Education purposes

1. Debt instruments

2. BONDS:-
“A bond is a debt investment in which an
investor loans money to an entity which
borrows the funds for a definite period of
time at a variable or fixed interest rate”.

4. Bond terminology:-
Face value:-
The price of a bond when first issued.
Coupon rate:-
The periodic interest payments
promised to bondholders are a fixed percentage of
bonds face value or simply the interest rate.
Maturity:-
The time until the principal is
scheduled to be repaid.

5. Call provisions:-
Some bonds contain a provision
which enables the issuer to buy the bond back from
the bondholder at a pre-specified price.
Put provision:-
Some bonds contain a provision
due to which the buyer can sell the bond at a pre-
specified price before its maturity date.

6. Bond issuers:-
There are 3 main categories of bonds:-
1) Corporate bonds are issued by companies. They
are high risk than government bonds.
2) Municipal bonds are issued by states and
municipalities. They can offer tax-free coupon
income for residents of those municipalities.
3) U.S. Treasury bonds (more than1-10years to
maturity),where as bills ( less than 1year
maturity) are collectively refered to as simply
“Treasuries”.

7. Varieties of bonds:-
Convertible bonds:-
These bonds can be converted
into a certain number of shares of the same
company at some fixed ratio in a particular date.
Callable bonds:-
It contains a provision that gives
the issuer the right to call back the bond before its
maturity date.
Secured bonds:-
These have specific assets of the
issuer pledged as collateral for the bond. It can be
issued by real estate or other assets.

8. Unsecured bonds:-
These bonds are not backed by any
specific asset of issuer. More easily issued by a
company that is financially sound.
Government bonds:-
It issued by govt. in its own
currency. When issued in foreign currency then it a
referred as sovereign bonds.
Term bonds:-
It will mature at a single specified
future date.
Serial bonds:-
Bonds that mature in installments.

9. Extendible and retractable bonds:-
These bonds have no fixed
maturity date. It can be extended on demand of buyer while in
retractable the date can be reduced.
Zero- coupon bonds:-
It makes no coupon payments but instead is
issued at a considerable discount to par value.
The maturity date on zero coupon bonds are usually long-term.
The price of this bond is calculated by using this formula:-

10. Floating rate bonds:-
Bonds whose interest amount fluctuates in
step with the market interest rates, or some other external
measures.
The prices remains relatively stable because neither a capital
gain nor a capital loss occurs as market interest rates go up or
down.
Plain vanilla bonds:-
It is a standard type of bonds, one with a
simple expiration date and strike price and additional features.
With an exotic option, such as a knock-in-option, an additional
contingency is added so that option only becomes active once
the underlying stock hits a set price point.

11. Bond ladder:-
It is a portfolio of fixed-income securities in which each security
has a significantly different maturity date.
Investors who purchase bonds usually buy them as a conservative
way to produce income.
However, investors looking for a higher yield, without reducing
the credit quality, usually need to purchase a bond with a longer
maturity.
It includes certain risk like:-
•Interest rate risk
•Credit risk and
•Liquidity risk