The incidence of cancer has been rising alarmingly for the last few decades. In India, more than 1200 cancer deaths are reported every day. Cancer can be removed from the body by surgery, provided it is detected early enough when the tumour is localised. Although it is extremely difficult to detect cancer in such an early stage, still the most important step in our fight against cancer remains its early detection.
For more information: www.cancertame.com
A wonderful slide for tumor markers in GI surgery. Cancer biomarkers are often used in monitoring response in cancer.
Tumor marker, biomarkers in common practice.
A wonderful slide for tumor markers in GI surgery. Cancer biomarkers are often used in monitoring response in cancer.
Tumor marker, biomarkers in common practice.
BRCA – Importance in Hereditary Breast & Ovarian CancerLifecare Centre
BRCA – Importance in Hereditary
Breast & Ovarian Cancer
DGF & WOW India
presentation was made by
Dr Sharda Jain
based on presentation made by
Dr Sunil Tadepalli
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
Hitting the Target in HER2-Positive Metastatic Colorectal Canceri3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck will share the latest data and strategies for hitting the target in HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer. Dr. Christopher Lieu, Associate Professor at the University of Colorado Cancer Center, explores actionable targets to inform personalized care plans, guideline-recommended combination and sequencing strategies, adverse event monitoring and management, and more.
STATEMENT OF NEED
An estimated 153,020 new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed annually, and 52,550 people die of the disease (Siegel et al, 2023). Approximately 22% of patients present with metastatic disease, which is associated with a dismal 5-year survival rate of 15% (SEER, 2022). Targeting biomarkers is a key strategy for expanding therapeutic options and improving outcomes in metastatic CRC. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification status and treatments targeting HER2 are some of the most recent additions to the arsenal of targeted therapy for this disease. This activity chaired by Christopher Lieu, MD, Associate Director of Clinical Research at the University of Colorado Cancer Center, will provide expert perspectives and practical guidance on treating HER2-positive metastatic CRC.
TARGET AUDIENCE
Oncologists, gastroenterologists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, oncology nurses, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this activity, participants should be able to
Distinguish actionable targets that can inform personalized care plans in metastatic CRC
Evaluate practice guidelines on treatment combinations and sequences for patients with metastatic CRC
Appraise emerging efficacy and safety data on novel targeted therapies for patients with HER2-positive metastatic CRC
Assess strategies for optimizing the safety and tolerability of novel targeted therapies for HER2-positive metastatic CRC
The presentation begins with a brief history of how cancer epidemiology evolved, and what is the status at present. After describing the burden of the disease of cancer globally and in India, the presentation includes a brief description of Cancer causes and prevention including screening activities. It also talks about the national Cancer Registry Program, NPCDCS and NCCP.
Rectal cancer grows in the rectum cells which are placed beneath the sigmoid colon and over the anus in our body. The rectal and colon that are present in the body come together, that is colorectal cancer. The reason behind these circumstances is that they both are part of the digestive system.
This November, the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) calls on men to be responsible for their health and to take advantage of cancer screening available at CANSA Care Centres. The five leading cancers affecting men * according to the 2016 National Cancer Registry (NCR) are prostate, colorectal, lung, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and bladder cancer. #CANSAscreening #MensHealth
https://cansa.org.za/mens-health/
BRCA – Importance in Hereditary Breast & Ovarian CancerLifecare Centre
BRCA – Importance in Hereditary
Breast & Ovarian Cancer
DGF & WOW India
presentation was made by
Dr Sharda Jain
based on presentation made by
Dr Sunil Tadepalli
Etiopathogenesis and natural history of ca cervixNiranjan Chavan
CERVICAL CANCER , the 2nd most common cancer in India can be easily prevented with proper adequate screening and awareness.
Adequate sex education is necessary to inculcate safe sexual practices to prevent HPV infection.
Hitting the Target in HER2-Positive Metastatic Colorectal Canceri3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck will share the latest data and strategies for hitting the target in HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer. Dr. Christopher Lieu, Associate Professor at the University of Colorado Cancer Center, explores actionable targets to inform personalized care plans, guideline-recommended combination and sequencing strategies, adverse event monitoring and management, and more.
STATEMENT OF NEED
An estimated 153,020 new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are diagnosed annually, and 52,550 people die of the disease (Siegel et al, 2023). Approximately 22% of patients present with metastatic disease, which is associated with a dismal 5-year survival rate of 15% (SEER, 2022). Targeting biomarkers is a key strategy for expanding therapeutic options and improving outcomes in metastatic CRC. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification status and treatments targeting HER2 are some of the most recent additions to the arsenal of targeted therapy for this disease. This activity chaired by Christopher Lieu, MD, Associate Director of Clinical Research at the University of Colorado Cancer Center, will provide expert perspectives and practical guidance on treating HER2-positive metastatic CRC.
TARGET AUDIENCE
Oncologists, gastroenterologists, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, oncology nurses, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this activity, participants should be able to
Distinguish actionable targets that can inform personalized care plans in metastatic CRC
Evaluate practice guidelines on treatment combinations and sequences for patients with metastatic CRC
Appraise emerging efficacy and safety data on novel targeted therapies for patients with HER2-positive metastatic CRC
Assess strategies for optimizing the safety and tolerability of novel targeted therapies for HER2-positive metastatic CRC
The presentation begins with a brief history of how cancer epidemiology evolved, and what is the status at present. After describing the burden of the disease of cancer globally and in India, the presentation includes a brief description of Cancer causes and prevention including screening activities. It also talks about the national Cancer Registry Program, NPCDCS and NCCP.
Rectal cancer grows in the rectum cells which are placed beneath the sigmoid colon and over the anus in our body. The rectal and colon that are present in the body come together, that is colorectal cancer. The reason behind these circumstances is that they both are part of the digestive system.
This November, the Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) calls on men to be responsible for their health and to take advantage of cancer screening available at CANSA Care Centres. The five leading cancers affecting men * according to the 2016 National Cancer Registry (NCR) are prostate, colorectal, lung, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and bladder cancer. #CANSAscreening #MensHealth
https://cansa.org.za/mens-health/
CANSA raises awareness of prostate cancer, the most common male cancer globally and locally and showing significant increases.* According to the National Cancer Registry, South African men have a 1:19 risk for being diagnosed in their lifetime. International and local research indicates that the risk for aggressive prostate cancer is higher in black men.
https://www.cansa.org.za/protect-your-manhood/
Do not die of colon cancer press message 2Innocent Atuhe
Colon cancer is one of the commonest cancers in Uganda. But it can be prevented. It can be easily detected using a cost effective easily accessible screening method (FOBT)
Tumor markers
Many cancers are associated with the abnormal production of some molecules which can be measured in plasma. These molecules are known as tumor markers.
A good tumor maker should have those properties:
1. A tumor marker should be present in or produced by tumor itself.
2. A tumor marker should not be present in healthy tissues.
3. Plasma level of a tumor marker should be at a minimum level in healthy subjects and in benign conditions.
4. A tumor marker should be specific for a tissue, it should have different immunological properties when it is synthesized in other tissues.
5. Plasma level of the tumor marker should be in proportion to the both size of the tumor and the activity of the tumor.
6. Half-life of a tumor should not be very long
7. A tumor marker should be present in plasma at a detectable level, even though tumor size is very small
In October CANSA focuses on breast cancer, particularly turning the spotlight on the needs of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Breast cancer is the leading cancer affecting women in South Africa. According to the National Cancer Registry, 1 in 26 women are at risk of being diagnosed in their lifetime. Read more:
https://www.cansa.org.za/highlighting-the-needs-of-advanced-breast-cancer-patients/
Ovarian cancer is a group of diseases that originates in the ovaries, or in the related areas of the fallopian tubes and the peritoneum. Women have two ovaries that are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries make female hormones and produce eggs for reproduction.
Colorectal Cancer Information, Symptoms, TreatmentAnton Bilchik MD
http://www.antonbilchikmd.com/ | Colorectal cancer is a top killer -- one of the most commonly diagnosed forms of cancer. Early detection and treatment are essential to halting this disease.
Screening is recommended every ten years beginning at the age of 50 for both men and women. Incidence and consequential death rates are significantly higher in African Americans as compared to Caucasians. Thus, earlier screening, around the age of 45, is advised for people of the African American demographic.
http://goo.gl/U8mtiW
Experience the gentle power of Cancertame. Our natural formula boosts your immune system, reduces treatment side effects, and supports your overall well-being. Choose Cancertame for a holistic approach to cancer care.
Experience the power of nature with Cancertame. Our gentle, herbal formula supports your body, boosts your immune system, and restores balance for a healthier, brighter future.
Revolutionizing Cancer Care: Meet Cancertame, a Breakthrough Ayurvedic FormulaCancertame Private Limited
Years of dedicated research by the Sino Vedic Research Centre culminated in the creation of Cancertame, a game-changer in cancer treatment. Approved by the Ministry of AYUSH, Cancertame harnesses the power of over 450 anticancer herbs, carefully selecting 15 with potent properties like DNA repair, anti-mutagenesis, and immunoenhancement. This unique Ayurvedic formulation fights cancer effectively, without the burden of side effects. Discover hope and healing with Cancertame.
Discover Cancertame, a breakthrough Ayurvedic formulation crafted by the dedicated experts at the Sino Vedic Research Centre. After over two decades of meticulous research, Cancertame has emerged as a beacon of hope in the battle against cancer. Approved by the Ministry of AYUSH, this unique blend harnesses the power of 15 carefully selected herbs, each chosen for its remarkable properties. From repairing DNA to boosting immunity and combating stress, Cancertame offers a holistic approach to cancer treatment without the worry of side effects. Join the thousands who are turning to Cancertame for a natural and safe solution in the fight against cancer.
Cancertame: Crafting a Natural Defense Against Cancer with Cancertame Ayurved...Cancertame Private Limited
Cancertame blends 15 potent herbs for holistic cancer management. Combats cancer's challenges with ancient wisdom and modern science. Supports DNA repair, anti-tumor, immune enhancement, and more. Natural, side-effect-free solution rooted in Ayurveda. Join the fight with Cancertame.
Cancertame is your natural ally in the fight against cancer. Crafted with two decades of research by the renowned Sino Vedic Research Centre, Cancertame harnesses the healing potential of 15 handpicked herbs. Say goodbye to conventional treatments' side effects and embrace Cancertame as the game-changer in cancer support.
Cancertame: Ayurvedic innovation in cancer support. Blend of 15 herbs, 2 decades research. Nature meets science, holistic solution sans side effects. DNA repair, immune boost, combat cancer. Discover Cancertame - nature's wisdom, modern innovation.
Meet Cancertame, made after lots of research by the Sino Vedic Research Centre. It's okayed by the Ministry of AYUSH under code Ay/Sanjivan/22637. Cancertame has 15 special herbs that help fight cancer without bad side effects. It works by repairing DNA and boosting your immune system.
Cancertame was formulated by Sino Vedic Research Centre, after extensive research over a period of more than two decades, and approved by Ministry of AYUSH under product code Ay/Sanjivan/22637. We identified more than 450 anticancer herbs and shortlisted 15 herbs having DNA repairing, anti-mutagenic, anti-tumourangiogenic, proapoptotic, immunoenhancing, radioprotective, chemoprotective and anti-stress properties to develop Cancertame Ayurvedic Formulation that helps to fight cancer without side effects.
Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells in any tissue or organ of the body. The incidence of cancer is rising alarmingly since a couple of decades because we are exposed to various cancer causing agents, known as carcinogens, in the food we eat, in the water we drink and in the air we breathe. Moreover, life is full of stress, from cradle to grave, that further enhances the risk of cancer by suppressing immune system of the body.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the...Cancertame Private Limited
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Cancertame is a broad spectrum, over the counter medicine for cancer which helps to fight the growth of cancer as well as helps to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
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You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
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Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. The incidence of cancer has been rising alarmingly for the last few decades. In India, more than 1200
cancer deaths are reported every day. A cancer can be removed from the body by surgery, provided it is
detected early enough, when the tumour is localised. Although it is extremely difficult to detect cancer in
such an early stage, still the most important step in our fight against cancer remains its early detection. To
make it possible, we should create awareness among the people by educating them about the rising
incidence of cancer and by conducting mass cancer screening programmes, for which many cancer-
detecting centres are required to be opened throughout the country.
Cancer may present with a variety of generalised and localised symptoms.
● The general symptoms of cancer include loss of appetite, loss of weight, fatigue, pain, malaise,
drowsiness, fever, haemorrhage, anaemia and cachexia.
● The local symptoms vary considerably in different cancers. For example, there may be dysphagia in
the oesophageal cancer; cough in the lung cancer; abdominal pain in the ovarian cancer; bowel
obstruction in the colorectal cancer; haematuria in the bladder cancer; headache in the brain tumour;
and paralysis in the spinal cord tumour.
Similarly, some other symptoms may appear depending on site of the tumour. If a person is found to have
symptoms of cancer, a thorough medical check-up should be performed.
3. ● Early detection of Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer can be detected in early stages by conducting self-examination of the breasts. The
women above 30 years of age, particularly the nulliparous women and those women, who have
positive family history of the breast cancer, are advised to learn self-examination of the breasts and
do it regularly. It should be done every month immediately after menstrual period, when the breasts
are soft. If a lump is found in the breast, the lady must consult an oncologist for further
investigations. Clinical examination of the breast is recommended every third year to all the women
below forty years of age and every year to all the women above forty years of age. Mammography is
recommended to all the women above forty years of age to detect the breast cancer.
● Early detection of Cervix Cancer
To detect cervix cancer, all the women above 35 years of age are advised to undergo Pap test every
year. The Pap test was developed by George Pappainecolau of Cornell University in 1928 and has
been used extensively since 1943. It is a simple test, in which microscopic examination of the
cervical cells is performed. The Pap test has already saved lives of thousands of women all over the
world.
4. ● Early detection of Uterus Cancer
To detect uterus cancer, endometrial tissue biopsy is recommended to all the women at the age of
menopause.
● Early detection of Ovary Cancer
To detect ovary cancer, annual pelvic examination is recommended to all women during the
childbearing age.
● Early detection of Oral Cancer
To detect oral cancer, any non-healing ulcer in the mouth, especially occurring in the tobacco-
chewers and smokers, should be thoroughly investigated.
● Early detection of Stomach Cancer
Stomach cancer is usually asymptomatic during early stages. The symptoms when appear are
similar to any other gastric problem and the patient usually gets symptomatic relief from over-the-
counter remedies, thus further delaying the diagnosis.
5. To detect stomach cancer in an early stage, endoscopic examination should be done in all the
suspected cases. The patients of peptic ulcer who start losing weight or develop haematemesis
should be thoroughly investigated to detect cancer of the stomach.
● Early detection of Urinary Bladder Cancer
To detect urinary bladder cancer, cystoscopy is advised to all the suspected cases of the urinary
bladder cancer, particularly to those persons, who develop haematuria.
● Early detection of Rectum Cancer
To detect cancer of the rectum, digital rectal examination is recommended every year to all the
persons above forty years of age. Faecal examination for occult blood should be done in all the
persons above fifty years of age to detect the colorectal cancer. A person having complaints of
unusual rectal bleeding and resistant diarrhoea or constipation, should undergo digital rectal
examination, sigmoidoscopy and barium enema to detect the colorectal cancer.
● Early detection of Prostate Cancer
6. To detect cancer of the prostate, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase
(PAP) estimations are recommended to all the men above fifty years of age. Digital rectal
examination also helps to detect the prostatic cancer.
● Early detection of Leukaemia
Haemogram and bone marrow cytology is recommended to all the suspected cases of leukaemia.
In India, cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, oesophagus, stomach, rectum, colon and the lung are
commonly seen in men, whereas cancers of the cervix and the breast commonly affect the Indian women.
A regular medical check-up that includes biochemistry, X-rays, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT
scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended to all the high-risk cases of cancer.
Tumour Markers
Over a period of time, it has been observed that the cancerous cells produce specific chemicals in the
body, which include antigens, cytoplasmic proteins, enzymes and hormones. These specific biochemicals
produced by the cancerous cells are called the tumour markers because these are telltale marks of the
tumours. The tumour markers can be defined as biochemical indicators of cancer. The tumour markers
help to confirm the diagnosis of cancer and to determine the response of a therapy.
7. These may be used as indicators of recurrence of a cancer. The levels of tumour markers are estimated in
the plasma and other fluids of the body. Estimation of the tumour markers is of great significance in mass
cancer screening programmes.
● Alpha feto protein (AFP) is normally produced by the foetal liver cells. The elevated plasma level of
AFP in an adult indicates presence of the liver cancer. The AFP is also found to be raised in cancers
of the testis, stomach, pancreas, lung and the ovary.
● Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein, which is produced by cancerous cells of the large
intestines, liver, stomach, pancreas, cervix, bladder, kidney, thyroid and the ovary. CEA is also
found to be raised in the melanoma, lymphoma and in some cancers of the breast & the lung.
● Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) are produced by cancer of
the prostate.
● Immunoglobulins are tumour markers of the multiple myeloma. The patients of multiple myeloma
were found to excrete an abnormal protein in the urine. This protein was first detected in 1847 by
Henry Bence Jones at Guy’s hospital in London. Estimation of the Bence Jones protein is still used
in diagnosis of the multiple myeloma.
● CA 125 is a tumour marker of the ovarian cancer. It is also found to be raised in cancers of the
uterus, cervix, lung, digestive tract, pancreas, liver, colon and the breast.
8. ● CA 19-9 is a tumour marker of the colorectal and pancreatic cancers. The level of CA 19-9 is also
found to be raised in carcinomas of the stomach and the bile duct.
● CA 15-3 is a tumour marker of the breast cancer. It is also raised in cancers of the ovary, lung and
the prostate.
● CA 27-29 is a tumour marker of the breast cancer. It is also found to be raised in cancers of the
colon, stomach, kidney, ovary, lung, pancreas and the liver.
● CA 72-4 is a tumour marker of the stomach cancer.
● Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is a tumour marker of trophoblastic and non-seminomatous
testicular tumours.
● Neuron specific enolase is a tumour marker of the small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma.
● Pancreatic oncofetal antigen (POA) is a tumour marker of the pancreatic cancer.
● Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is normally produced by the RBCs, liver, brain and
some other tissues of the body. Lactate dehydrogenase is a tumour marker of the non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma, leukaemia, Ewing’s sarcoma and the testicular tumours.
● 5-Hydoxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA) is a tumour marker of the carcinoid syndrome.
● Urinary steroids are tumour markers of the adrenal carcinoma and the para neoplastic Cushing’s
syndrome.
● Calcitonin is a tumour marker for the medullary cancer of thyroid, myeloma and the multiple
endocrine neoplasia.
9. ● Thyroglobulins are the tumour markers, which indicate recurrence of the metastatic thyroid cancer.
● Catecholamines are tumour markers of pheochromocytoma.
● Anti Malignin antibody screen (AMAS) is a less specific tumour marker, which indicates the
presence of a cancer anywhere in the body.