeorology, 9(2), pp.0-0.
Through the examination of 359,808 milk samples collected from 9,904 sheep and 15 cows over
an eight-year period, the researchers want to evaluate the effect of temperature and other
variables on the breadth and amount of Churra Spanish sheep milk. Just a few days before the
milk supply was scheduled to arrive. DMY and milk production were significantly influenced by
age, training, the number of calves present, the stage of lactation, and all-weather variables,
among other things (P 0.0001). When the maximum SCC changes, the connection between DMY
and SCC differs from period to period (P0.001), with the greatest DMY and lowest SCC in the
spring and the lowest DMY and highest SCC in the autumn, respectively. It was discovered that
the quantities of lipids, proteins, and lactose varied with time (P0.001), with the greatest amounts
of fat and protein occurring in the fall. After the first lamb was born, the highest DMY
concentration decreased quickly throughout the second lamb's birth. Between the first and tenth
sheep, the SCC rose by a considerable amount. Over the course of two years, DMY, SCC, and
fat mass all rose by a considerable amount (P0.001). In summary, seasonal variations in climatic

9. Biological Sciences 9
circumstances have a major effect on the quality and quantity of Korla sheep milk produced in
each season. Therefore, during the summer and winter, variables like as temperature will have a
greater effect on milk production than they would otherwise.
Strinella, E., Scridel, D., Brambilla, M., Schano, C. and Korner-Nievergelt, F., 2020. Potential
sex-dependent effects of weather on apparent survival of a high-elevation specialist. Scientific
reports, 10(1), pp.1-13.
The possibility of climatic change fascinates white-tailed deer. Climate change trends, on the
other hand, are having an uncertain effect on a range of species, mostly bird populations. This
study taught us a lot, particularly about the connection between climate change and the survival
or adaptation of Montifringilla nivalis, a plant that thrives in high-end settings. The winter
survival rate is lower than the summer survival rate. While women are inextricably linked to
summer and the heat of summer, guys adapt to and survive as a consequence of climate change.
Non-invasive mechanisms such as differentiated reproduction, hyperthermia, temperature change
between reproduction and self-support, and climate change between reproduction and survival
may explain differences in people's lives.
Sauve, D., Friesen, V.L. and Charmantier, A., 2021. The effects of weather on avian growth
and implications for adaptation to climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, p.5.
It is anticipated that climate change will result in the creation of a climate change model that is
characterised by a plastic reaction. When it comes to birds' adaptation to climate change, the
manner in which environmental circumstances affect children's growth and development is a
crucial component. An individual's environment is influenced by their early life experiences,
which may have a long-term impact on the kind and health of their adult habitats. Having a

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thorough knowledge of how and when climatic conditions influence the whole puppy breed may
aid in the prediction of changes in human phenotypic and demographic characteristics as a result
of climate change. Specifically, this study examines three major elements of climate change:
changing climatic conditions, reductions in wind speed and solar radiation, as well as the growth
of children and teenagers.
Habeeb, A.A., 2020. The techniques used in tropical and subtropical regions to reduce the
adverse effects of heat stress on farm animals. World Journal of Advanced Research and
Reviews, 7(3), pp.077-084.
The research paper promoted the health, comfort, and longevity of productive and high-
performance animals while also minimising their stress. In hot regions, the primary aim is to
assist in the reduction of thermal stress, despite the fact that large costs are often levied. Because
many nations have stringent financial reporting authorities, it may be difficult to adhere to such
requirements on a consistent basis. In tropical and subtropical societies, providing sufficient
housing, food, and protection from illness, torture, and disaster relief labour, as well as
enhancing the environment, may assist animals in realising their potential. Despite the fact that
people cannot affect the climate, they may alter the surroundings of animals in order to decrease
heat stress and alter feeding patterns. Efforts are being made to enhance air quality and decrease
the number of animal fires. Mechanisms for supporting animals, reducing burnout, and
counteracting the negative effects of stress may be put in place to help them. Physical, medicinal,
and nutritional systems are the three divisions of these processes.

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Conclusion
In a nutshell, it has been concluded that the animals face newer challenges and hindrance in
survival due to climate change. From the above analysis, climate change includes various factors
such as intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels, melting glaciers and warming
oceans which could directly harm the life and habitat of animals. These effects of climate also
wreak animal's havoc and thus disrupts the life of animals undoubtedly. Along with this, the
above paper has also highlighted ten bibliographical sources which are linked with the topic
Effects of weather in animals.

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References
Bargmann, T., Wheatcroft, E., Imperio, S. and Vetaas, O.R., 2020. Effects of weather and
hunting on wild reindeer population dynamics in Hardangervidda National Park. Population
Ecology, 62(1), pp.91-104.
Braschler, B., Dolt, C. and Baur, B., 2020. The function of a set-aside railway bridge in
connecting urban habitats for animals: A case study. Sustainability, 12(3), p.1194.
Crino, O. L., Driscoll, S. C., Brandl, H. B., Buchanan, K. L., & Griffith, S. C. (2020). Under the
weather: corticosterone levels in wild nestlings are associated with ambient temperature and
wind: General and comparative endocrinology, 285, 113247.
Foster, C.N., Banks, S.C., Cary, G.J., Johnson, C.N., Lindenmayer, D.B. and Valentine, L.E.,
2020. Animals as agents in fire regimes. Trends in ecology & evolution, 35(4), pp.346-356.
González-Ronquillo, M., Abecia, J.A., Gómez, R. and Palacios, C., 2021. Effects of weather and
other factors on milk production in the Churra dairy sheep breed. Journal of Animal Behaviour
and Biometeorology, 9(2), pp.0-0.
Habeeb, A.A., 2020. The techniques used in tropical and subtropical regions to reduce the
adverse effects of heat stress on farm animals. World Journal of Advanced Research and
Reviews, 7(3), pp.077-084.
Huchler, K., Schulze, C.H., Gamauf, A. and Sumasgutner, P., 2020. I am shifting breeding
phenology in Eurasian kestrels Falco tinnunculus: Effects of weather and urbanization. Frontiers
in Ecology and Evolution, 8, p.247.

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Sauve, D., Friesen, V.L. and Charmantier, A., 2021. The effects of weather on avian growth and
implications for adaptation to climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, p.5.
Strinella, E., Scridel, D., Brambilla, M., Schano, C. and Korner-Nievergelt, F., 2020. Potential
sex-dependent effects of weather on apparent survival of a high-elevation specialist. Scientific
reports, 10(1), pp.1-13.
Yang, C., Song, G. and Lim, W., 2020. Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm
animals—Journal of hazardous materials, 389, p.122087.