The document summarizes drug treatments for allergies. It discusses how allergies result from an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances. It then describes the main types of allergies and their symptoms. The document outlines the pathophysiology of allergies and the mechanisms of several classes of anti-allergy drugs, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, thromboxane inhibitors, cytokine inhibitors, cromolyn, theophylline, decongestants, and anticholinergics. It concludes by mentioning some novel immunotherapy approaches targeting specific proteins or mediators involved in different types of allergies.
Allergic Rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and pruritus. Onset is often in childhood or adolescence. While symptoms may improve with age, allergic rhinitis can develop or persist at any age. It is associated with conditions like asthma, sinusitis and otitis media. Management involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy. Second generation antihistamines are first line treatment but adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist provides additional relief, especially for nasal congestion. Intranasal corticosteroids are also
Allergic Rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and pruritus. Allergic Rhinitis can negatively impact quality of life and productivity. It commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. While symptoms often improve with age, the disorder can develop or persist at any age. Treatment involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids and leukotriene inhibitors, as well as immunotherapy. Combination therapy with a second-generation antihistamine and montelukast has been shown to more effectively treat
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils before being released in response to stimuli. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with the H1 and H2 receptors being clinically relevant drug targets. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking H1 receptors, and H2 receptor blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion. First-generation antihistamines have greater sedative and anticholinergic side effects than second-generation drugs due to interactions with other receptors.
Histamine, Bradykinin, and Their Antagonists.pptxAUGUSTINE KANYI
Histamine plays a key role in allergic inflammation and immune responses by binding to four histamine receptor subtypes (H1-H4). When released from mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions, histamine causes symptoms by activating H1 receptors and mediates downstream immune effects. Antihistamines effectively treat allergic diseases by competitively blocking the H1 receptor and preventing histamine's effects. They are classified into non-sedating second generation and more sedating first generation types based on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
pharma lec.12 dental student third stage.AbdullahWaad
This document discusses drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system, focusing on antihistamines and drugs for asthma. It describes how histamine mediates allergic reactions and how first- and second-generation antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors. It also outlines the preferred drugs for treating asthma, including beta-2 agonists for quick relief of symptoms and inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control of inflammation, along with other options like leukotriene inhibitors, cromolyn, and cholinergic antagonists.
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
This document discusses asthma, including its pathophysiology, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It notes that asthma involves inflammation, bronchospasm and excess mucus production. Common triggers include viruses, irritants, allergens and air pollution. Treatment involves bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories like corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers and mast cell stabilizers. Medications are prescribed based on asthma severity and control.
Allergic Rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and pruritus. Onset is often in childhood or adolescence. While symptoms may improve with age, allergic rhinitis can develop or persist at any age. It is associated with conditions like asthma, sinusitis and otitis media. Management involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy. Second generation antihistamines are first line treatment but adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist provides additional relief, especially for nasal congestion. Intranasal corticosteroids are also
Allergic Rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa caused by an IgE-mediated response to allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and pruritus. Allergic Rhinitis can negatively impact quality of life and productivity. It commonly begins in childhood or adolescence. While symptoms often improve with age, the disorder can develop or persist at any age. Treatment involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy including antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids and leukotriene inhibitors, as well as immunotherapy. Combination therapy with a second-generation antihistamine and montelukast has been shown to more effectively treat
Histamine is a chemical messenger that mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions. It is synthesized and stored in mast cells and basophils before being released in response to stimuli. Histamine binds to H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with the H1 and H2 receptors being clinically relevant drug targets. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking H1 receptors, and H2 receptor blockers inhibit gastric acid secretion. First-generation antihistamines have greater sedative and anticholinergic side effects than second-generation drugs due to interactions with other receptors.
Histamine, Bradykinin, and Their Antagonists.pptxAUGUSTINE KANYI
Histamine plays a key role in allergic inflammation and immune responses by binding to four histamine receptor subtypes (H1-H4). When released from mast cells and basophils during allergic reactions, histamine causes symptoms by activating H1 receptors and mediates downstream immune effects. Antihistamines effectively treat allergic diseases by competitively blocking the H1 receptor and preventing histamine's effects. They are classified into non-sedating second generation and more sedating first generation types based on their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
pharma lec.12 dental student third stage.AbdullahWaad
This document discusses drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system, focusing on antihistamines and drugs for asthma. It describes how histamine mediates allergic reactions and how first- and second-generation antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors. It also outlines the preferred drugs for treating asthma, including beta-2 agonists for quick relief of symptoms and inhaled corticosteroids for long-term control of inflammation, along with other options like leukotriene inhibitors, cromolyn, and cholinergic antagonists.
Autacoids, also known as local hormones, are naturally occurring substances that have different structures and pharmacological actions. They include decarboxylated amino acids, polypeptides, and eicosanoids. Histamine is one of the most important autacoids and is stored in mast cells. It is released through immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and immune responses. Antihistamines work by blocking the H1 receptor and are used to treat various allergic conditions by reducing the effects of histamine. First generation antihistamines are less selective and have more side effects while second generation antihistamines have fewer side effects.
This document discusses asthma, including its pathophysiology, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It notes that asthma involves inflammation, bronchospasm and excess mucus production. Common triggers include viruses, irritants, allergens and air pollution. Treatment involves bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories like corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers and mast cell stabilizers. Medications are prescribed based on asthma severity and control.
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to inhaled allergens, affecting 0.8-39.7% of the world's population. It is commonly associated with allergic conjunctivitis and asthma as part of the unified allergic airway. Diagnosis is based on symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion or obstruction, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching occurring in response to allergen exposure. Treatment involves reducing allergen exposure, pharmacological treatment with oral or intranasal antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and in some cases surgery.
The document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1. Antitussives suppress coughing through actions on the cough center of the brain and by decreasing respiration rate. Codeine is a common antitussive.
2. Decongestants relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels through actions on adrenergic receptors. Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, and oxymetazoline are common decongestants.
3. Antihistamines block the actions of histamine to reduce allergic responses. First-generation antihistamines also have sedative effects while second-generation antihistamines do not.
4. Expectorants
Generic name: Cetirizine hydrochloride.
Chemical name: [2- [4- [(4-chlorophenyl) phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid, dihydrochloride.
Cetirizine, a metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine drug. Its main effects are achieved through selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors.
Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration of about 1 hour after oral administration of tablets or syrup formulation in adult volunteers.
Cetirizine hydrochloride syrup is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds.
Cetirizine is a second generation drug.
Second generation antihistamines are developed to avoid or reduce the sedative effects of drug.
Second-generation antihistamines cross the blood–brain barrier to a much lower degree than the first-generation antihistamines. Their main benefit is they primarily affect peripheral histamine receptors and therefore are less sedating.
Outline:
What is the antihistamines.
What is histamine.
What is the receptors.
What is the clinical uses of antihistamines.
Side effects of antihistamines.
What is the contraindications.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. It discusses the different types of asthma such as atopic, non-atopic, and drug-induced asthma. It describes the cells and mediators involved in asthma inflammation. It covers the mechanisms and classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibody. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and side effects of various bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It also discusses inhalational drug delivery systems and the treatment of acute asthma attacks.
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. Histamine binds to H1 receptors and causes inflammation. First generation antihistamines are sedating as they penetrate the central nervous system, whereas newer generations have limited effects. Long term abuse of sedating antihistamines can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose effects include drowsiness, hallucinations, and potentially seizures or heart problems. Pharmacists can help prevent antihistamine abuse by refusing sales, warning other pharmacies, claiming lack of stock, and limiting supplies to suspicious customers.
Respiratory agents are medicines used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. They are available as oral tablets, liquids, injections, or inhalations to directly deliver medicine to the lungs. Some inhalers contain multiple medicines.
The document then discusses different classes of drugs used for respiratory diseases, including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, leukotriene inhibitors, and anti-IgE drugs. It provides examples of medicines in each class and describes their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and nursing considerations.
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is any harmful or unpleasant medical occurrence that may be related to a medication. ADRs can range from mild to severe or life-threatening. They are classified based on their mechanism and severity. Common types of ADRs include side effects, allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and teratogenic or carcinogenic effects. Spontaneous reporting of suspected ADRs is important for monitoring drug safety. Several drugs have been withdrawn from the market over time due to serious ADRs. Prompt treatment depends on classifying the reaction and its severity.
This document discusses antihistamines, which are medicines used to treat allergies and other hypersensitive reactions. It begins by defining antihistamines and explaining how they work by blocking the effects of histamine at receptor sites. It then describes what causes allergies and the role of histamine. The document is divided into sections on the history of antihistamines, classes of antihistamines including first and second generation types, their uses, side effects, and the future of allergy treatment.
This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis, including its definition, symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Some key points:
- Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disease of the nose induced by exposure to allergens, characterized by symptoms like sneezing, nasal discharge, and congestion.
- Genetic and environmental factors like pollution, infections, and diet influence one's risk. Common allergens include dust mites, animal dander, and pollen.
- Upon allergen exposure, IgE antibodies are produced, and subsequent exposures lead to degranulation of mast cells and basophils
This document discusses antihistamines and their classification, mechanisms of action, and effects. It describes first and second generation antihistamines. First generation drugs like dimenhydrinate are highly sedating and act as H1 receptor antagonists to reduce allergic reactions. Second generation drugs like astemizole have less sedation and do not cross the blood brain barrier. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking the effects of histamine at receptor sites and providing relief from symptoms.
The document discusses respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. It defines COPD as a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by breathlessness and airflow limitation. The two main components of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Smoking is the primary cause of COPD. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis involves spirometry and blood gas tests. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy. The document also defines asthma as a condition of bronchial hyperresponsiveness causing wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea. It discusses the extrinsic and intrinsic types and their triggers. Sympt
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness to stimuli. Asthma can be triggered by environmental and genetic factors. The main types of asthma and treatments discussed include bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, anti-IgE antibody therapy, and recent advances in immunotherapy.
This document provides an overview of the management of bronchial asthma. It discusses the pathophysiology of asthma including chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. It describes the clinical presentation of asthma and drug treatments including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and cromones. The document highlights the roles of these drugs in controlling inflammation and reducing exacerbations to manage asthma symptoms.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough. It involves widespread, reversible narrowing of the bronchial airways and increased bronchial responsiveness. Asthma can be classified as atopic/allergic, triggered by environmental allergens through IgE mechanisms, or non-atopic/intrinsic, triggered by non-immune stimuli. The pathophysiology involves chronic airway inflammation from a variety of inflammatory cells and mediators, as well as airway hyperresponsiveness to multiple triggers. Symptoms are triggered by allergens, viruses, drugs, exercise and other environmental factors and treatments include bronchodilators and
Histamine
Is a protein substance manufactured & found in human tissues
Its also a component of some venoms & secretions of stinging insects
Storage of histamine
In tissue mast cells (mainly)
In basophils
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of fundus of the stomach
Histamine release from mast cells;
Its released in response to;
1.Direct chemical /physical trauma to tissue mast cells
2. Drugs like morphine which displace histamine from their storage sites
3. Immunologic reactions esp the type 1allergic reactions coz degranulation of mast cells
Mechanism of action of histamine
Actions of histamine are mediated via histamines receptors found on cell membranes of different tissues
Types of histamine receptors;
H1 receptors
H₂ receptors
H₃ receptors
H₄ receptors
Histamine and serotonin function as neurotransmitters and local hormones. Histamine is an important mediator of allergic and inflammatory reactions that is stored in mast cells and basophils and released through immunologic or chemical means. It exerts effects through four receptor subtypes. First and second generation antihistamines competitively block histamine H1 receptors, with second generation drugs having fewer side effects like sedation. H2 receptor antagonists suppress gastric acid secretion. Third and fourth generation histamine receptor ligands may treat psychiatric and inflammatory conditions.
This document is a report submitted by seven students to their professor at East West University about autacoids. It summarizes that autacoids are hormone-like substances produced locally in tissues that have effects on smooth muscles, glands, nerves, platelets and other tissues. The main types of autacoids discussed are biogenic amine autacoids like histamine and serotonin, phospholipid autacoids like prostaglandins, and polypeptide autacoids like angiotensin. The report focuses on histamine, describing the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), how histamine is synthesized and released, and the mechanisms and effects of different types of antihistamines.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to inhaled allergens, affecting 0.8-39.7% of the world's population. It is commonly associated with allergic conjunctivitis and asthma as part of the unified allergic airway. Diagnosis is based on symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion or obstruction, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching occurring in response to allergen exposure. Treatment involves reducing allergen exposure, pharmacological treatment with oral or intranasal antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids, immunotherapy, and in some cases surgery.
The document discusses several types of drugs used to treat respiratory conditions:
1. Antitussives suppress coughing through actions on the cough center of the brain and by decreasing respiration rate. Codeine is a common antitussive.
2. Decongestants relieve nasal congestion by constricting blood vessels through actions on adrenergic receptors. Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, and oxymetazoline are common decongestants.
3. Antihistamines block the actions of histamine to reduce allergic responses. First-generation antihistamines also have sedative effects while second-generation antihistamines do not.
4. Expectorants
Generic name: Cetirizine hydrochloride.
Chemical name: [2- [4- [(4-chlorophenyl) phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid, dihydrochloride.
Cetirizine, a metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine drug. Its main effects are achieved through selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors.
Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration of about 1 hour after oral administration of tablets or syrup formulation in adult volunteers.
Cetirizine hydrochloride syrup is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds.
Cetirizine is a second generation drug.
Second generation antihistamines are developed to avoid or reduce the sedative effects of drug.
Second-generation antihistamines cross the blood–brain barrier to a much lower degree than the first-generation antihistamines. Their main benefit is they primarily affect peripheral histamine receptors and therefore are less sedating.
Outline:
What is the antihistamines.
What is histamine.
What is the receptors.
What is the clinical uses of antihistamines.
Side effects of antihistamines.
What is the contraindications.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. It discusses the different types of asthma such as atopic, non-atopic, and drug-induced asthma. It describes the cells and mediators involved in asthma inflammation. It covers the mechanisms and classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibody. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and side effects of various bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It also discusses inhalational drug delivery systems and the treatment of acute asthma attacks.
Antihistamines are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. Histamine binds to H1 receptors and causes inflammation. First generation antihistamines are sedating as they penetrate the central nervous system, whereas newer generations have limited effects. Long term abuse of sedating antihistamines can lead to tolerance, physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Overdose effects include drowsiness, hallucinations, and potentially seizures or heart problems. Pharmacists can help prevent antihistamine abuse by refusing sales, warning other pharmacies, claiming lack of stock, and limiting supplies to suspicious customers.
Respiratory agents are medicines used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma, chronic bronchitis, and COPD. They are available as oral tablets, liquids, injections, or inhalations to directly deliver medicine to the lungs. Some inhalers contain multiple medicines.
The document then discusses different classes of drugs used for respiratory diseases, including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents, antihistamines, leukotriene inhibitors, and anti-IgE drugs. It provides examples of medicines in each class and describes their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and nursing considerations.
An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is any harmful or unpleasant medical occurrence that may be related to a medication. ADRs can range from mild to severe or life-threatening. They are classified based on their mechanism and severity. Common types of ADRs include side effects, allergic reactions, toxicity from overdose, and teratogenic or carcinogenic effects. Spontaneous reporting of suspected ADRs is important for monitoring drug safety. Several drugs have been withdrawn from the market over time due to serious ADRs. Prompt treatment depends on classifying the reaction and its severity.
This document discusses antihistamines, which are medicines used to treat allergies and other hypersensitive reactions. It begins by defining antihistamines and explaining how they work by blocking the effects of histamine at receptor sites. It then describes what causes allergies and the role of histamine. The document is divided into sections on the history of antihistamines, classes of antihistamines including first and second generation types, their uses, side effects, and the future of allergy treatment.
This document provides an overview of allergic rhinitis, including its definition, symptoms, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Some key points:
- Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disease of the nose induced by exposure to allergens, characterized by symptoms like sneezing, nasal discharge, and congestion.
- Genetic and environmental factors like pollution, infections, and diet influence one's risk. Common allergens include dust mites, animal dander, and pollen.
- Upon allergen exposure, IgE antibodies are produced, and subsequent exposures lead to degranulation of mast cells and basophils
This document discusses antihistamines and their classification, mechanisms of action, and effects. It describes first and second generation antihistamines. First generation drugs like dimenhydrinate are highly sedating and act as H1 receptor antagonists to reduce allergic reactions. Second generation drugs like astemizole have less sedation and do not cross the blood brain barrier. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking the effects of histamine at receptor sites and providing relief from symptoms.
The document discusses respiratory diseases chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. It defines COPD as a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by breathlessness and airflow limitation. The two main components of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Smoking is the primary cause of COPD. Symptoms include dyspnea, cough, and sputum production. Diagnosis involves spirometry and blood gas tests. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy. The document also defines asthma as a condition of bronchial hyperresponsiveness causing wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea. It discusses the extrinsic and intrinsic types and their triggers. Sympt
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness to stimuli. Asthma can be triggered by environmental and genetic factors. The main types of asthma and treatments discussed include bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, anti-IgE antibody therapy, and recent advances in immunotherapy.
This document provides an overview of the management of bronchial asthma. It discusses the pathophysiology of asthma including chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. It describes the clinical presentation of asthma and drug treatments including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, and cromones. The document highlights the roles of these drugs in controlling inflammation and reducing exacerbations to manage asthma symptoms.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough. It involves widespread, reversible narrowing of the bronchial airways and increased bronchial responsiveness. Asthma can be classified as atopic/allergic, triggered by environmental allergens through IgE mechanisms, or non-atopic/intrinsic, triggered by non-immune stimuli. The pathophysiology involves chronic airway inflammation from a variety of inflammatory cells and mediators, as well as airway hyperresponsiveness to multiple triggers. Symptoms are triggered by allergens, viruses, drugs, exercise and other environmental factors and treatments include bronchodilators and
Histamine
Is a protein substance manufactured & found in human tissues
Its also a component of some venoms & secretions of stinging insects
Storage of histamine
In tissue mast cells (mainly)
In basophils
Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of fundus of the stomach
Histamine release from mast cells;
Its released in response to;
1.Direct chemical /physical trauma to tissue mast cells
2. Drugs like morphine which displace histamine from their storage sites
3. Immunologic reactions esp the type 1allergic reactions coz degranulation of mast cells
Mechanism of action of histamine
Actions of histamine are mediated via histamines receptors found on cell membranes of different tissues
Types of histamine receptors;
H1 receptors
H₂ receptors
H₃ receptors
H₄ receptors
Histamine and serotonin function as neurotransmitters and local hormones. Histamine is an important mediator of allergic and inflammatory reactions that is stored in mast cells and basophils and released through immunologic or chemical means. It exerts effects through four receptor subtypes. First and second generation antihistamines competitively block histamine H1 receptors, with second generation drugs having fewer side effects like sedation. H2 receptor antagonists suppress gastric acid secretion. Third and fourth generation histamine receptor ligands may treat psychiatric and inflammatory conditions.
This document is a report submitted by seven students to their professor at East West University about autacoids. It summarizes that autacoids are hormone-like substances produced locally in tissues that have effects on smooth muscles, glands, nerves, platelets and other tissues. The main types of autacoids discussed are biogenic amine autacoids like histamine and serotonin, phospholipid autacoids like prostaglandins, and polypeptide autacoids like angiotensin. The report focuses on histamine, describing the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4), how histamine is synthesized and released, and the mechanisms and effects of different types of antihistamines.
pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory diseas...AbhishekKumarGupta86
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
drug treatment of allergy.pptx
1. BY
MSc. student: Dua'a N. GHazy
Department Of Pharmacology
College Of Medicine
University Of Al-Nahrain
Drug Treatment Of Allergy
2. Allergy
Overreaction of immune system to a harmless substance
(allergen) also called hypersensitivity.
Allergy can be mild like runny nose or sever like difficulty
to breath in asthmatic attack and could be very sever
called anaphylaxis.
The tendency to develop allergy is often hereditary.
3. Manifestation
Depend on body part involved ,severity of reaction and vary
among individuals.
Skin: redness ,itching, swelling, rash, hives.
Lung: cough, shortness of breath.
Nose: stuffy, runny, sneezing.
Eyes; red, itchy ,swollen, watery.
stomach: pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
Head: swelling of face, neck, eyelids, lips, throat .
Anaphylaxis is Any combination of allergic symptoms that is
rapid or sudden, Life-threatening condition manifestate with
shock.
4. Types of allergy
Respiratory allergies: allergic rhinitis, asthma
Food allergies: also called intolerance like lactose
intolerance.
Skin allergies: contact dermatitis, urticaria
Eye allergies: allergic conjunctivitis.
Drug allergies: penicillin and salicylate allergy.
8. Anti allergic drugs
Anti allergic drug is a general term for drugs that regulate
the release and action of chemical mediators involved in
allergic reaction or inhibit a particular stage of allergic
reaction
Therapeutic approaches have focused either on the
treatment of allergic inflammation which called controller
or rapid relief of sever symptoms called reliever.
Typical controller is topical glucocorticoid and typical
reliever is anti-histamine.
9. Histamine
histamine was the First mediator to be associated with
allergy and first who inhibition proved to be useful in
management of allergic reaction.
Histamine stored in mast cell and basophiles, released
after immunological activation.
Four receptor types of histamine H1,H2,H3,H4.
Anti histamines classified to first, second and third
generation.
11. Anti-histamines
First generation/ non selective H1receptor blocker.
Systemic side effect like sedation and dry mouth
The H1 receptor antagonist are inverse agonist that mean
negative intrinsic activity despite the release of histamine
EX: Chlorpheniramine and diphehydramine .
Second generation /Non competitive antagonist highly
selective H1 receptor ,low affinity for other receptors.
Parental administration of 2nd generation cause local irritation
Non sedating due to water solubility and low penetration
through BBB
EX: Loratidin , cetrizine.
12. Third generation
Or multifunctional antihistamine have number of clinical
effect above the antihistaminic effect by binding to H1
receptor.
Ketotifen,terfenadine,cetrizine,oloptadine and azelastine
Many of them unknown MOA but they thought to act on
mast cell and basophiles by preventing Ca influx or
intracellular Ca release which interferes with activation
and release of potent bioactive mediators.
13. Continue with anti-histamine
Chlorpheniramine only used under 1 year age ,desloratidin
1year< and the rest licensed above 2 year.
Extensive first pass metabolism in liver by cytochrom p450 so
Interact with ketoconazole ,erythromycin, azithromycin and
grapefruit juice.
Fexofenadine eliminated un change in urine.
QT prolongation and torsades de pointes arrhythmia due to
direct block of specific k channel related to heart and not due
to H1 block terfenadine, astemizole and high doses of
diphenhydramine
2nd generation do not lead to the development of
tachyphylaxis and show a wide therapeutic window (e.g.
fexofendine).
14. H3 &H4 Antagonists
H3 antagonists inhibit synthesis and release of histamine,
dopamine and non adrenaline from presynptical neuron
in CNS .
Betahistine act through H3 receptor to treat vertigo.
Selective H3 antagonist is not promising as anti allergic
drug but for neurological disease.
While H4 expressed on immunological cell and selective
antagonist may be available in near future for asthma
and atopic dermatitis.
Thioperamide is research drug antagonist to both H3 and
H4 because they are 35% homologous.
15. Other agent with antihistamine properties
TCA like doxepin have high affinity to H1 receptor and
acceptable alternative to for treatment of chronic
idiopathic urticaria
Caution due to strong anticholinergic effect
16. Clinical use of anti-histamine
Topical eye preparation for allergic conjunctivitis.
Topical preparation for skin condition is available but not
recommended due to contact sensitization
First and second generation for urticaria also mix with H2
antagonist
Dual action prefer in asthma due to bronchodilator and
anti-inflammatory activities.
May serve as bronchoprotective.
Loratidin and cetrizine are preferred in pregnancy and
breast feeding.
17. corticosteroids
Is synthetic analogs of glucorticoid hormones of adrenal
gland also called glucocorticoids GCs.
Anti inflammatory agent with inhibitory effect on
multiple inflammatory gens activated during
inflammatory process by diffusing across cell membrane
to GC receptor in cytoplasm.
Used orally , IM, IV, SC, topically.
Developed for inhalation or topical by increasing
lipophilicity and receptor affinity so improve tissue
retention and fewer systemic side effect
18. Continue with GCs
Therapeutic index of inhaled GCs is measured between
local effect and systemic exposure.
fluticasone,mometasone is preferred over
beclomethasone ,budesonide and triamcinolone
use Lowest possible dose with shortest period and when
maximal dose of alternative has failed.
S/E of systemic use: osteoporosis, cataracts,
hyperglycemia, hypertension, disruption of HPA axis.
S/E of local use: candidiasis, cough
19. Leukotriene(LTs)inhibitors
Derived from membrane constituent arachidonic acid
LTs Induce many allergic symptoms like smooth muscle contraction,
acceleration of antigen presentation, hypersecretion, eosinophilia
and airway remodeling
Two groups: LTs receptor antagonist like montelukast and
zafirlukast / 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors like zileuton
Improvement in base line lung function but not in non asthmatic
patient mean do not have direct relaxing activity of bronchial
smooth muscle ,inhibit aspirin induce bronchospasm.
Low participation of LTs in Other allergic diseases like allergic
rhinitis and dermatitis
Zileuton can cause hepatotoxicity .
Zileton and zafirlukast have many drug interactions with warfarin
and theophylline ,caution with use.
20.
21. Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) inhibitors
TXA2 synthetase inhibitors : ozagrel.
TXA2 receptor antagonist : seratrodust.
The efficacy of these agent in asthma is under discussion
but is worthy in allergic rhinitis due to strong expression
of THA2 receptor in nasal mucosa of allergic patient.
Uses/Allergic bronchial asthma –late asthmatic response,
Allergic rhinitis –sneezing rhinorrhea, stenosis, Atopic
dermatitis and conjunctivis.
22. TH2 cytokines inhibitors
Initiates the suppression of IgE antibody production and
eosinophilia by interfering with T hellper 2 cytokine
production.
EX: suplatat
23. Cromones: cromolyn and nedocromil
The role in asthma is limited but effective in conjunctivitis
and rhinitis.
MOA: block chloride transport channel in air way
epithelial cell and mast cell so inhibit mediator release
,IgE synthesis ,eosinophile chemotaxis ,neutrophil
migration and so anti-inflammatory effect.
Their anti-inflammatory effect is weak, used as
maintenance therapy preventatively mainly available as
intranasal or ocular preparations due to low oral
bioavailability.
Very safe for all ages.
24. Theophylline
Low solubility formulated as aminophylline to enhance
absorption.
MOA:not fully understood but thought to adenosine
receptor antagonist and may account for its sever S/E
like seizures and arrhythmia.
Vey Narrow margin of safety and more drug interactions,
caution with use.
Theophylline is an alternative in low income countries.
25. Sympathomimitic decongestant
treatment of nasal obstruction in both allergic and non-
allergic rhinitis, intranasal decongestants are effective in
the short term.
not improve nasal itching, sneezing or rhinorrhea.
Systemic side effects with oral decongestants can include
dizziness, headache, tremor, insomnia, tachycardia and
hypertension
Phenylephrine weaker α adrenergic and less effect on BP
than pseudoephedrine
26. Anticholinergic
Inhaled preparations with minimal systemic side effect
like ipratropium and tiotropium
MOA: block Ach activity in large and medium sized
airways which is normally stimulated by histamine ,
allergens and other resulted in bronchoconstriction and
mucus hyper secretion.
Clinical uses in rhinorrhea and as adjuvant therapy in
asthma ,
27. Novel immunotherapies
Depend on concept allergy is heterogeneous disease with
different mechanisms ,so designing therapy selectively
target the protein, mediator or what ever involved in
pathophysiological process in this group of patients.
Monoclonal Anti IgE: is a treatment option limited to
patients not respond to GCs with IgE mediated allergy
(omalizumab approved for allergic asthma and urticaria)
anti- interleukin : non atopic or non immunological
allergy (mepolizumab which anti IL-5 approved for
eosinophilic asthma)