EABCT 2011 - Metacognitive Processes in Desire Thinking 2

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Presentation at 41° EABCT Congress, Reykjavik 2011 Symposium: Metacognition across psychological disorders new development in theory and treatment

Health & Medicine Technology

The Roleof Metacognitive Processes in DesireThinking Gabriele Caselli1,2, Marcantonio M. Spada1,3 1 London South BankUniversity, London, UK 2 Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive PsychotherapySchool, Milano, Italy 3North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

This construct has been central to analyses of addictive behaviour and relapse for decades (Skinner & Aubin, 2010)

The experience of craving is qualitatively similar across a range of targets (e.g. Castellani & Rugle, 1995; Field et al., 2008; May et al., 2004; Moreno et al., 2009),[object Object]

Cognitive models (Marlatt, 1985; Stacy, 1997; Baker, Morse & Sherman, 1987; Tiffany, 1999)

Elaborated-Intrusion Theory (EI-Theory, Kavanagh et al., 2009)DesireThinking

I anticipate the sensations I would feel practicing the desired activity

I imagine how I would feel like when engaging in the desired activity

In the short-term DT helps to manage negative internal states by shifting attention away from them and focusing on positive target related sensations

However in medium-term DT brings to an escalation of craving as the desired target is perseveratively imagined but not achieved,[object Object]

S-REF Theory(Wells & Matthews, 1994) A set of metacognitive beliefs act as control components of information processing modes They are responsible for psychological disturbance by developing and maintaining a maladaptive mode of processing This maladaptive mode of processing (Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome or CAS) is constituted by perseverative thinking, threat monitoring, avoidance or safety behaviours)

The Applicationof S-REF toDesireThinking and Craving DT maybe a maladaptive and perseverative cognitive controlstrategy (suchasworry or rumination) Accordingto S-REF Theoryitwouldbe part of the CAS mode thatsustains the experienceofcraving Individualswithaddiction and impulsecontroldisorderswouldpossessboth positive and negative metacognitionsaboutdesirethinking AIMS the presence and content of desire thinking during a desire experience the presence of metacognitive beliefs in desire thinking

Participants & Materials ,[object Object]

HOMEWORK 5 (Total 100 points – 25 points each) 1. (Chapter 9, Question 2) Select an industry and analyze its regionalization drivers as they were five years ago, as they are today, and as they are likely to be in five years’ time. 2. (Chapter 9, Question 3) How should a company decide when to use regional rather than global strategies? 3. (Chapter 10, Question 2) Which industry globalization drivers are the easiest to measure, and which are the most difficult? What is the basis for your assertion? 4. (Chapter 10, Question 3) How often and by whom should measures of globalization and global strategy be made? Mindfulness Research in Social Work: Conceptual and Methodological Recommendations Eric L. Garland Mindfulness refers to a set of practices as well as the psychological state and trait produced by such practices. The state, trait, and practice of mindfulness may be broadly characterized by a present-oriented, nonjudgmental awareness of cognitions, emotions, sensations, and perceptions without fixation on thoughts of past or future. Research on mindfulness has proliferated over the past decade. Given the explosion of scientific interest in this topic, mindfulness-based therapies are attracting the attention of clinical social workers, who seek to implement these interventions in numerous practice settings. Concomitantly, research on mindfulness is now falling within the scope and purview of social work scholars. In response to the growing interest in mindfulness within academic social work, the present article outlines six conceptual and methodological recommendations for the conduct of future empirical studies on mindfulness. These recommendations have practical importance for advancing mindfulness research within and beyond social work. KEY WORDS: evidence-based practice; meditation; mindfulness; randomized controlled trial; research methods Mindfulness is linked with a set of cross-cultural principles and practices origi-nating in Asia more than 2,500 years ago that have parallel manifestations in numerous cultures around the world. With regard to its cur- rent academic usage, mindfulness refers to a psychological phenomenon that is now being studied for its relevance to mental and physical health in fields such as medicine, psychology, and neuroscience. Across these fields, there is a growing body of literature that attests to the efficacy of mindfulness-based therapies for a wide range of biobehavioral disorders. According to a search of PubMed and CRISP data- bases conducted on October 4, 2009, there were 1,614 peer-reviewed journal articles on mindfulness published in the scientific literature and 320 research grants on mindfulness funded by the National Insti- tutes of Health between 1998 and 2009. Indeed, there is mounting empirical evidence of the role of mindfulness in reducing stress and improving clinical outcomes across diverse conditions such as depression (Teasdale et al., 2002), relations ...

London iCAAD 2019 - Prof Marcantonio Spada - NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT...

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In this presentation, Professor Spada will outline the metacognitive approach to the conceptualisation and treatment of problem drinking. The presentation will be highlighting the role played by metacognitive beliefs, extended thinking and thought suppression in the development and escalation of problem drinking. Professor Spada will also review the type of interventions used in Metacognitive Therapy for the treatment of problem drinking and their efficacy.

Acts Of Service:Strengthening the neural pathways through acts of service. This is a proposed research study laying out the hypothesis that neuroplasticity would allow strengthening of the limbic and prefrontal cortical areas for recoveringaddicts with the deliberate integration of acts of service to others. A successful conclusion, measured by in increase in scores on the Prosocial Personality Battery Review would indicate a potential evidence-based argument for inclusion of acts of service in formal treatment planning.

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Discussion 1 Week 2 Discussion Describe how genes interact with environmental factors to affect behavior Behavioral geneticists have found that specific genes can be attributed to certain psychological disorders (Durand et al., 2018). Many studies have also shown that a chaotic event in someone's childhood can influence genes (Durand et al., 2018). So, for instance, if there was the death of someone they loved very much or childhood abuse of any kind, it can alter the gene and cause it to express negatively. There is substantial scientific evidence to show that one's environment can influence an individual's behavior (Boyce et al., 2020). What Major Neurotransmitters are Associated With Mood and How are They Involved in Abnormal Behavior? Neuroscience has shown through studies that some parts of the brain and neurotransmitters play a prominent role in people's moods (Dfarhud et al., 2014). Mood is defined as a feeling that is born internally and impacts most aspects of an individual's behavior (Kawai et al., 2022). These neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and endorphins (Dfarhud et al., 2014). Dopamine is a neurotransmitter made in the portion of the brain called the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus of the brain (Juárez Olguín et al., 2016). It is believed that dopamine plays a vital role in the reward and movement part of one's brain (Juárez Olguín et al., 2016). In other words, it is released when pleasure is felt, such as sex, smell, or something that brings joy and happiness. Serotonin is also a neurotransmitter that helps regulate behavior, mood, and memory (Bamalan & Al Khalili, 2022). Some evidence shows that a reduced level of serotonin contributes to major depressive disorders, low mood, and low feelings of self-worth (Bamalan & Al Khalili, 2022). Medications used to treat low levels of serotonin often help with depression. Norepinephrine (NE) has been studied extensively over the years as it relates to suicide and other psychiatric disorders that increase the risk of suicide in patients (Chandley & Ordway, 2012). It has been found that when NE is depleted in the brain, it can result in depression (Chandley & Ordway, 2012). Caution must be used in treating bipolar 2 with NE or any antidepressant, as it can send the patient into a manic episode (Kurita, 2016). Endorphines are produced to relieve pain, reduce stress and improve mood (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). It is well known that endorphins are produced during exercise and other activities that "feel good." Therefore, they can positively impact one's outlook when they are made. This is why I believe exercise should be a part of any protocol to treat depression. What role do emotions play in psychopathology? Emotions play a role in psychopathology because emotions are implicated in psychiatric disorders associated with externalized and internalized problems. Emotions are expressed depending on ...

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Developmental Psychology 1989. Vol. 25. No. 5. 729-735 Copyright 1989 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. O0I2-1649/89/SO0.75 Regulation of Cognitive Processes Through Perceived Self-Efficacy Albert Bandura Stanford University The articles included in the special series in this issue of Developmental Psychology demonstrate that perceived self-efficacy for memory functioning is an important facet of metamemory. Self-beliefs of efficacy can enhance or impair performance through their effects on cognitive, affective, or motiva- tional intervening processes. This commentary addresses a number of issues concerning the exten- sion of self-efficacy theory to memory functioning. These include the following: the multidimension- ality and measurement of perceived memory capabilities; the veridicality of memory self-appraisal; the efficacious exercise of personal control over memory functioning; the psychosocial processes by which people preserve a favorable sense of memory self-efficacy over the life span; and strategies for generalizing the impact of training in memory skills. Much of the research on perceived self-efficacy has focused on its role in the regulation of motivation, action, and affective arousal (Bandura, 1986; 1988a, 1988b, in press). More recently, research conducted within this conceptual framework has sought to clarify how perceived self-efficacy affects thinking processes, either as events of interest in their own right or as intervening influences of other aspects of psychosocial functioning. This research has begun to delineate the ways in which self-percepts of efficacy can enhance or impair the level of cognitive functioning (Bandura, in press). These cognitive effects take various forms. Analytic Thinking Effective functioning rests heavily on inferences about condi- tional relations between events that enable people to predict and control those events that are of import to them. Discernment of the predictive rules requires effective cognitive processing of multidimensional information that contains ambiguities and uncertainties. Predictive factors are usually related probabilis- tically, rather than invariably, to future events, which leaves some degree of uncertainty. Moreover, events are typically mul- tidetermined. The same predictor may contribute to different effects, and the same effect may have multiple predictors. This introduces ambiguity as to what is likely to lead to what. In ferreting out predictive rules, people must draw on their preexisting knowledge to generate hypotheses about predictive factors, to weight and integrate them into composite rules, to test their judgments against the results of their actions, and to remember which notions they had tested and how well they had worked. It requires a strong sense of efficacy to remain task oriented in the face of evaluative threats and judgmental failures. Preparation of this commentary was facilitated by Public Health Re- search Grant M.

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Emotion Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes Kateri McRae, Bethany Ciesielski, and James J. Gross Online First Publication, December 12, 2011. doi: 10.1037/a0026351 CITATION McRae, K., Ciesielski, B., & Gross, J. J. (2011, December 12). Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes. Emotion. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0026351 Unpacking Cognitive Reappraisal: Goals, Tactics, and Outcomes Kateri McRae and Bethany Ciesielski University of Denver James J. Gross Stanford University Studies of emotion regulation typically contrast two or more strategies (e.g., reappraisal vs. suppression) and ignore variation within each strategy. To address such variation, we focused on cognitive reappraisal and considered the effects of goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) and tactics (i.e., what people actually do) on outcomes (i.e., how affective responses change). To examine goals, we randomly assigned participants to either increase positive emotion or decrease negative emotion to a negative stimulus. To examine tactics, we categorized participants’ reports of how they reappraised. To examine reappraisal outcomes, we measured experience and electrodermal responding. Findings indicated that (a) the goal of increasing positive emotion led to greater increases in positive affect and smaller decreases in skin conductance than the goal of decreasing negative emotion, and (b) use of the reality challenge tactic was associated with smaller increases in positive affect during reappraisal. These findings suggest that reappraisal can be implemented in the service of different emotion goals, using different tactics. Such differences are associated with different outcomes, and they should be considered in future research and applied attempts to maximize reappraisal success. Researchers have identified many types of emotion regulation strategies (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression; Gross & Thompson, 2007). Contrasting these strategies has led to important insights about differences among emotion regulatory processes (Dillon, Ritchey, Johnson, & LaBar, 2007; Goldin, McRae, Ramel, & Gross, 2008; Gross, 1998; Hayes et al., 2010; Sheppes & Meiran, 2007) but has deemphasized the variability that exists within any given strategy, such as those occasioned by differing goals (i.e., what people are trying to achieve) or tactics (i.e., what people actually do). One promising target for examining within-strategy variation is cognitive reappraisal, which refers to altering emotions by changing the way one thinks. Successful reappraisal influences many aspects of emotional responding, including self-reported negative affect (Gross, 1998), peripheral physiology (Jackson, Malmstadt, Larson, & Davidson, 2000; Ray, McRae, Ochsner, & Gross, 2010), and neural indicators of emotional arousal (Hajcak & Nieuwen- huis, 2006; Ochsner et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006). However, there has been notable va ...

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Join us as HBO hosts the IA/UX Meetup with Brian Cugelman, PhD. He will discuss how to design technologies that are more satisfying and persuasive, through applying simple strategies based on psychology and neuroscience. You’ll enjoy a quick overview of Brian’s latest research on the neurochemistry of user cognition, emotion and behavior, with a focus on practical applications for websites, apps and digital campaigns. Brian will discuss the intersection between emotion and technology, and show you how to translate a few simple concepts from psychology and neuroscience into interactive design strategies and practices. Seattle Information Architecture & User Experience Meetup: https://www.meetup.com/SeattleUX/events/235001579/

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MINI ASSIGNMENT 2 1 The Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as an Intervention for Student diagnosed with Anxiety Melissa Kelly Albany State University COUN5620 Research and Program Evaluation for Counselors Dr. Claudia Calder October 13, 2021 Literature Review Comment by Calder, Claudia: Great job with the review. Be sure this section includes all 7 articles from your annotated bib in addition to other articles that provide the background and context for the research problem and establish the need for the research. – you only have six references listed Cognitive-behavioral therapy is defined as psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people in learning how to manage and identify worrying or negative thought patterns that cause an undesirable influence on one's emotions and behaviors. It focuses on changing the negative thoughts automatically, which often contributes to and worsens o emotional difficulties, anxiety, and depression. These spontaneous thoughts harm an individual mood (Luo & McAloon, 2021). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a well-established treatment for anxiety disorder in adolescents and children. Research has shown that about 60% of youths recuperate from anxiety disorder and experience a significant reduction in the disease’s symptoms after treatment (Stjerneklar et al., 2019). According to various studies, cognitive behavior therapy has proven effective in treating anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. This form of therapy helps promote improved self-control, elude activates, and develop coping skills for day-to-day stressors. On the other hand, anxiety disorder is a form of mental health illness that makes one respond differently to certain conditions and situations with fear and dread. An individual with an anxiety disorder typically feels anxious and nervous. Anxiety interferes with one's ability to function normally, and a person overreacts when something triggers their emotions; hence one cannot control their response to situations. According to a national institute of health report, almost one in every three elementary students experiences an anxiety disorder. These have increased steadily by 20% between 2007 and 2012; the high incidence of anxiety disorder among youths usually arises due to pressure and high expectation to succeed (Krister et al.,2017). In the contemporary world, youths feel more pressured to succeed academically, and these thoughts often overwhelm them. Cognitive-behavioral therapy of generalized anxiety disorder treatment helps address the anxiety and mental prejudices, equipping one with a relaxation mechanism suitable for managing tension and marginal exposure to disastrous exposure and imageries to traumatic situations and prevent over stressful behaviors. Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy as an i ...

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EABCT 2011 - Metacognitive Processes in Desire Thinking 2

1. The Roleof Metacognitive Processes in DesireThinking Gabriele Caselli1,2, Marcantonio M. Spada1,3 1 London South BankUniversity, London, UK 2 Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive PsychotherapySchool, Milano, Italy 3North East London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

3. This construct has been central to analyses of addictive behaviour and relapse for decades (Skinner & Aubin, 2010)

5. Cognitive models (Marlatt, 1985; Stacy, 1997; Baker, Morse & Sherman, 1987; Tiffany, 1999)

6. Elaborated-Intrusion Theory (EI-Theory, Kavanagh et al., 2009)DesireThinking

8. I anticipate the sensations I would feel practicing the desired activity

9. I imagine how I would feel like when engaging in the desired activity

10. In the short-term DT helps to manage negative internal states by shifting attention away from them and focusing on positive target related sensations

11.

12. S-REF Theory(Wells & Matthews, 1994) A set of metacognitive beliefs act as control components of information processing modes They are responsible for psychological disturbance by developing and maintaining a maladaptive mode of processing This maladaptive mode of processing (Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome or CAS) is constituted by perseverative thinking, threat monitoring, avoidance or safety behaviours)

13. The Applicationof S-REF toDesireThinking and Craving DT maybe a maladaptive and perseverative cognitive controlstrategy (suchasworry or rumination) Accordingto S-REF Theoryitwouldbe part of the CAS mode thatsustains the experienceofcraving Individualswithaddiction and impulsecontroldisorderswouldpossessboth positive and negative metacognitionsaboutdesirethinking AIMS the presence and content of desire thinking during a desire experience the presence of metacognitive beliefs in desire thinking

14.

15. Primary diagnosis:

16. 6 Alcohol Abuse

17. 6 Bulimia Nervosa

18. 6 Pathological Gambling

19. 6 Smoking Dependence

20.

21. negative emotions and thoughts (14 p)

22. Internal automatic target-related thought (9 p)

23. ContentofDesireThinking

24. ImaginalPrefiguration (Kavanagh et al., 2009)

25. “Imagining stopping the car to order a drink at the local bar”

26. “Imagining coming back home and all the chocolate bars that I have on my desk”

27. Verbal Perseveration (Caselli & Spada, 2010)

28. “Thinking what I can do to play”

29.

30. ResultsNegative Metacognitive Beliefsabout DT Negative Metacognitive Beliefs concerned: The damage to executive control over behaviour (16 p); The uncontrollability of desire thinking (10 p); The negative impact of desire thinking on self-image (4 p) The negative impact of desire thinking on cognitive performance (6 p).

31. ResultsGoals and Stop Signals The primary goal ofdesirethinking: Reducing negative emotions and thoughts (14p) Feelexcited and motivated (9p) Howtheyrecognizeif their goal had been achieved: I do not know (all) How desire thinking was interrupted: Byachievingdesired target (18p) By some externaldistractingevent (5p)

32. DiscussionMetacognitions in DesireThinking Negative internalstates PMDT DesireThinking Craving & Deprivation UncontrolledBehaviour AutomaticTarget-relatedtoughts NMDT

33.

34. Using metacognitive profilefor case formulation and socializationofuseful information aboutdesirethinking, metacognitive beliefs and metacognitive plans

35. Verbalreattributionof metacognitive beliefsaboutdesirethinking

36.

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