About Markets (Types of markets) - EconomicsYaksh Jethva
NOTE
Duopoly : - it is special case of oligopoly where only two supplier is in the market.(Duo = two & poly = supplier) so name describe it's means...
Note : - mono = one & Oligo = Few so we can define this terms using its name easily.
About Markets (Types of markets) - EconomicsYaksh Jethva
NOTE
Duopoly : - it is special case of oligopoly where only two supplier is in the market.(Duo = two & poly = supplier) so name describe it's means...
Note : - mono = one & Oligo = Few so we can define this terms using its name easily.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structures
• Type of market structure
influences how a firm behaves:
– Pricing
– Supply
– Barriers to Entry
– Efficiency
– Competition
3. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structures
• Degree of competition in the
industry
• High levels of competition –
Perfect competition
• Limited competition – Monopoly
• Degrees of competition in between
4. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Determinants of market structure
– Freedom of entry and exit
– Nature of the product – homogenous
(identical), differentiated?
– Control over supply/output
– Control over price
– Barriers to entry
5. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Perfect Competition:
– Free entry and exit to industry
– Homogenous product – identical so no
consumer preference
– Large number of buyers and sellers – no
individual seller can influence price
– Sellers are price takers – have to accept the
market price
– Perfect information available to buyers and
sellers
6. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Examples of perfect competition:
–Financial markets – stock
exchange, currency markets,
bond markets?
–Agriculture?
• To what extent?
7. http://www.bized.co.uk
Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed
Market Structure
• Advantages of Perfect Competition:
• High degree of competition helps
allocate resources to most efficient use
• Price = marginal costs
• Normal profit made in the long run
• Firms operate at maximum efficiency
• Consumers benefit
8. http://www.bized.co.uk
Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed
Market Structure
• What happens in a competitive
environment?
– New idea? – firm makes short term
abnormal profit
– Other firms enter the industry to take
advantage of abnormal profit
– Supply increases – price falls
– Long run – normal profit made
– Choice for consumer
– Price sufficient for normal profit to be made
but no more!
9. http://www.bized.co.uk
Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed
Market Structure
• Imperfect or Monopolistic Competition
– Many buyers and sellers
– Products differentiated
– Relatively free entry and exit
– Each firm may have a tiny ‘monopoly’
because of the differentiation of their
product
– Firm has some control over price
– Examples – restaurants, professions –
solicitors, etc., building firms – plasterers,
plumbers, etc.
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Market Structure
• Oligopoly – Competition amongst
the few
– Industry dominated by small number of large firms
– Many firms may make up the industry
– High barriers to entry
– Products could be highly differentiated – branding or
homogenous
– Non–price competition
– Price stability within the market - kinked demand
curve?
– Potential for collusion?
– Abnormal profits
– High degree of interdependence between firms
12. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Measuring Oligopoly:
• Concentration ratio – the proportion
of market share accounted for by top X
number of firms:
– E.g. 5 firm concentration ratio of 80% -
means top 5 five firms account for 80% of
market share
– 3 firm CR of 72% - top 3 firms account for
72% of market share
13. http://www.bized.co.uk
Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed
Market Structure
• Duopoly:
• Industry dominated by two large
firms
• Possibility of price leader emerging
– rival will follow price leaders
pricing decisions
• High barriers to entry
• Abnormal profits likely
14. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Monopoly:
• Pure monopoly – industry is the
firm!
• Actual monopoly – where firm has
>25% market share
• Natural Monopoly – high fixed
costs – gas, electricity, water,
telecommunications, rail
15. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Monopoly:
– High barriers to entry
– Firm controls price OR output/supply
– Abnormal profits in long run
– Possibility of price discrimination
– Consumer choice limited
– Prices in excess of MC
16. http://www.bized.co.uk
Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed
Market Structure
• Advantages and disadvantages of
monopoly:
• Advantages:
– May be appropriate if natural monopoly
– Encourages R&D
– Encourages innovation
– Development of some products not likely
without some guarantee of monopoly in
production
– Economies of scale can be gained –
consumer may benefit
17. http://www.bized.co.uk
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Market Structure
• Disadvantages:
– Exploitation of consumer – higher
prices
– Potential for supply to be limited -
less choice
– Potential for inefficiency –
X-inefficiency – complacency
over controls on costs