Following federation in 1901, Australia's telephone and telegraph networks became the responsibility of the federal Postmaster-General's Department. There were only around 33,000 phones across Australia at the time, concentrated in major cities and businesses. A trunk line connecting Sydney and Melbourne was established in 1907, with other state capitals connected between 1914-1935. The networks were expanded and upgraded over the following decades.
'UK Commercial Radio - A New Way to Regulate Localness' by Grant GoddardGrant Goddard
A research paper and proposal to develop a new regulatory strategy to ensure that 'localness' exists in the UK local commercial radio sector, written by Grant Goddard in November 2007.
An introduction to satellite communications presented at the Making Efficiencies using Satellites – ‘it’s not rocket science’ Discovery Day on 13 March 2015 in Oxfordshire.
'UK Commercial Radio - A New Way to Regulate Localness' by Grant GoddardGrant Goddard
A research paper and proposal to develop a new regulatory strategy to ensure that 'localness' exists in the UK local commercial radio sector, written by Grant Goddard in November 2007.
An introduction to satellite communications presented at the Making Efficiencies using Satellites – ‘it’s not rocket science’ Discovery Day on 13 March 2015 in Oxfordshire.
Carlson Wireless Technologies - Gen 3 TV White Space Radio, RuralConnectJim Carlson
Globally, there are 4 billion people without access to the Internet and 90% are from the developing world. Carlson developed a radio that provides affordable access using vacant TV channels.
As most of the world progresses towards ubiquitous connectivity, some communities are left on the wrong side of the digital divide. Globally, there are 4 billion people without access to the Internet, and 90% are from the developing world. The FCC-certified RuralConnect radio seeks to close that gap.
Using spectrum from vacant TV channels (referred to as TV White Space), the RuralConnect signal can travel long distances around hills and through foliage to provide extended broadband connectivity to non-line-of-sight locations where traditional technology can't reach.
Carlson Wireless Technologies - Gen 3 TV White Space Radio, RuralConnectJim Carlson
Globally, there are 4 billion people without access to the Internet and 90% are from the developing world. Carlson developed a radio that provides affordable access using vacant TV channels.
As most of the world progresses towards ubiquitous connectivity, some communities are left on the wrong side of the digital divide. Globally, there are 4 billion people without access to the Internet, and 90% are from the developing world. The FCC-certified RuralConnect radio seeks to close that gap.
Using spectrum from vacant TV channels (referred to as TV White Space), the RuralConnect signal can travel long distances around hills and through foliage to provide extended broadband connectivity to non-line-of-sight locations where traditional technology can't reach.
Mapas recursos online basados en diferentes concepciones cognitivasapeljor
Diferentes concepciones cognitivas conciben la organización de los recursos online de diferentes modalidades.
Esta recopilación tiene por propósito presentar dicha concepción a directores de escuela
Mundu Mira Kooperatibatik Zero Zabor estrategia bultzatzen dugu. Beraz, honen inguruan komunikazio estrategia sendoa izatea ezinbestekoa da herritarrek eta mankomunitateko langileek lana hobeto ezagutu eta uler dezaten.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Song 1 5Yingxue SongProf. Lloyd AckertHIST 28526.docxrafbolet0
Song 1
5
Yingxue Song
Prof. Lloyd Ackert
HIST 285
26 Apr 2015
The Birth of Telecommunication
Introduction
In 1876, alexander graham bell invented the telephone and filed for patents. However, he was not the only inventor of a device that could transmit speech electronically. There was also another inventor known as Elisha Gray, but because Bell made the first move to patent his invention he is believed to be the sole inventor of the phone and this consequently led to big battle of invention. Alexander was a teacher of the deaf, and his motivation for the invention was to create a device that would transmit messages over the wire intended to help the deaf learn now to speak
.
In the development, Bell began with a phonautograph machine from which he studied the sound waves it draws and could trace the vibrations. He was able to produce electrical waves that corresponded with the sound waves he needed and from there he develop a model that practically demonstrated his ideas
.
With the help electrical engineer Thomas Watford, he was able to the physical model of his ideas. He subsequently incorporated additional ideas in his invention and after being granted the patents followed the global awareness and acceptance of the telephone.
Bell offered his patents to the western union for $ 100000 but had difficulty in convincing the management that the telephone invention was a viable idea. The major setbacks were that the voice signals being sent were very weak, and they grew weaker the distance between the receiver and transmitter is long
.
They did not see the reason as to why anybody would want to use such a device when one can send clearly written messages to any part of the United States. They also did not see the device as ever capable of any improvements on the weak signal to produce a recognizable speech over long distances. Having made substantial improvements to the telegraph, Bells device was of no use to them. It, however, did not take long before they realized that technology was evolving, there was need to embrace change in order to continue being relevant in business and by 1882, Bell was offered controlling interests in western union. It was in 1876 that Bell conducted a successful two-way talk over the telephone between Cambridge port and Boston two miles apart
. The first switchboard was developed. Bell and Watson later formed bell Telephone Company, where the bell was the electrician and Watson, was the superintendent.
By 1880, the bell company had assembled over 30000 phones that were already in use. One year later bell company purchased western electric, and that is how bell gained the controlling interests of Bell Company. In 1884, the bell company expanded its operations to long distances when it opened services between New York and Boston that is 235 miles apart.
One year later, Bell Telephone Company started a subsidiary company called American telephone and Telegraph Company. By 1890, Bell Company had alre.
Vodafone summer internship- Branding & Pos Material developmentAbhimanyu Singh
This topic was undertaken during my summer internship at Vodafone in April, 2012. the job was to understand the importance of branding, particularly in store branding for vodafone in multi-brand outlets. to understand the the effect of point of sale materials on both customers and retailers. a detailed market survey was conducted in Bangalore covering 12 towns and some 250 retail outlets. the second part of my internship was to devise a new point of sale material for instore branding of retail outlets. I came up with dedicated merchandise holders for vodafone posters and information cards as traditional practice is to paste posters on walls which were later overlapped by competitors posters`. this was seen as a disadvantage for both retailers and the company in terms of visibility and information providing. A pilot project was conducted to find the acceptability of the new point of sale material. all the retailers who were a part of the pilot project agreed to keep the holder as they found them useful.
Vodafone summer internship- Branding & Pos Material development
Early
1. Early
Following federation, the colonial networks (staff, switches, wires, handsets, buildings
etc.) were transferred to the Commonwealth and became the responsibility of the first
Postmaster-General (PMG), a federal Minister overseeing the Postmaster-General's
Department that managed all domestic telephone, telegraph and postal services. With
16,000 staff (and assets of over £6 million) it accounted for 80% of the new federal
bureaucracy. That figure climbed to over 120,000 staff (around 50% of the federal
bureaucracy) by the late sixties.
Public phones were available in a handful of post offices and otherwise restricted to
major businesses, government agencies, institutions and wealthier residences. Eight
million telegrams were sent that year over 43,000 miles of line.
There were around 33,000 phones across Australia, with 7,502 telephone subscribers in
inner Sydney and 4,800 in the Melbourne central business district. A trunk line between
Melbourne (headquarters of the PMG Department) and Sydney was established in
1907, with extension to Adelaide in 1914, Brisbane in 1923, Perth in 1930 and Hobart in
1935.
An old bakelite ash tray showing an example of a single digit phone number used in the early days
of telecommunication.
Overseas cable links to Australia remained in private hands, reflecting the realities of
imperial politics, demands on the new government's resources, and perceptions of its
responsibilities. On 12 July 1906 the first Australian wireless overseas messages were
sent between Point Lonsdale, Victoria and Devonport, Tasmania.[1] Australia and New
Zealand ratified the 1906 Berlin Radio-telegraph Convention in 1907. The PMG
department became responsible for some international shortwave services - particularly
from the 1920s - and for a new Coastal Radio Service in 1911, with the first of a network
of stations operational in February 1912.
During the 1930s the PMG became responsible for the Australian Broadcasting
Commission(ABC).
Background to the service:
2. Australia's first telephone service (connecting the Melbourne and South
Melbourneoffices of Robinson Brothers) was launched in 1879. The
private Melbourne Telephone Exchange Company opened Australia's first telephone
exchange in August 1880. Around 7,757 calls were handled in 1884.
The Australian networks were government assets operating under colonial
legislation modelled on that of Britain. The UK Telegraph Act 1868 for example
empowered the Postmaster General to "acquire, maintain and work electric
telegraphs" and foreshadowed the 1870 nationalisation of competing British
telegraph companies.
The nature of the networks meant that regulation in Australia was undemanding:
network personnel were government employees or agents, legislation was
enhanced on an incremental basis and restrictions could be achieved through
infrastructure. All the colonies ran their telegraph networks at a deficit through
investment in infrastructure and subsidisation of regional access, generally with
bipartisan support.
Government-operated post office and telegraph networks - the largest parts of the
bureaucracy - were combined into a single department in each colony on the model
of the UK Post Office: South Australia in 1869, Victoria in 1870, Queensland in 1880
and New South Wales in 1893.
In Australia the 1982 Davidson Enquiry regarding private sector involvement in delivery
of existing/proposed telecommunications services recommended ending Telecom
Australia's monopoly. In the preceding year Aussat Pty Ltd, another government
agency, had been established to operate domestic satellite telecommunication and
broadcasting services.
In practice Aussat's charter restricted it from acting as a competitor to Telecom,
including a prohibition on interconnecting public switched traffic with Telecom's network.
Aussat's viability was undermined through restrictions on raising capital, of critical
importance given tepid government support and increasing costs. It wasn't until 1985
that Australia's first geostationary communications satellite was operational; by late
1990 it had debts of about $400 million.
The Australian Telecommunications Commission was restructured as the Australian
Telecommunications Corporation, trading as Telecom Australia, in 1989. That year saw
3. the last domestic telegram handled by Telecom, with responsibility for telegram
operations handed over to Australia Post.
Proposals for a merger of Aussat and OTC (thereby permitting national delivery of
telecommunication services in competition with Telecom) were rejected in favor of
disposal of the satellite operator to a non-government entity that would be allowed to
compete with Telecom.
Immediately following the decision that Optus Communications - a private sector entity
owned by a consortium that included BellSouth- would be given Australia's second
general carrier licence purchased the Satellite assets with many of the Non Satellite
Assets remaining with the Government as part of Telstra.
Cable & Wireless, privatised after several decades of UK government ownership, took a
controlling stake in Optus in 1998 (under the banner Cable & Wireless Optus) before
control passed to SingTel in 2001.
Optus was initially allowed to enter the Australian telecommunications marketplace for
national long distance and international telephone calls, with other players prevented
from entering the general telephone market until 1997 and 'pro-competition'
mechanisms under the Trade Practices Act 1974- such as guaranteed access to
Telecom's existing infrastructure on reasonable terms - meant to ensure its viability.
Telstra also faced competition in market niches such as long distance corporate voice
and data services, with AAPT (a spinoff of the local AAP financial data/news service)
active from 1991. MCI Communications, later absorbed by WorldCom, was an early
major shareholder of AAPT but departed in 1994. New Zealand's Todd Corporation took
a 24.5% stake in AAPT in 1992. In 1995 AAPT launched a mobile phone service, using
Vodafone as its network supplier, acquired a 50% of Australian ISP connect.com.au Pty
Ltd and bought NewsNet ITN. In the same year SingTel acquired a 24.5% shareholding
in AAPT.
In 1996 AAPT bought 40% of Cellular One Communications, followed by QNET
Communications. In that year it gained a carrier licence, offering long distance services
to the residential market and building communications networks for the South Australian
and Victorian governments. It subsequently moved to 100% of CorpTEL
Communications, its AAPT Sat-Tel satellite joint venture, connect.com.au and Cellular
One. US operator Primus acquired Axicorp (rebadged as Primus Telecom) in 1997,
gaining a carriers license and expanding into internet services.
4. AOTC was rebadged as Telstra Corporation in 1993, trading internationally
as Telstra from that year and domestically as Telstra from 1995. International expansion
was wound back in 1997-98. In 1996 Telstra recorded the largest profit in Australian
corporate history, some $3.8 billion and was partly privatised in November 1997 through
sale by the Commonwealth of around 33.3% of its shareholding.
Australia's telecommunications market was formally opened to full competition in July
1997, with removal of restrictions on the number of licensed operators and anti-
competition mechanisms (replaced by general competition law under the oversight of
the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission). The new regime featured a
single national phone numbering scheme and any-to-any connectivity requirements,
with the expectation that mobile phones, fixed-line phones and other devices would be
able to communicate with each other irrespective of whether the service was provided
by Telstra or one of its competitors.
A further 16.6% was sold by the Commonwealth in September 1999; but the sale of the
government's remaining 50.1% stake required legislation. In November 2006, the
government sold an additional 33% stake, with the remaining 17% being placed in a
Future Fund, of which the Commonwealth is the primary shareholder.
At the end of 1998 there were over 20 licensed telecommunications carriers controlling
facilities in Australia, with several hundred other entities using those facilities to provide
services to consumers. That number had climbed to 99 by May 2002 (with 11 licences
surrendered); the Australian Communications Authority estimated that the benefits to
consumers of telecommunications services from competition in 2000/1 were between
$5.5 billion and $12 billion.
Some of Telstra's overseas ventures had proved unsuccessful, with withdrawal from
some South East Asian markets and major writedowns of joint venture investments
such as the $2.7bn Reach undersea cable with Hong Kong-based PCCW.
Satellites are used to provide telecommunications services in very remote areas. These
are primarily the Optus satellites C1 D1 and D2.
There are also a number of satellite earth stations, which provide access points into the
Australian networks:
Intelsat has 10 earth stations, 4 on the Indian Ocean and 6 on the Pacific Ocean.
Inmarsat has 2 earth stations, which serve the Indian and Pacific Ocean regions.
SingTel Optus Earth Stations has several earth stations located in the major cities.
5. Australia is linked to the world by several fibre-optic cables:
Southern Cross Cables to New Zealand, Hawaii and the US mainland with a
capacity of 620Gbit/s, with planned upgrade in Q2 2012.
Southern Cross Cables to Fiji, Hawaii and the US mainland with a capacity of
620Gbit/s, with planned upgrade in the Q2 2012.
Australia-Japan Cable to Guam and Japan. Primarily used as an alternative path to
the United States with a capacity of 320Gbit/s.
Sea-Me-We3 to Indonesia and onto Asia, Middle East, the United States and other
destinations with a capacity of 40Gbit/s.
APNG2 (previously part of Pac Rim West) to Papua New Guinea with a capacity of
2x565Mbit/s.
Jasaraus (linking to APCN Asia Pacific) to Indonesia with a capacity of 5Gbit/s.
Gondwana-1 to New Caledonia.
TASMAN-2 to New Zealand.
PPC-1 (a joint venture of PIPE Networks and Videsh Sanchar Nigam) to Guam with
lit capacity of 80Gbit/s, and potential capacity of 2.56Tbit/s.[2]
Telstra Endeavour to Hawaii with a capacity of 320Gbit/s.
Next G was built to replace Telstra's CDMA network which operated from 1999 until 28
April 2008.[3] Next G uses the 850 MHz band, since it requires fewer base stations to
provide coverage, providing a lower capital cost.[4] This network was implemented under
contract by Ericsson as part of a project internally dubbed "Jersey" and launched on 6
October 2006.[5] HSPA technology was included in the network to provide Australia's
first wide area wireless broadband network. Telstra's next project is 4G LTE See 4G
Australia