The document discusses early civilization masks from two groups. Aztec masks were worn by the Aztec civilization in Mexico. Inca masks were worn by the Inca civilization in South America. Both civilizations used masks in ceremonies and rituals.
The document provides information about the Aztec and Incan empires. It describes how the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake using floating islands. It also discusses Aztec religion, human sacrifice, and the expansion of their empire. For the Incas, it outlines how their empire grew under the rule of Pachacuti and describes their impressive architecture, road systems, farming techniques, and use of quipus to record information.
The document provides information about three ancient civilizations - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes the locations and origins of these civilizations, details about their governments, religions, and cultural practices. The Maya lived in Mesoamerica and built cities like Chichen Itza, practicing agriculture, calendars, and hieroglyphic writing. The Aztecs dominated central Mexico with their capital of Tenochtitlan built in a lake, known for human sacrifice and conquering neighboring tribes. The Inca ruled the Andes with an emperor in Cuzco, constructing elaborate roads and stonework while following Sun god worship and organized community roles.
The document compares the economies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. The UK has a mixed market economy and is one of the world's leading industrial powers, with major industries including machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and food processing. Germany has the largest economy in Europe and is third largest in the world, with industries like iron, steel, chemicals, vehicles, and machinery. Russia has a mixed economy moving from communist command to market principles; it has a large natural resource base but exploitation is challenging due to climate and infrastructure.
The video discusses the different types of forces that can act on and deform the Earth's crust, including compression, tension, and shearing. Compression causes squeezing and folding of rocks to form structures like anticlines and synclines. Tension causes pulling apart and thinning of the crust to form rift valleys. Shearing causes twisting and tearing of rocks. Different rock types and environmental conditions influence whether the crust folds or faults under geological forces.
Volcanoes form where magma reaches the Earth's surface through openings called vents. There are several types of volcanoes defined by their eruptive activity and structure. Cinder cones have short eruptions that build steep slopes from ejected cinders. Shield volcanoes have long-lasting eruptions that spread lava over large areas to form broad dome shapes like Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Composite volcanoes like Italy's Mount Etna are made of layers from violent and quiet eruptions. Volcanoes can be classified as active if currently erupting, dormant if not currently erupting but historically active, or extinct if no known eruptions in history. Most volcanism occurs along zones of
Deep underground, rocks are under constant pressure until the strain becomes too great and the rocks suddenly break, releasing seismic waves. These waves travel outward from the hypocenter in three types - P waves which push and pull, S waves which move sides to side, and L waves which cause surfaces to bob up and down. When recorded by a seismograph, the first indication of an earthquake is typically the P waves, followed by larger S waves, with surface L waves arriving last.
An earthquake is caused by the sudden movement of parts of the Earth's crust and results in shaking and trembling of the ground. There are over one million earthquakes each year, with around twenty having the potential to cause severe damage. Earthquakes are caused by faults in the Earth's crust, such as the San Andreas Fault in California where the land west of the fault moves north and the land east moves south. Underwater earthquakes can generate destructive tsunamis. The focus is the depth below the surface where the earthquake occurs, and the epicenter is directly above on the surface. Seismographs detect seismic waves that travel out from the epicenter, including fast P waves and slower S waves.
The video discusses the different forces that act on the earth's crust and how they cause deformation through various mechanisms. Compression causes squeezing and increases density, tension causes pulling and decreases density, and shearing causes twisting. These forces result in fracturing, faulting, and folding of rocks in the crust. Fractures are cracks, faults are cracks with lateral movement, and folds are bends in rock layers. Anticlines are upward folds and synclines are downward folds. Various factors like temperature, pressure, rock type, and rate of force application determine whether rocks fault or fold when subjected to deformation.
The document provides information about the Aztec and Incan empires. It describes how the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan in the middle of a lake using floating islands. It also discusses Aztec religion, human sacrifice, and the expansion of their empire. For the Incas, it outlines how their empire grew under the rule of Pachacuti and describes their impressive architecture, road systems, farming techniques, and use of quipus to record information.
The document provides information about three ancient civilizations - the Maya, Aztec, and Inca. It describes the locations and origins of these civilizations, details about their governments, religions, and cultural practices. The Maya lived in Mesoamerica and built cities like Chichen Itza, practicing agriculture, calendars, and hieroglyphic writing. The Aztecs dominated central Mexico with their capital of Tenochtitlan built in a lake, known for human sacrifice and conquering neighboring tribes. The Inca ruled the Andes with an emperor in Cuzco, constructing elaborate roads and stonework while following Sun god worship and organized community roles.
The document compares the economies of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. The UK has a mixed market economy and is one of the world's leading industrial powers, with major industries including machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and food processing. Germany has the largest economy in Europe and is third largest in the world, with industries like iron, steel, chemicals, vehicles, and machinery. Russia has a mixed economy moving from communist command to market principles; it has a large natural resource base but exploitation is challenging due to climate and infrastructure.
The video discusses the different types of forces that can act on and deform the Earth's crust, including compression, tension, and shearing. Compression causes squeezing and folding of rocks to form structures like anticlines and synclines. Tension causes pulling apart and thinning of the crust to form rift valleys. Shearing causes twisting and tearing of rocks. Different rock types and environmental conditions influence whether the crust folds or faults under geological forces.
Volcanoes form where magma reaches the Earth's surface through openings called vents. There are several types of volcanoes defined by their eruptive activity and structure. Cinder cones have short eruptions that build steep slopes from ejected cinders. Shield volcanoes have long-lasting eruptions that spread lava over large areas to form broad dome shapes like Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Composite volcanoes like Italy's Mount Etna are made of layers from violent and quiet eruptions. Volcanoes can be classified as active if currently erupting, dormant if not currently erupting but historically active, or extinct if no known eruptions in history. Most volcanism occurs along zones of
Deep underground, rocks are under constant pressure until the strain becomes too great and the rocks suddenly break, releasing seismic waves. These waves travel outward from the hypocenter in three types - P waves which push and pull, S waves which move sides to side, and L waves which cause surfaces to bob up and down. When recorded by a seismograph, the first indication of an earthquake is typically the P waves, followed by larger S waves, with surface L waves arriving last.
An earthquake is caused by the sudden movement of parts of the Earth's crust and results in shaking and trembling of the ground. There are over one million earthquakes each year, with around twenty having the potential to cause severe damage. Earthquakes are caused by faults in the Earth's crust, such as the San Andreas Fault in California where the land west of the fault moves north and the land east moves south. Underwater earthquakes can generate destructive tsunamis. The focus is the depth below the surface where the earthquake occurs, and the epicenter is directly above on the surface. Seismographs detect seismic waves that travel out from the epicenter, including fast P waves and slower S waves.
The video discusses the different forces that act on the earth's crust and how they cause deformation through various mechanisms. Compression causes squeezing and increases density, tension causes pulling and decreases density, and shearing causes twisting. These forces result in fracturing, faulting, and folding of rocks in the crust. Fractures are cracks, faults are cracks with lateral movement, and folds are bends in rock layers. Anticlines are upward folds and synclines are downward folds. Various factors like temperature, pressure, rock type, and rate of force application determine whether rocks fault or fold when subjected to deformation.
The document summarizes the government and political systems of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. It describes that the UK has a Parliament with two houses, the House of Commons and House of Lords, and citizens elect members of Commons while Lords are inherited titles. Germany is a federal republic with a Chancellor as head of government and largely ceremonial President. Russia transitioned to a federal republic after the Soviet fall, with a dominant presidential system and a two-chamber Parliament.
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries, including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, such as at mid-ocean ridges which form undersea mountain ranges as oceanic crust spreads away from the ridge. It also describes transform boundaries where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, such as at the San Andreas Fault in California.
The plates are moving at a very slow rate of between one to ten centimeters per year. In some areas plates are moving together through a process called convergence, while in other areas they are moving apart. There are three main types of convergent boundaries: continental-continental, continental-oceanic, and oceanic-oceanic. At convergent boundaries, one plate dives beneath the other through subduction, which can cause volcanic activity at the surface.
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move slowly over time due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where plates slip past each other.
This document discusses different systems of government and how power is distributed in each. It begins by asking the reader to identify the different levels of government where they live. It then explains that governments are organized to protect citizens and manage conflict. There are different types of governments like democracies, republics, and monarchies. Geographers study the types of governments and how power is distributed through systems. The main systems are unitary, confederation, and federal. Unitary governments have one central power. Confederation governments give some power to members. Federal governments share power between a central and state/provincial governments. Diagrams and country examples are provided to illustrate each system.
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a super continent called Pangaea before drifting apart to their current locations. Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain the driving force behind continental movement. Evidence that later emerged in support of continental drift includes: matching fossil and rock formations between continents, matching climate zones in pole and equatorial regions, and magnetic pole reversal patterns in ocean floor sediments. This evidence helped prove that continents have shifted positions over time.
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
The document discusses the four main layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains that the crust is the outermost layer and includes both continental and oceanic crust, with oceanic crust being denser. The mantle is below the crust and contains hot, dense rock. The outer core is a liquid layer surrounding the solid inner core, where extreme pressure causes iron and nickel atoms to remain solid.
This document outlines the requirements for a group project where students work with a partner to create a magazine. Each person must complete two 20 point activities and one 10 point activity by certain checkpoint dates. They must also turn in their completed magazine by October 15th, which can include different formats like articles, interviews, or political cartoons, but each format can only be used once and one activity must use a longer writing format.
The document summarizes the geologic time scale, which is divided into eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil evidence showing changes in Earth's organisms over its 4.56 billion year history. The largest divisions are eras, including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and current Cenozoic. Each era is characterized by the dominant lifeforms and events of that time period. The geologic time scale helps break up Earth's history into more manageable chunks for study.
Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life found in sedimentary rocks. The type of fossil formed depends on how and where the organism died and was buried. Fossils can be unaltered remains like teeth and shells, or altered remains that have changed over time through processes like petrification or carbonization. Trace fossils provide indirect evidence of prehistoric life through things like tracks, burrows, and coprolites. Fossils are important for interpreting ancient environments and changes over time.
The document discusses methods for dating geological materials and events. Relative dating methods, like the law of superposition and index fossils, are used to determine the sequence of events but not calculate specific ages. Absolute dating methods, such as radiocarbon dating, are used to determine specific numerical ages by measuring radioactive decay. Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in once-living materials, as carbon-14 decays at a known rate. Together, relative and absolute dating methods provide information about the timing of geological events and processes.
Paleontology is the study of past life through the examination of plant and animal fossils. Paleontologists study fossils and the environments they formed in to piece together details about past ecosystems. The principle of uniformitarianism, first developed by James Hutton in 1788, holds that the same geological processes shaping Earth today have operated throughout its history. This theory helped establish that Earth is much older than previously believed. Relative dating methods like the law of superposition and use of index fossils allow paleontologists to determine the sequential order of geological events and changing life forms without knowing exact time periods.
This document provides information about different types of rocks through a question and answer format. It discusses the key characteristics of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Some key points covered include:
- Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments and can be organic, clastic, or chemical in origin.
- Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure near plate boundaries deep within the earth.
- Igneous rocks have either large crystals (intrusive) or small crystals (extrusive) and include rocks like basalt, granite, and obsidian.
- The impacts of mining can be reduced through land reclamation processes.
This document provides information about rocks and minerals. It defines a mineral, describes how minerals are identified, and explains reclamation and its role in reducing mining impacts. It defines rocks and describes how they are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Examples are given for each rock type. The rock cycle and differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks are explained. Common uses of rocks and the most abundant rocks in the earth's crust, granite and basalt, are stated.
The document provides an overview of European history from ancient Greece to the Protestant Reformation. It discusses the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. It then covers the expansion of Alexander the Great's empire, the rise of the Roman Republic and Empire, and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The document also summarizes the Middle Ages under the feudal system, the Crusades, the Black Plague, the Renaissance, and the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther.
The document discusses metamorphic rocks, which are formed from pre-existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical reactions typically near tectonic plate boundaries. Metamorphism can change a rock's appearance, texture, mineral content, and crystal structure, forming either foliated or non-foliated rocks. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks include schist, slate, and gneiss, while examples of non-foliated rocks include marble and quartzite.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They are classified based on their composition and texture, ranging from glassy to coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly underground, resulting in large crystals, while extrusive rocks form above ground where lava cools rapidly, having small or no crystals. Common examples are granite as an intrusive rock and basalt as an extrusive rock.
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through the weathering of rocks and erosion of materials which are then deposited in new locations. Over time, the compaction and cementation of sediments forms sedimentary rocks. There are three main types of sedimentary rocks: clastic rocks like sandstone which form from sediments like sand and gravel; organic rocks like limestone and coal which form from the remains of living things; and chemical rocks which form through precipitation from chemical reactions like evaporation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
The document summarizes the government and political systems of the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia. It describes that the UK has a Parliament with two houses, the House of Commons and House of Lords, and citizens elect members of Commons while Lords are inherited titles. Germany is a federal republic with a Chancellor as head of government and largely ceremonial President. Russia transitioned to a federal republic after the Soviet fall, with a dominant presidential system and a two-chamber Parliament.
The document discusses different types of plate boundaries, including divergent boundaries where plates move apart, such as at mid-ocean ridges which form undersea mountain ranges as oceanic crust spreads away from the ridge. It also describes transform boundaries where plates slide past each other in opposite directions, such as at the San Andreas Fault in California.
The plates are moving at a very slow rate of between one to ten centimeters per year. In some areas plates are moving together through a process called convergence, while in other areas they are moving apart. There are three main types of convergent boundaries: continental-continental, continental-oceanic, and oceanic-oceanic. At convergent boundaries, one plate dives beneath the other through subduction, which can cause volcanic activity at the surface.
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move slowly over time due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they move together, and transform boundaries where plates slip past each other.
This document discusses different systems of government and how power is distributed in each. It begins by asking the reader to identify the different levels of government where they live. It then explains that governments are organized to protect citizens and manage conflict. There are different types of governments like democracies, republics, and monarchies. Geographers study the types of governments and how power is distributed through systems. The main systems are unitary, confederation, and federal. Unitary governments have one central power. Confederation governments give some power to members. Federal governments share power between a central and state/provincial governments. Diagrams and country examples are provided to illustrate each system.
Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift, which suggested that the continents were once joined together in a super continent called Pangaea before drifting apart to their current locations. Wegener's theory was initially rejected because he could not explain the driving force behind continental movement. Evidence that later emerged in support of continental drift includes: matching fossil and rock formations between continents, matching climate zones in pole and equatorial regions, and magnetic pole reversal patterns in ocean floor sediments. This evidence helped prove that continents have shifted positions over time.
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
The document discusses the four main layers of the Earth - the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It explains that the crust is the outermost layer and includes both continental and oceanic crust, with oceanic crust being denser. The mantle is below the crust and contains hot, dense rock. The outer core is a liquid layer surrounding the solid inner core, where extreme pressure causes iron and nickel atoms to remain solid.
This document outlines the requirements for a group project where students work with a partner to create a magazine. Each person must complete two 20 point activities and one 10 point activity by certain checkpoint dates. They must also turn in their completed magazine by October 15th, which can include different formats like articles, interviews, or political cartoons, but each format can only be used once and one activity must use a longer writing format.
The document summarizes the geologic time scale, which is divided into eras, periods, and epochs based on fossil evidence showing changes in Earth's organisms over its 4.56 billion year history. The largest divisions are eras, including Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and current Cenozoic. Each era is characterized by the dominant lifeforms and events of that time period. The geologic time scale helps break up Earth's history into more manageable chunks for study.
Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life found in sedimentary rocks. The type of fossil formed depends on how and where the organism died and was buried. Fossils can be unaltered remains like teeth and shells, or altered remains that have changed over time through processes like petrification or carbonization. Trace fossils provide indirect evidence of prehistoric life through things like tracks, burrows, and coprolites. Fossils are important for interpreting ancient environments and changes over time.
The document discusses methods for dating geological materials and events. Relative dating methods, like the law of superposition and index fossils, are used to determine the sequence of events but not calculate specific ages. Absolute dating methods, such as radiocarbon dating, are used to determine specific numerical ages by measuring radioactive decay. Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in once-living materials, as carbon-14 decays at a known rate. Together, relative and absolute dating methods provide information about the timing of geological events and processes.
Paleontology is the study of past life through the examination of plant and animal fossils. Paleontologists study fossils and the environments they formed in to piece together details about past ecosystems. The principle of uniformitarianism, first developed by James Hutton in 1788, holds that the same geological processes shaping Earth today have operated throughout its history. This theory helped establish that Earth is much older than previously believed. Relative dating methods like the law of superposition and use of index fossils allow paleontologists to determine the sequential order of geological events and changing life forms without knowing exact time periods.
This document provides information about different types of rocks through a question and answer format. It discusses the key characteristics of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Some key points covered include:
- Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments and can be organic, clastic, or chemical in origin.
- Metamorphic rocks form from heat and pressure near plate boundaries deep within the earth.
- Igneous rocks have either large crystals (intrusive) or small crystals (extrusive) and include rocks like basalt, granite, and obsidian.
- The impacts of mining can be reduced through land reclamation processes.
This document provides information about rocks and minerals. It defines a mineral, describes how minerals are identified, and explains reclamation and its role in reducing mining impacts. It defines rocks and describes how they are classified as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic based on their formation. Examples are given for each rock type. The rock cycle and differences between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks are explained. Common uses of rocks and the most abundant rocks in the earth's crust, granite and basalt, are stated.
The document provides an overview of European history from ancient Greece to the Protestant Reformation. It discusses the Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta. It then covers the expansion of Alexander the Great's empire, the rise of the Roman Republic and Empire, and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The document also summarizes the Middle Ages under the feudal system, the Crusades, the Black Plague, the Renaissance, and the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther.
The document discusses metamorphic rocks, which are formed from pre-existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical reactions typically near tectonic plate boundaries. Metamorphism can change a rock's appearance, texture, mineral content, and crystal structure, forming either foliated or non-foliated rocks. Examples of foliated metamorphic rocks include schist, slate, and gneiss, while examples of non-foliated rocks include marble and quartzite.
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. They are classified based on their composition and texture, ranging from glassy to coarse-grained. Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly underground, resulting in large crystals, while extrusive rocks form above ground where lava cools rapidly, having small or no crystals. Common examples are granite as an intrusive rock and basalt as an extrusive rock.
Sedimentary rocks are formed through the lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through the weathering of rocks and erosion of materials which are then deposited in new locations. Over time, the compaction and cementation of sediments forms sedimentary rocks. There are three main types of sedimentary rocks: clastic rocks like sandstone which form from sediments like sand and gravel; organic rocks like limestone and coal which form from the remains of living things; and chemical rocks which form through precipitation from chemical reactions like evaporation.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.