Background A digital currency is a means of payment or money that exists in a purely electronic form, issued and regulated by the nation’s monetary authority, or central bank, and backed by the government. Nigeria’s E Naira digital currency was launched as at 1st October, 2021 and will be in the digital form of Naira and be used just like cash.Aim This study was carried out to examine the relationship between E Naira Digital Currency and Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. Materials and Methods The study employed survey design in the analysis. A hypothesis was formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. Primary data was used in the study and was obtained through questionnaire survey administered to the staff of those banks with international authorization and commercial banking license i.e Zenith Bank Plc, Access Bank Plc, UBA Plc, Union Bank Plc, Gtbank Plc, Fidelity Bank Plc, FCMB Plc and First Bank Plc within Awka Metropolis. Results Using Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance, the findings of the study generally indicated that E Naira Digital Currency has positive and significant relationship with financial performance in the bank of industry at 1 significant level. Conclusion The study concludes that the adoption of Central Bank Digital Currency CBDC has significant relationship with financial performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. Recommendation Hence, the study suggests that monetary authorities and deposit money banks should enlighten their customers on the benefits and importance of using E Naira Digital Currency as it reduces the cost of processing cash, improves the availability and usability of Central Bank money and also increases the revenue generation of the nation. The study contributed to knowledge by introducing a new variable E Naira Digital Currency and also updated literature on the subject. Obiora Fabian. | Omaliko Emeka | Okeke Chinenye, J "E-Naira Digital Currency and Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49206.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49206/enaira-digital-currency-and-financial-performance-of-listed-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria/obiora-fabian
The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in Indiaijtsrd
In the present technological world, technology provided many advances and the widespread use of the Internet, various digital currencies have emerged. In most cases, Internet platforms such as Face book and Amazon restrict the functionality of their digital currencies to enhance the business model and maximize their profits. While platform based digital currencies would increase the efficiency of retail payments, they could also raise some important policy issues if they were to become widely used outside of the platform. Thus, it is important to closely monitor the evolution of these digital currencies. Dr. Rajendra Prasad G R "The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52108/the-role-of-rbi-on-implementation-of-digital-currencies-in-india/dr-rajendra-prasad-g-r
The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in ...ijtsrd
The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of electronic banking on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Specifically, it sought to determine the effect of automated teller machine transactions, electronic mobile banking transactions, point of sale terminals transactions on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex post facto research design and covered the period from 2006 to 2020. Ordinary least square regression and Granger Causality tool was used for the analysis of the data obtained. The results of the study reveal that automated teller machine transactions have positive and significant effect on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria while both point of sale terminal transaction and mobile banking transactions have negative and insignificant effects on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that Deposit money banks and monetary authorities should sensitize the banking public on the proper use of electronic banking transactions to lessen the frequent cases of errors, fraud and malfunction. Osakwe Charity Ifunanya | Ezeaku Chisom Njideka "The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria (2006-2020)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50220.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/50220/the-effect-of-electronic-banking-on-the-operations-of-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria-20062020/osakwe-charity-ifunanya
The Bank of Ghana has disclosed that the eCedi, the Central Bank Digital Currency which it intends to issue will be free of transaction charges to consumers just as in the usage of cash.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the problems and opportunities of electronic banking in Sudan. The paper begins with an introduction that defines electronic banking and outlines its benefits. It then reviews previous literature on the topic, particularly as it relates to developing countries and the Arab world. The paper discusses the current state of information and communication technology infrastructure in Sudan and identifies deficiencies in areas like skilled human resources, security, and infrastructure that constrain electronic banking. It concludes that while Sudan has made some progress with laws and regulations, many challenges remain that limit the applicability of electronic banking.
Liberalization, globalization and privatisation in India, since 1991 opened up new markets, new products and efficient delivery channels for the banking industry. The development and the increasing progress experienced in the Information and Communication Technology coupled with the expansion of the global economy paved the way for the transformation of the Indian banking from traditional trade financing to mobilizing and channelling financial resources more effectively in almost all facets of life. Intense competitive environment, changing business environments, globalization and the advancement of ICT are the important factors that have forced Banking and Financial services to change. Introduction of technology in banking sector has enabled customers to avail the banking services at anytime and anywhere in the form of ATM, Mobile banking, and Internet Banking. Banks today operate in a highly globalized, liberalized, privatized and a competitive environment. In order to survive in this environment banks have introduced electronic banking. With the use of technology there had been an increase in penetration, productivity and efficiency. It has not only increased the cost effectiveness but also has helped in making small value transactions viable. It also enhances choices, creates new markets, and improves productivity and efficiency. It has been noticed that financial markets have turned into a buyer‘s markets in India. Dr. Ajoy S Joseph | Mrs. Mallika "E Banking in India – A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42330.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/other/42330/e-banking-in-india-–-a-study/dr-ajoy-s-joseph
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are being explored by central banks globally as interest in digital currencies grows. The document discusses key drivers for CBDCs including improving payment efficiencies, financial inclusion and enhancing monetary policy. It provides an overview of CBDC projects underway in various countries and regions, with China, Cambodia, the Bahamas, Eastern Caribbean and Nigeria having implemented live CBDCs. The models vary in terms of technology used, offline usability and transaction limits.
A digital currency ( digital currency , electronic money, electronic currency, digital
money, electronic money (meaning different from Japanese English electronic
money ), electronic currency) is a currency , money, or money. It refers to all assets
such as , and is mainly managed, stored, and exchanged mainly over the Internet in
digital computer systems.
The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in Indiaijtsrd
In the present technological world, technology provided many advances and the widespread use of the Internet, various digital currencies have emerged. In most cases, Internet platforms such as Face book and Amazon restrict the functionality of their digital currencies to enhance the business model and maximize their profits. While platform based digital currencies would increase the efficiency of retail payments, they could also raise some important policy issues if they were to become widely used outside of the platform. Thus, it is important to closely monitor the evolution of these digital currencies. Dr. Rajendra Prasad G R "The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52108/the-role-of-rbi-on-implementation-of-digital-currencies-in-india/dr-rajendra-prasad-g-r
The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in ...ijtsrd
The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of electronic banking on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. Specifically, it sought to determine the effect of automated teller machine transactions, electronic mobile banking transactions, point of sale terminals transactions on the operational performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study adopted the ex post facto research design and covered the period from 2006 to 2020. Ordinary least square regression and Granger Causality tool was used for the analysis of the data obtained. The results of the study reveal that automated teller machine transactions have positive and significant effect on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria while both point of sale terminal transaction and mobile banking transactions have negative and insignificant effects on the operational performance of Deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study recommends that Deposit money banks and monetary authorities should sensitize the banking public on the proper use of electronic banking transactions to lessen the frequent cases of errors, fraud and malfunction. Osakwe Charity Ifunanya | Ezeaku Chisom Njideka "The Effect of Electronic Banking on the Operations of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria (2006-2020)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50220.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/50220/the-effect-of-electronic-banking-on-the-operations-of-deposit-money-banks-in-nigeria-20062020/osakwe-charity-ifunanya
The Bank of Ghana has disclosed that the eCedi, the Central Bank Digital Currency which it intends to issue will be free of transaction charges to consumers just as in the usage of cash.
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the problems and opportunities of electronic banking in Sudan. The paper begins with an introduction that defines electronic banking and outlines its benefits. It then reviews previous literature on the topic, particularly as it relates to developing countries and the Arab world. The paper discusses the current state of information and communication technology infrastructure in Sudan and identifies deficiencies in areas like skilled human resources, security, and infrastructure that constrain electronic banking. It concludes that while Sudan has made some progress with laws and regulations, many challenges remain that limit the applicability of electronic banking.
Liberalization, globalization and privatisation in India, since 1991 opened up new markets, new products and efficient delivery channels for the banking industry. The development and the increasing progress experienced in the Information and Communication Technology coupled with the expansion of the global economy paved the way for the transformation of the Indian banking from traditional trade financing to mobilizing and channelling financial resources more effectively in almost all facets of life. Intense competitive environment, changing business environments, globalization and the advancement of ICT are the important factors that have forced Banking and Financial services to change. Introduction of technology in banking sector has enabled customers to avail the banking services at anytime and anywhere in the form of ATM, Mobile banking, and Internet Banking. Banks today operate in a highly globalized, liberalized, privatized and a competitive environment. In order to survive in this environment banks have introduced electronic banking. With the use of technology there had been an increase in penetration, productivity and efficiency. It has not only increased the cost effectiveness but also has helped in making small value transactions viable. It also enhances choices, creates new markets, and improves productivity and efficiency. It has been noticed that financial markets have turned into a buyer‘s markets in India. Dr. Ajoy S Joseph | Mrs. Mallika "E Banking in India – A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42330.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commanagement/other/42330/e-banking-in-india-–-a-study/dr-ajoy-s-joseph
Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) are being explored by central banks globally as interest in digital currencies grows. The document discusses key drivers for CBDCs including improving payment efficiencies, financial inclusion and enhancing monetary policy. It provides an overview of CBDC projects underway in various countries and regions, with China, Cambodia, the Bahamas, Eastern Caribbean and Nigeria having implemented live CBDCs. The models vary in terms of technology used, offline usability and transaction limits.
A digital currency ( digital currency , electronic money, electronic currency, digital
money, electronic money (meaning different from Japanese English electronic
money ), electronic currency) is a currency , money, or money. It refers to all assets
such as , and is mainly managed, stored, and exchanged mainly over the Internet in
digital computer systems.
FUTURE READY BANKING WITH SMART CONTRACTS - CBDC AND IMPACT ON THE INDIAN ECO...IJNSA Journal
India is significantly diverse in culture and how it promotes business transactions. Though we are very acquainted with cash, cards, and online mode of payment, the Indian rural economy still believes in the barter system. At this juncture, India is evolving as a tech power house, and its economy is thriving to embrace cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange. After the Indian finance minister declared the same last February that India is working towards building its legal tender called Central Bank-backed Digital Currency (CBDC), this paper is making an impact in explaining our strengths, weakness, market readiness, and necessity to adopt a digital rupee when India's economy is highly regarded as a cashoriented economy. Is our country ready to accept the new technological shift in smart banking in the form of a digital rupee? The paper highlights the socioeconomic and technical challenges our planners need to understand before changing the Central banks' monetary policies. The deployment of fifth-generation (5G) cellular network technology has sparked renewed interest in the potential of blockchain to automate different cellular network use cases. 5G is projected to open up new market prospects for small and large businesses. The article highlights the unique instrument of the digital rupee to enhance peer-to-peer transactions with the evolution of 5G mobile technology.
This document summarizes a study examining the potential benefits and challenges of legalizing crypto-currency as a medium of exchange in Nigeria. It provides background on crypto-currencies like Bitcoin and reviews Nigeria's current regulatory stance, which prohibits crypto-currency use due to risks. The study aims to determine if legalizing crypto-currency could benefit Nigeria's economy. It utilizes surveys and statistical analysis to evaluate the relationship between crypto-currency use and economic growth. Preliminary findings suggest there may be both risks and benefits, but further research is needed to make regulatory recommendations.
This document provides an overview of Bitcoin, a decentralized virtual currency. It begins by defining virtual currency and explaining how Bitcoin differs from traditional national currencies. Bitcoin works through a peer-to-peer network that verifies transactions by consensus of users rather than a central authority. Transactions are recorded through encrypted messages exchanged between users. The document then discusses how Bitcoin can be purchased and used for payments, as well as current levels of usage in Sweden. It concludes by considering both the benefits and risks of Bitcoin and other virtual currencies.
This document provides an overview of Bitcoin, a decentralized virtual currency. It begins by defining virtual currency and explaining how Bitcoin differs from traditional currencies by not being issued or regulated by any government. It then describes how Bitcoin works through a network of users verifying encrypted transactions and maintaining a decentralized public record of payments. The document discusses how Bitcoins can be purchased and exchanged, but notes they are not actually digital files being sent, but rather account debits and credits. It categorizes virtual currencies and explains that Bitcoin's bidirectional flow and cryptocurrency nature make it decentralized. In closing, it notes Bitcoin's potential benefits but also risks and challenges to widespread acceptance.
This document outlines the contents and structure of a research project on online banking. It includes sections on introduction and background, conceptual overview, data analysis and findings, conclusions and recommendations, and bibliography. The introduction discusses the objectives, scope and methodologies of the study. It also provides context on the growth of online banking and how it has made transactions more convenient. The background section elaborates on the definition of online banking and how it has revolutionized banking practices. It highlights the benefits of online banking for customers, banks and businesses. The types of online banking services discussed include account management, payments, e-statements, bill pay, loans and new accounts. A literature review on previous studies of online banking adoption is also presented.
The document discusses the transition to a cashless economy in India. It provides context on the growing adoption of electronic payments and need to reduce dependence on cash. The objectives are to understand the meaning of cashless transactions, analyze their impact on people in a particular area, and future trends. Research will use questionnaires and interviews of 50 randomly selected people in Basanti colony over two weeks. Key impacts discussed are more transparency in business, easier auditing, and increased e-payment usage for businesses. In education, donations and capitation fees accepting cash may decrease due to demonetization.
The document discusses central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) based on lessons learned from global CBDC efforts and pilots. It provides an overview of key CBDC concepts and definitions. It then summarizes Accenture's work on three CBDC pilots - an e-Krona pilot with the Swedish central bank exploring a retail CBDC, Project Jura with several central banks exploring cross-border CBDC settlements, and Project Khokha II with the South African central bank exploring CBDC policy implications. The document concludes with a brief outlook on European and global CBDC developments.
This document provides an overview of trends in the mobile wallet industry. It discusses the current mobile wallet ecosystem which is dominated by financial service providers and telecommunications companies regulated by financial authorities. It also examines factors influencing consumer adoption of mobile wallets like security, usability and behavior. Examples from Indonesia and the Philippines are provided on using mobile wallets for government financial disbursements and digital remittances. Emerging technologies like blockchain are discussed in the context of their potential applications and drivers of growth. Regulatory approaches to cryptocurrencies across different countries are reviewed.
This document discusses exchange rate stability and its relationship to economic growth, both in traditional economies and the emerging virtual economy. It first reviews literature showing that decreased exchange rate volatility tends to increase foreign direct investment and economic growth. It then defines the virtual economy as financial transactions conducted online, and discusses how capital flows through online transactions similarly to traditional economies. The document introduces Bitcoin as a decentralized virtual currency that facilitates online trade and has taken on a role in the virtual economy. It explains how Bitcoins are created and regulated through a peer-to-peer network, with the goal of applying insights about exchange rate volatility to the Bitcoin economy.
Credit Card Processing and Payment SystemsIJMERJOURNAL
This document discusses credit card processing and electronic payment systems. It begins with an introduction that describes how the rise of e-commerce has created new financial needs that traditional payment systems cannot fulfill. It then discusses four main types of electronic payment systems: online credit card payments, electronic checks, electronic cash, and smart card-based payments. Each system has advantages and disadvantages for customers and merchants. The document provides details on the characteristics, requirements, and applicability of each type of electronic payment system.
5 Great Impact of Electronics in Finance, Transactions, and Digital Currencie...TheEntrepreneurRevie
The Role of Electronics in Finance: 1. Revolutionizing Transactions Through Electronics 2. The Rise of Digital Currencies 3. Transforming the Finance Sector 4. Enhancing Financial Inclusion 5. Challenges and Opportunities
digital currancy in india - the future of your money.pptxvenkatasivakumar6
The document summarizes research on digital currency in India. It begins by introducing digital currency and the different types, including cryptocurrencies, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and stablecoins. It then discusses the objectives, need, and types of digital currency. The main types are CBDCs issued by central banks, cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins. The document also reviews literature on digital currency in India, finding that a CBDC could increase financial inclusion and adoption should consider security, learning curves, and payment system viability. It concludes that India has started piloting its digital rupee and that CBDCs have potential to lower costs and disrupt payment systems if implemented properly while managing security and adoption challenges.
This document summarizes challenges in the global payments industry and emerging trends. Cash is still widely used for small transactions but declining as electronic payments rise. Cheque usage is also declining in most countries. Electronic bank transfers like debit and credit are gaining popularity, especially for business-to-consumer and government payments. Regulations and technologies are driving changes like SEPA in Europe and real-time payment systems provide faster access to funds. The payments landscape is transforming rapidly under these forces.
The document discusses India's introduction of a central bank digital currency called the digital rupee (e₹). It will be issued by the Reserve Bank of India as a tokenized digital version of the Indian rupee. The digital rupee pilot was launched in 2022 for wholesale transactions, and later for retail users. Unlike cryptocurrencies, the digital rupee is centralized and regulated by the RBI. It aims to promote a cashless economy, financial inclusion, and reduce costs associated with physical cash. The document compares features of the digital rupee to cryptocurrencies and explains forms of central bank digital currencies.
Digital Banks 17
- Digital banking has emerged as banks adopted new technologies like the internet to remain competitive in a changing financial sector. This allowed online and mobile banking services.
- FinTech companies are also disrupting traditional banks by using new technologies to provide more efficient financial services directly to customers, such as online lending and money transfers. Examples include Stripe and TransferWise.
- While some FinTech startups aim to replace banks, many banks are also embracing financial technology by investing in FinTech companies or incorporating their innovations to stay relevant. However, adoption of these new services has been slower in Greece compared to other parts of Europe.
Customers Perceived Risk and the Adoption of Electronic Banking in South East...ijtsrd
This research examined the relationship between perceived risk and the adoption of electronic banking in south east Nigeria. Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between the seven dimensions of perceived risk financial risk, performance risk, social risk, physical risk privacy risk, time risk and psychological risk and the adoption of electronic banking in the south eastern region of Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design in collecting data questionnaire and personal interviews were used in collecting primary data while documentary sources were used for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of electronic banking users in the five States of the south east region of Nigeria. Since the populate is an infinite population, the Cochran general accepted formula for determining sample size for an infinite population was employed to determine the sample size of four hundred and ninety 490 electronic banking users. Descriptive statistics were employed to check the behaviour of the data and to ready the data for inferential statistics analysis. Some of the statistics were mean and standard deviation minimum, maximum, skewness and kurtosis. The data was analysed and hypotheses tested using the Structural Equation Model SEM and with aid of WarpPLS 6.0 software. Findings from the study showed that perceived risks in its seven dimension studied, has a significant relationship with the adoption of E banking in Nigeria and thus recommended that Managers of financial institutions should to develop workable plans to eliminate the negative effect of perceived risk, by increasing acceptance of risk which could be done by offering training or simulations to customers to facilitate their use of internet banking. Chibike O. Nwuba | Rev. Prof. Anayo Dominic Nkamnebe "Customers Perceived Risk and the Adoption of Electronic Banking in South-East Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31206.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/31206/customers-perceived-risk-and-the-adoption-of-electronic-banking-in-southeast-nigeria/chibike-o-nwuba
The document discusses how the development of China's legal digital currency (DCEP) could promote the internationalization of the RMB. It notes that DCEP uses a two-tier system that issues currency to banks which then distribute it publicly, avoiding problems faced by private currencies. DCEP being backed by China's credit could increase confidence in the RMB internationally and raise its share in global payments. However, DCEP may also face challenges from the dominance of the US dollar system and competition from other currencies. Cooperation between countries will be important to improve international payment systems.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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The document summarizes research on digital currency in India. It begins by introducing digital currency and the different types, including cryptocurrencies, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), and stablecoins. It then discusses the objectives, need, and types of digital currency. The main types are CBDCs issued by central banks, cryptocurrencies, and stablecoins. The document also reviews literature on digital currency in India, finding that a CBDC could increase financial inclusion and adoption should consider security, learning curves, and payment system viability. It concludes that India has started piloting its digital rupee and that CBDCs have potential to lower costs and disrupt payment systems if implemented properly while managing security and adoption challenges.
This document summarizes challenges in the global payments industry and emerging trends. Cash is still widely used for small transactions but declining as electronic payments rise. Cheque usage is also declining in most countries. Electronic bank transfers like debit and credit are gaining popularity, especially for business-to-consumer and government payments. Regulations and technologies are driving changes like SEPA in Europe and real-time payment systems provide faster access to funds. The payments landscape is transforming rapidly under these forces.
The document discusses India's introduction of a central bank digital currency called the digital rupee (e₹). It will be issued by the Reserve Bank of India as a tokenized digital version of the Indian rupee. The digital rupee pilot was launched in 2022 for wholesale transactions, and later for retail users. Unlike cryptocurrencies, the digital rupee is centralized and regulated by the RBI. It aims to promote a cashless economy, financial inclusion, and reduce costs associated with physical cash. The document compares features of the digital rupee to cryptocurrencies and explains forms of central bank digital currencies.
Digital Banks 17
- Digital banking has emerged as banks adopted new technologies like the internet to remain competitive in a changing financial sector. This allowed online and mobile banking services.
- FinTech companies are also disrupting traditional banks by using new technologies to provide more efficient financial services directly to customers, such as online lending and money transfers. Examples include Stripe and TransferWise.
- While some FinTech startups aim to replace banks, many banks are also embracing financial technology by investing in FinTech companies or incorporating their innovations to stay relevant. However, adoption of these new services has been slower in Greece compared to other parts of Europe.
Customers Perceived Risk and the Adoption of Electronic Banking in South East...ijtsrd
This research examined the relationship between perceived risk and the adoption of electronic banking in south east Nigeria. Specifically, the study addressed the relationship between the seven dimensions of perceived risk financial risk, performance risk, social risk, physical risk privacy risk, time risk and psychological risk and the adoption of electronic banking in the south eastern region of Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design in collecting data questionnaire and personal interviews were used in collecting primary data while documentary sources were used for secondary data. The population of the study was made up of electronic banking users in the five States of the south east region of Nigeria. Since the populate is an infinite population, the Cochran general accepted formula for determining sample size for an infinite population was employed to determine the sample size of four hundred and ninety 490 electronic banking users. Descriptive statistics were employed to check the behaviour of the data and to ready the data for inferential statistics analysis. Some of the statistics were mean and standard deviation minimum, maximum, skewness and kurtosis. The data was analysed and hypotheses tested using the Structural Equation Model SEM and with aid of WarpPLS 6.0 software. Findings from the study showed that perceived risks in its seven dimension studied, has a significant relationship with the adoption of E banking in Nigeria and thus recommended that Managers of financial institutions should to develop workable plans to eliminate the negative effect of perceived risk, by increasing acceptance of risk which could be done by offering training or simulations to customers to facilitate their use of internet banking. Chibike O. Nwuba | Rev. Prof. Anayo Dominic Nkamnebe "Customers Perceived Risk and the Adoption of Electronic Banking in South-East Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31206.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/31206/customers-perceived-risk-and-the-adoption-of-electronic-banking-in-southeast-nigeria/chibike-o-nwuba
The document discusses how the development of China's legal digital currency (DCEP) could promote the internationalization of the RMB. It notes that DCEP uses a two-tier system that issues currency to banks which then distribute it publicly, avoiding problems faced by private currencies. DCEP being backed by China's credit could increase confidence in the RMB internationally and raise its share in global payments. However, DCEP may also face challenges from the dominance of the US dollar system and competition from other currencies. Cooperation between countries will be important to improve international payment systems.
Similar to E Naira Digital Currency and Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Central Bank defines fiat currency as any legal tender
designated and issued by a central authority, that
people are willing to accept as money being well
regulated and trusted (European Central Bank, 2012).
Regardless of the fact that the concept of currency as
payment method remains actually unchanged,
nowadays we have different ways to do a transaction.
In particular, central banks have been under pressure
to respond to the proliferation of Fintech (Financial
Technology) and to the consequent developments of
“stable coin” that may challenge the definition of
money, the access to legal tender, even the role of
central banks, the financial intermediation model and
the transmission of monetary policy. The growing
relevance of different digital payment’s methods (e.g.
SamsungPay, ApplePay, Satispay and so on) and the
declining usage of cash can change the status quo and
lead to more fast, cheap, secure and digital means of
payment. If this is the case today, in the near future
we will begin to see real digital coins, issued by
central banks (but not only). As cited in the study of
Lucrezia (2019), regulators particularly in Italy, is
outlining a way that can stimulate the digital currency
over the physical one, due to its greater safety and
speed. The latter are ensured by the blockchain as
transaction enabler. This one is based on “block” that
ensures the goodness of each transaction through a
validator (the “chain”). The mechanism behind this
structure could avoid evasion and falsification,
making the payment fast and traceable. An important
further application should be the “smart contract”
(Szabo, 1994), through which two or more parties can
insert a trigger situation to perform a transaction (eg.
Assurance: if the client has an accident, it will be
registered in the chain and will result in a payment if
necessary, automatically and without bureaucracy).
According to Bartoletti, Carta, Cimoli and Saia
(2017), the universal financial system is absolutely
embracing the current evolution from physical
currency to almost virtual currencies through the
medium of technology. However, there have been
many attempts at producing a digital currency during
the 90s tech boom (Bech, 2017).
In this regard, it is significant to emphasize that it has
been more than 20 years since Bill Gates opined:
“Banking is essential, banks are not” and nowadays
the State needs to maintain the role in the payment
system, considering the trend of dramatically
declining cash use. E-Naira currency digitalization
was launched on 1st
October, 2021 in Nigeria with a
view of reshaping economic activity, reducing the
role of cash and spurring new digital forms of money.
Consequently, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) faces a
difficult choice between two options; improve the
existing payment solutions or issue a Central Bank
Digital Currency (CBDC).
Hence, the need for the study to examine the
relationship which subsists between the E-Naira
Digital Currency and Financial Performance of Listed
Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria.
In order to direct the flow of this work, this
hypothesis was formulated:
H01: E-Naira Digital Currency has no significant
relationship with Financial performance of Deposit
Money Banks in Nigeria.
2. Review of the Related Literature
2.1. Digital Currency
A digital currency is a means of payment or money
that exists in a purely electronic form. Central bank
digital currencies are issued and regulated by the
nation’s monetary authority, or central bank, and
backed by the government. They are different from
existing electronic central bank money, which is
provided by central banks but can only be used by
banks and selected financial institutions. When
financial institutions pay each other, they pay in
reserves from accounts held with a central bank
(https://african.business/2021/10/finance-
services/nigeria-gears-up-for-enaira/).
Before central bank digital currencies, the only way
consumers could use money that is a direct liability of
a central bank was with physical cash. Existing digital
retail payment from customer deposits accounts in
banks are based on money that is the liability of the
institution providing the account, not a central bank.
A central bank digital currency is a direct liability on
the central bank and is available to all households and
businesses giving them access to electronic central
bank money.
Central bank digital currency can be transferred or
exchanged using technologies such as blockchain.
Blockchain is a system of storing records of
transactions across a network of computers
(Ahannaya, Oshinowo, Sanni, Arogundade &
Ogunwale, 2021).
Nigeria’s digital currency was launched as at 1st
October, 2021 and will be in the digital form of the
Naira and will be used just like cash. A central bank
digital currency is not a cryptocurrency.
Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are not currencies
in most countries since they are not a generally
accepted form of payment. Although they are still
widely referred to as cryptocurrencies and best
described as digital assets, or crypto-assets.
Digital currencies do not have physical attributes and
are available only in digital form. Transactions
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involving digital currencies are made using computers
or electronic wallets connected to the internet or
designated networks. In contrast, physical currencies,
such as banknotes and minted coins, are tangible,
meaning they have definite physical attributes and
characteristics. Transactions involving such
currencies are made possible only when their holders
have physical possession of these currencies.
Digital currencies have utility similar to that of
physical currencies. They can be used to purchase
goods and pay for services. They can also find
restricted use among certain online communities,
such as gaming sites, gambling portals, or social
networks.
Digital currencies also enable instant transactions that
can be seamlessly executed across borders. For
instance, it is possible for a person located in the
United States to make payments in digital currency to
a counterparty residing in Singapore, provided they
are both connected to the same network.
Characteristics of Digital Currencies
As mentioned earlier, digital currencies only exist
in digital form. They do not have a physical
equivalent.
Digital currencies can be centralized or
decentralized. Fiat currency, which exists in
physical form, is a centralized system of
production and distribution by a central bank and
government agencies. Prominent crypto
currencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, are
examples of decentralized digital currency
systems.
Digital currencies can transfer value. Use of
digital currencies requires a mental shift in the
existing framework for currencies, where they are
associated with sale and purchase transactions for
goods and services. Digital currencies, however,
extend the concept.
Types of Digital Currencies
Digital currency is an overarching term that can be
used to describe different types of currencies that
exist in the electronic realm. Broadly, there are three
different types of currencies according to Ahannaya,
Oshinowow, Sanni, Arogundale and Ogunwale
(2021):
Crypto currencies
Cryptocurrencies are digital currencies that use
cryptography to secure and verify transactions in a
network. Cryptography is also used to manage and
control the creation of such currencies. Bitcoin and
Ethereum are examples of cryptocurrencies.
Depending on the jurisdiction, cryptocurrencies may
or may not be regulated.
Cryptocurrencies are considered virtual currencies
because they are unregulated and exist only in digital
form.
Virtual Currencies
Virtual Currencies are unregulated digital currencies
controlled by developers or a founding organization
consisting of various stakeholders involved in the
process. Virtual currencies can also be
algorithmically controlled by a defined network
protocol. An example of a virtual currency is a
gaming network token whose economics is defined
and controlled by developers.
Central Bank Digital Currencies
These are regulated digital currencies issued by the
central bank of a country. A CBDC can be a
supplement or a replacement to traditional fiat
currency. Unlike fiat currency, which exists in both
physical and digital form, a CBDC exists purely in
digital form. England, Sweden, and Uruguay are a
few of the nations that are considering plans to launch
a digital version of their native fiat currencies.
Reasons Nigeria launched a Digital Currency?
The Central Bank has given several reasons for
launching the eNaira. It is to:
promote and facilitate financial inclusion
enable direct welfare disbursements to citizens
facilitate diaspora remittances
reduce the cost of processing cash
improve the availability and usability of Central
Bank money
increase revenue and tax collection
support a resilient payment system
improve the efficiency of cross-border payments
Is Nigeria Ready for Digital Currency? If not,
How Can the Gaps be Addressed?
According to Onu (2021), Nigeria could certainly pull
this off, provided the technology infrastructure and
the technological know-how are in place. It is stated
that the eNaira shall be administered by the central
bank through the Digital Currency Management
System to mint and issue eNaira but it appears this
system has been built by Bitt, a global financial
technology company. It provides digital currency and
stable coin solutions to central banks, financial
institutions and ecosystem participants worldwide. As
such, the maintenance of the eNaira system would
very much depend on the technological strength of
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this company and the extent to which they are
retained to provide a maintenance framework for the
system.
Another issue is the electricity crisis and lack of
widespread access to the internet across the country.
These should be immediate priorities for the Central
Bank, and the government, to resolve for the eNaira
system to be successful. It is good to see that there’s a
plan for the system to be usable while offline.
Another challenge that the poor may have in
accessing the eNaira system is the difficulty of
attaining digital identity. The eNaira design plans to
use the existing Bank Verification Number and
National Identity Number regime. Getting the
documents needed for these is expensive and
cumbersome.
As Nigeria has the largest population on the
continent, spearheading this process could signal the
start of a regional monetary integration. If central
bank digital currency arrangements could work
together across the continent it could solve the
challenge of the inconvertibility of African
currencies. This could help intraregional trade, which
has been challenging to achieve in Africa. With the
African Continental Free Trade agreement now
operational, the successful launch of the eNaira might
be a step towards regional monetary integration in
Africa and potentially a regional central bank digital
currency.
The Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is an
alternative means of payment to cash. While there are
two types of payment modes i.e. physical and virtual,
cash is termed physical while CBDC is virtual. The
CBDC can be local (i.e. within the country) or cross
the border (between two or more countries). The
CBDC is usually used in situations where the local
currency of a country is often subjugated in which
case the government may ban the use of foreign
currency and make the local digital currency
compulsory.
Before now, there have been attempts to introduce
CBDC. The first in 1992 was by the Bank of Finland
which operated for 3 years and got transferred to
private ownership and technically ceased to be
CBDC. It was aimed at providing small-scale retail
payments and operated as a prepaid stored-value card.
Ecuador attempted it in 2014 but shut it down in
2018. This attempt failed because the government had
asked the citizens to trust it and keep their monies in a
virtual currency backed by physical dollars during
their financial crises. It was abandoned as the
government could not live up to its billing. Cambodia
through the National Bank of Cambodia in 2020
implemented it to address the gluttonous appetite for
foreign currency and hoped it would encourage the
greater use of their local currency as opposed to the
dollar.
The advent of crypto and by extension Libra
(Facebook digital currency) has put pressure on
countries to delve into finding suitable alternatives
that will make them remain relevant. The recent
progress made and the implementation of CBDC by
the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) has also been a
major driver of interest. However, as of date, eighty-
one countries have signified interest in the on
boarding of CBDC out of which only five have taken
off. Recently Australia, Singapore, South Africa, and
Malaysia formed a consortium of countries for a
cross-border CBDC which is expected to improve
trade and exchange. Though CBDCs are not the
obvious best solutions, problems ranging from
hygiene to macroeconomics have been touted as key
issues to be addressed through its implementation.
2.2. Theoretical Underpinnings
2.2.1. Mises Regression Theorem
This study was theoretically underpinned by Mises
Regression Theorem propounded by Ludwig Von
Mises in his 1912 book titled, Theory of Money and
Credit. The theory holds that the value of money can
be traced back (regressed) to its value as a
commodity.
The regression theorem assumes that all money must
ultimately derive their purchasing power from a
historical tie to a commodity that was valued in a
state of barter. The theory of the value of money is
able to trace the objective exchange value of money
only to that point where it is no longer the value of
money but just the value of a commodity (Jeffrey,
2014). In this way, one can continually go further and
further back and must eventually get to a point where
one can longer find any component in the objective
exchange value of money which emanates from
valuations based on the function of money as a
medium of exchange. At this point, the value of
money is nothing other than the value of an object
that is useful in some other way than as money. Mises
solved this circularity through the regression theorem.
Mises further identified that people expect future
purchasing power based upon current and previously
observed purchasing powers (Ahannaya, Oshinowo,
Sanni, Arogundade & Ogunwale, 2021). For the
regression theorem to work, a medium of exchange
must already have the attributes necessary for a
medium of exchange, having a price and be accepted
on the market. Thus, the study was anchored on the
theory.
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2.3. Empirical Review
Asidok and Micheal (2018) investigated the impact of
mobile banking transactions on bank profitability in
Nigeria using selected banks data from Electronic
payment system office covering from 2007-2016. The
study adopts Panel unit root and SURE model
estimation technique to conduct quantitative analysis
for four selected old and new generation banks. The
results of this study were analyzed using economic a
priori criteria, statistical criteria and econometric
criteria. The positive and statistically significant
relationship between automated teller machine of old
and new generation banks in Nigeria indicates that
automated teller machine is a major factor that
contributes to old and new banks performance in
Nigeria.
Olaiya and Adeleke (2019) on electronic banking and
profitability of deposit money banks in Nigeria
employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag and found
that two independent variables namely ATMTV and
POSTV individually have positive relationship ROA,
while both MBTV and IBTV defied apriori
expectations as they individually have negative
relationship with ROA. However, a combined test for
all the four variables revealed a no significant
relationship with ROA. The study therefore,
concludes that digital banking channels have no
significant effect on the performance of banks in
Nigeria in the short run for the period covered by the
study.
Ahannaya, Oshinowo, Sanni, Arogundade and
Ogunwale (2021) on the effect of cryptocurrencies on
Nigeria economy employed regression model and
found that cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and
Ethereum in performing online transactions have been
on the rise and almost accepted globally. The study
concluded that a significant number of people are
now fully convinced that the digital Currency-Bitcoin
is legitimate, safe and has value.
Eze and Egoro (2016) investigated the impact of
electronic banking on the profitability of commercial
banks in Nigeria. The study sought to examine the
relationship between different e-banking channels and
the profitability of commercial banks in Nigeria. Four
e-banking channels (automatic teller machines,
electronic mobile banking, internet banking
transactions, and point of sales services) were
identified and regress against the profit before tax of
commercial banks operating in Nigeria between 2006
and 2014. The study used the confirmed ECM model
(via residual diagnosis) to test the formulated
hypotheses. The results revealed that the over impact
of electronic banking on the profitability of
commercial banks was significant; whereas, the
impact of the individual channels was varied.
Oladejo (2016) examined the impact of four (ATM,
POS, web/Internet and mobile) e-payments adoption
and banks specific variables on profitability of the
Nigerian Deposits Money Banks (DMBs). Secondary
data were obtained from annual report and accounts
of ten quoted (DMBs) between 2005 and 2012. Data
were analysed using panel logistic regression. The
overall result from data analysis shows that when
bank adopt e-payment systems, their performance
level, such as gross margin, profits after tax, return on
assets and return on equity changes. This is reflected
in the positive association between adoption and
gross earning of banks. Further, adoption of the four
e-payment instruments like ATM, WEB, POS and
Mobile banking influenced performance indices
measured by return on assets (ROAE), gross margin
and profits after tax (PAT) of the sampled banks.
Edwin and Adele-Louise (2014) investigated the
extent of the adoption and usage of the mobile phone
banking services among banking customers in Nigeria
and the associated problems. In the course of the
research, ten out of twenty one banks were selected in
Nigeria. The stakeholders interviewed included bank
staff, customers and students from higher education
institutions. Study data was gathered over a two
month period using an unstructured set of interview
questions and data analysis was through thematic
evidences arising from the data analyzed. The
findings of this study however, discovered that phone
banking was more established than internet banking
and ATM services, but ATM services had a wider
reach. In summary, the overriding factors affecting
this situation included the cost and maintenance
involved, education of customers, poverty and
infrastructure availability.
Ugwueze and Nwezeaku (2016) studied the
relationship between electronic banking and the
performance of Nigerian commercial banks.
Electronic banking was proxied by value of Point-of-
Sale transactions while commercial banking
performance was proxied by customers’ deposits.
Engle-Granger co-integration model was used to
analyze data for the sample period January 2009 to
December 2013. The results show that POS is not co-
integrated with both the savings and time deposits but
are co-integrated with demand deposits.
Osazevbaru, Sakpaide, and Ibubune (2014) examined
the impact of cashless policy on the profitability of
Nigerian banks, against the backdrop that these banks
in a cash based economy are known for their huge
profits even in the face of associated high cost of
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operations. Basically, will banks in the cashless
regime still make as much profits as they use to
make? To address this, secondary data were collected
and analyzed using content analysis comparing profits
under cash based policy with a cashless regime. The
results revealed that cashless economic policy
positively impact on banks’ profit through reduction
in cost of operations and banking the unbanked
populace.
3. Methodology
The research design used in this study is survey
design. It was established to predict and envisage the
nature of the relationship which subsists between E-
Naira Digital Currency and Financial Performance of
Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. Thus, the
population of the study comprises of workers in the
accounting section of listed deposit money banks in
Nigeria with international authorization and
commercial banking license. It ranges from Zenith
Bank Plc, Access Bank Plc, UBA Plc, Union Bank
Plc, Gtbank Plc, Fidelity Bank Plc, FCMB Plc to
First Bank Plc.
For data accessibility, the study was narrowed down
to only the listed deposit money banks with
international authorization and commercial banking
license in Awka, Anambra State. This was based on
the fact that banks have same policy across the
branches and states. Data for the study were obtained
from primary sources using questionnaire survey. The
questionnaire survey was designed where respondents
were asked to assess the extent to which E-Naira
Digital Currency ensures Financial Performance
using Likert five point scale referred to as: (1) to a
very high extent, (2) to a high extent, (3) neutral, (4)
to a low extent and (5) to a very low extent.
In view of this, 81 copies of questionnaire were
administered to the relevant accounting sections of
the selected listed deposit money banks with
international authorization and commercial banking
license in Awka Metropolis. The hypothesis was
statistically tested using Kendall’s Coefficient of
Concordance operated with SPSS Version 20 at 5%
level of significance.
4. Data Presentations and Analysis
H01: E-Naira Digital Currency has no significant effect on financial performance of deposit money banks in
Nigeria.
Decision Rule: accept Ho if P-value > 5% significant level otherwise reject Ho
Table 1: Respondents Responses on the relationship between E-Naira Digital Currency and Financial
Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria
Questions
To a Very
High Extent
To a High
Extent
Neutral
To a Very
Low Extent
To a Low
Extent
1 30 10 10 10 10
2 45 10 5 5 5
3 40 10 10 5 5
4 40 5 5 10 10
5 35 15 5 5 10
Source: Field Survey (2021).
For the test of hypothesis, the study used the data as exposited on table 1 above. The outcome of the test using
Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance is shown on table 2 below:
Table 2: Result on Respondents Distribution on table 1
4.1. Discussion of Findings
H01: E-Naira Digital Currency has no significant
relationship with Financial Performance of Deposit
Money Banks in Nigeria.
In view of the analysis as shown on Table 2, the result
shows that there is a significant and positive
relationship between E-Naira Digital Currency and
Financial Performance of Listed Deposit Money
7. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49206 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2022 Page 228
Banks in Nigeria. The Kendall’s test as shown on
table 2 shows a p-value of 0.008. This probability
value is statistically significant at 1% level. Thus, the
null hypothesis was rejected as suggested by the
decision rule shown in Table 2 and alternate
hypothesis accepted which contends that E-Naira
Digital Currency has significant relationship with
Financial Performance of Deposit Money Banks in
Nigeria. This is in tandem with the apriori
expectations of Osazevbaru, Sakpaide, and Ibubune
(2014), Ahannaya, Oshinowo, Sanni, Arogundade
and Ogunwale (2021) who before now had a position
that cashless economic policy positively impact on
banks’ profit through reduction in cost of operations
and banking the unbanked populace.
5. Conclusion
From the statistical analysis of the study, it was
concluded that the adoption of Central Bank Digital
Currency (CBDC) has significant relationship with
financial performance of deposit money banks in
Nigeria
5.1. Recommendation
Based on the findings above, the study therefore
recommends that monetary authorities and deposit
money banks should enlighten their customers on the
benefits and importance of using E-Naira Digital
Currency as it reduces the cost of processing cash,
improve the availability and usabilityof Central Bank
money and also increase the revenue generation of the
nation
References
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8. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49206 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2022 Page 229
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A: Personal Data of Respondent
Sex: Male [ ] Female [ ]
SECTION B: Questionnaire Items
Instruction: Kindly read through all the item statements carefully and indicate your response against each
statement by ticking [√] in the appropriate column using the following response options.
To a Very High Extent (TVHE)
To a High Extent (THE)
Neutral (N)
To a Low Extent (TLE)
To a Very Low Extent (TVLE)
CLUSTER ONE: E-Naira Digital Currency and Financial Performance
S/N STATEMENTS TVHE THE N TLE TVLE
1
The adoption of E- Naira Digital Currency improves financial
performance of banks in Nigeria
2
The adoption of E-Naira Digital Currency enhances the banks
existing payment solutions
3
The adoption of E-Naira Digital Currency ensures
sustainability of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria
4
The CBN Digital Currency would ensure financial
sustainability in Nigeria
5
The CBN adoption of E-Naira Digital Currency would ensure
financial sustainability of DMBs in Nigeria