1. Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a complex system of living organisms, their environment,
and the interactions between them. It consists of both biotic (living) and
abiotic (non-living) components.
by Jerry Arnado
2. Components of an Ecosystem
Producers
Plants and other organisms that can produce
their own food through photosynthesis.
Consumers
Animals that obtain energy by consuming
other living organisms or their products.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down dead organisms
and organic waste, recycling nutrients back
into the ecosystem.
Abiotic Factors
The non-living elements of an ecosystem,
such as temperature, water, sunlight, soil,
and air.
3. Interactions within an Ecosystem
Symbiosis
Interactions between different
species that can be beneficial,
parasitic, or commensal.
Predation
The process of one organism
capturing and feeding on
another organism for energy.
Competition
When organisms compete for
limited resources, such as
food, water, and shelter.
4. Types of Ecosystems
1 Terrestrial
Ecosystems
Ecosystems found on
land, including forests,
grasslands, deserts, and
tundra.
2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Ecosystems found in
water bodies, like
freshwater lakes, rivers,
wetlands, and marine
ecosystems.
3 Human-Made
Ecosystems
Ecosystems created or
significantly modified by
humans, such as urban
environments and
agricultural landscapes.
5. Dependence on the Environment
Living Things Environment
Plants Sunlight, water, and nutrients
Animals Food, water, shelter, and suitable habitat
Microorganisms Specific environmental conditions for growth
and reproduction
6. Importance of Ecosystem Health
Ecological Balance
Healthy ecosystems maintain
a balance of species
populations and nutrient
cycles, promoting stability.
Variety of Life
Ecosystems support
biodiversity, ensuring the
existence of numerous
species and genetic diversity.
Environmental
Services
Ecosystems provide essential
services like clean air, water
purification, climate
regulation, and soil formation.
7. Threats to Ecosystems
1 Habitat Destruction
Deforestation, urbanization, and pollution disrupt ecosystems, leading to the loss of
species and habitats.
2 Invasive Species
Non-native species can outcompete native species and disrupt ecosystem dynamics.
3 Climate Change
Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and sea-level rise impact
ecosystems globally.
8. Conservation and Restoration Efforts
1 Protection
Establishing protected areas, national parks, and wildlife reserves to
conserve biodiversity.
2 Sustainable Practices
Implementing sustainable agriculture, forestry, and fishing techniques to
minimize ecosystem damage.
3 Restoration Projects
Reintroducing native species, restoring degraded habitats, and promoting
ecosystem recovery.
