1. *negative slope ng demand curve ay nakakatulong para sa mga pagkakataon sa short run
* ang kumpanya ay umani ng mga benepisyo ng pagbibigay ng produkto na kung saan ay natatangi hindi
lamang, ngunit mayroon ding pansinin cross elasticity
Price and output decisions in long run
*hindi hahayaan ng monopolist n malugi ng matagal
*susubukan niyang bawasan ang gastos ng produksyon
*dahil kung hindi magsasara ito
 susubukan ng monopolist na kumita ng hindi bababa sa normal na kita in the long run at
maaaring kumita ng supernormal na kita dahil sa mga paghihigpit sa entry sa market
 ang kumpanya ay maaaring may sa resort ng isang mababang presyo at kumita lamang ng
normal na kita kahit in the long run para lumikha ng isang pang-ekonomiya harang sa bagong
mga Kalahok
supply curve of monopoly firm
 panustos ng magandang ng monopolist sa isang ibinigay na presyo ay natutukoy sa
pamamagitan ng parehong mga pangangailangan ng merkado at ang MC curve
swimming
Competitive swimming in Britain started around 1830, mostly using breaststroke. Swimming was part
of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 in Athens. In 1908, the world swimming
association, Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), was formed.
Leonardo da Vinci made early sketches of lifebelts. In 1539, Nikolaus Wynmann, a German
professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book Colymbetes. His purpose was to reduce the
dangers of drowning. The book contained a good methodical approach to learning breaststroke, and
mentioned swimming aids such as air filled cow bladders, reed bundles, and cork belts.[2]
In 1587, Everard Digby also wrote a swimming book, claiming that humans could swim better than
fish.[3]
Digby was a Senior Fellow at St. John's College, Cambridge and was interested in the
scientific method. His short treatise, De arte natandi, was written in Latin and contained over
40 woodcut illustrations depicting various methods of swimming, including the breaststroke,

2. backstroke and crawl. Digby regarded the breaststroke as the most useful form of swimming.[4] In
1603, Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan declared that schoolchildren should swim.[5]
In 1696, the French author Melchisédech Thévenot wrote The Art of Swimming, describing a
breaststroke very similar to the modern breaststroke. This book was translated into English and
became the standard reference of swimming for many years to come.[6] In 1739, Guts Muts (also
spelled as Guts Muth) from Schnepfenthal, Germany, wrote Gymnastik für die Jugend (Exercise for
youth), including a significant portion about swimming. In 1794, Kanonikus Oronzio de Bernardi of
Italy wrote a two volume book about swimming, including floating practice as a prerequisite for
swimming studies.
In 1798, Guts Muts wrote another book Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum
Selbstunterricht (Small study book of the art of swimming for self-study), recommending the use of a
"fishing rod" device to aid in the learning of swimming. His books describe a three step approach to
learning to swim that is still used today. First, get the student used to the water; second, practice the
swimming movements out of the water; and third, practice the swimming movements in the water.
He believed that swimming is an essential part of every education.[7] The Haloren, a group of salt
makers in Halle, Germany, greatly advanced swimming through setting a good example to others by
teaching their children to swim at a very early age.
Swimming as a competitive sport[edit]
Swimming emerged as a competitive sport in the 1830s in England. In 1828, the first indoor
swimming pool, St George's Baths was opened to the public.[7]
By 1837, the National Swimming
Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six artificial swimming pools, built
around London. The sport grew in popularity and by 1880, when the first national governing body,
the Amateur Swimming Association, was formed, there were already over 300 regional clubs in
operation across the country.[8]
Les Nageurs (The Swimmers), from the series Le Supreme Bon Ton, c.1810-1815.
In 1844 a swimming competition was held in London with the participation of two Native Americans.
The British competitor used the traditionalbreaststroke, while the Native Americans swam a variant

3. of the front crawl, which had been used by people in the Americas for generations, but was not
known to the British. The winning medal went to 'Flying Gull' who swam the 130 foot length in just 30
seconds - the Native American swimming method proved to be a much faster style than the British
breaststroke. The Times of London reported disapprovingly that the Native American stroke was an
unrefined motion with the arms "like a windmill" and the chaotic and unregulated kicking of the legs.
The considerable splashing that the stroke caused was deemed to be barbaric and "un-European" to
the British gentlemen, who preferred to keep their heads over the water. Subsequently, the British
continued to swim only breaststroke until 1873. The British did, however, adapt the breaststroke into
the speedier sidestroke, where the swimmer lies to one side; this became the more popular choice
by the late 1840s. In 1895, J. H. Thayers of England swam 100 yards (91 m) in a record-breaking
1:02.50 using a sidestroke.[7]
Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the hand-over stroke from South American natives he observed
swimming on a trip to Buenos Aires. On his return to England in 1868, he successfully debuted
the new stroke in 1873 and won a local competition in 1875. Although the new stroke was really the
reintroduction of a more intuitive method for swimming, one that had been in evidence in ancient
cultures such as Ancient Assyria, his method revolutionised the state of competitive swimming - his
stroke is still regarded as the most powerful to use today.[9] In his stroke, the arms were brought
forward, alternating, while the body rolled from side to side. The kick was a scissors kick such as
that familiarly used in breaststroke, with one kick for two arm strokes, although it is believed that the
Native Americans had indeed used a flutter kick. Front crawl variants used different ratios of scissor
kicks to arm strokes, or alternated with a flutter (up-and-down) kick. The speed of the new stroke
was demonstrated by F.V.C. Lane in 1901, swimming 100 yards (91 m) in 1:00.0, an improvement of
about ten seconds compared to the breaststroke record. Due to its speed the Trudgen became very
quickly popular around the world, despite all the ungentlemanlike splashing.[7]
The routes taken by Webb and T.W. Burgess across the English Channel, in 1875 and 1911, respectively.
Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (between England and
France), in 1875. He used breaststroke, swimming 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45
minutes. His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T.W. Burgess made the
crossing in 1911. Other European countries also established swimming federations; Germany in

4. 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The first European amateur swimming competitions
were in 1889 in Vienna. The world's first women's swimming championship was held in Scotland in
1892.[10]
Nancy Edberg popularised women's swimming in Stockholm from 1847. She made swimming
lessons accessible for both genders and later introduced swimming lessons for women
in Denmark and Norway.[11] Her public swimming exhibitions from 1856 with her students were likely
among the first public exhibitions of women swimming in Europe[11]
In 1897, Capt. Henry Sheffield designed a rescue can or rescue cylinder, now well known as the
lifesaving device. The pointed ends made it slide faster through the water, although it can cause
injuries.
Olympic era[edit]
Alfréd Hajós, swimmer who won the first Olympic Gold medal.
The Olympic Games were held in 1896 in Athens, a male-only competition. Six events were planned
for the swimming competition, but only four events were actually contested: 100 m, 500 m, and 1200
m freestyle and 100 m for sailors. The first gold medal was won by Alfréd Hajós of Hungary in the
100m freestyle. Hajós was also victorious in the 1200m event, and was unable to compete in the
500 m, which was won by Austrian Paul Neumann.
The second Olympic games in Paris in 1900 featured 200m, 1000m, and 4000m freestyle,
200m backstroke, and a 200m team race (see also Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics).

5. There were two additional unusual swimming events (although common at the time): an obstacle
swimming course in the Seine river (swimming with the current), and an underwater swimming race.
The 4000m freestyle was won by John Arthur Jarvis in under one hour, the longest Olympic
swimming race until the 10k marathon swim was introduced in 2008. The backstroke was also
introduced to the Olympic Games in Paris, as was water polo. The Osborne Swimming Club from
Manchester beat club teams from Belgium, France and Germany quite easily.