DUAL NATURE OF MATTER WAVES

1. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Dual Nature of matter waves

2. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Photoelectric Effect
The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon that involves electrons escaping from
the surface of materials.

3. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters

4. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Some related terms include:
Work Function: The minimum energy that is required to eject an electron from a
metal surface.
Threshold Frequency: The minimum frequency of light that can force an electron to
emit from a metal surface.
Threshold Wavelength: The maximum wavelength of light that can eject a
photoelectron from the surface of a metal.
Cut-off Potential: The minimum negative or retarding potential V0 given to a plate
for which photoelectric current becomes zero is called Cut-off or Stopping Potential.

5. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Laws of Photoelectric Effect
The laws of the photoelectric effect are as follows:
1. For a given metal and frequency of incident light, the photoelectric
current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light.
2. For a given metal, there is a certain minimum frequency, called
threshold frequency, below which there is no photo-electric
emission.
3. The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons above a threshold
frequency depends upon the frequency of incident light.
4. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.

6. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Hertz and Lenards Experiment

8. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Observations
The photoelectric current (same as the rate of emission of electrons) is directly
proportional to the intensity of light falling on the electrode.

9. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
The maximum kinetic energy increases with an increase in the frequency of light. With a higher
frequency of light (ν), the stopping potential becomes more negative, which implies that the kinetic
energy of electrons also increases.

10. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
All frequencies of light, however, cannot cause a photoelectric current to develop. Only light
above a certain frequency (ν0) can produce a photoelectric current. This frequency is known
as the threshold frequency.
Lastly, the electron
emission occurs instantly
without any time lag.

11. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
Einsteins Photoelectric Equation

12. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters
De Broglie Relation

13. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matters