history of architecture

1. Ar. Abhishek Shrivastava

3.  Classical architecture was constructed in Ancient
Greece between the 7th and 4th century BC.
 It is best known for its large religious temples built
in stone, designed from principles of order,
symmetry, geometry, and perspective.
 A notable characteristic of its expressiveness are
the principles of the “architectural orders”: Doric,
Ionic, and Corinthian.

4.  Romanesque architecture is known by
its massive quality, thick walls, round
arches, sturdy pillars, barrel vaults, large
towers and decorative arcading.

5.  Gothic architecture was originally named Opus
Francigenum, or “French work,” as it originated in the
Late Middle Ages in France, between the years 900
and 1300.
 It was only during the Enlightenment that the name
“Gothic” came about to refer to the vertical and
majestic architecture produced in that period.
 main Gothic works are related to ecclesiastical
buildings -- churches and cathedrals with ogival
arches and rib vaults, flyong buttress, pointed arches.

6. • Making use of ornaments and elements
that sought to establish a dramatic sense -
- especially by contrasting light and dark --
Baroque architecture viewed structural
elements as platforms for decoration.
• One of the early exemplars of this style is
the Church of Gesù in Rome, which boasts
the first truly Baroque façade.

16.  Stonehenge is a prehistoric
monument in Wiltshire, England,
two miles west of Amesbury. It
consists of a ring of standing
stones, each around 13 feet high,
seven feet wide, and weighing
around 25 tons.
 Address: Salisbury SP4 7DE,
United Kingdom
 Construction started: 3000 BC
 Height: Each standing stone was
around 4.1 metres (13 ft) high
 Designated: 1986 (10th session)
 Materials: Sarsen, Bluestone

17.  Constructed in 1889, the Eiffel Tower is one of the
most famous structures in the world.
 It’s named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel and it
was build as the entrance arch for the World Expo
of 1889.
 The tower is 324 meters high, approximately as an
81 storey building. Today, the tower attracts millions
of visitors every year.

18.  Built on an artificial island 280 meters away
from the coast, the Burj al Arab in Dubai is
one of the most luxurious and the fourth
tallest hotel in the world.
 It’s 321 meters high and it represents one
of the wonders of contemporary
engineering.
 The building is designed by Tom Wright of
WKK architects and its shape emulates
shape of the sail of a ship.

19.  At first Hindu, then Buddhist, Angkor Wat was the
most mysterious temple and the largest religious
complex in the world.
 It was built in the 12th century by the Khmer King
Suryavarman, intended to be the state temple and
then his mausoleum.
 After Hinduist traditions were abandoned, Angkor Wat
was dedicated to the Buddhist deity Vishnu. The
complex is the symbol of Cambodia and it found its
place on the Cambodian national flag.
 Vast and impressive, this brilliant example of Khmer
architecture is captivating in its beauty and strong in
its traditional structure.

20.  Probably the most famous Catholic
church in the world, Saint Peter’s in
Rome was designed by Donato
Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno
and Gianlorenzo Bernini, respectively,
with smaller additions by other
prominent architects.
 It’s an elaborate basilica, and the most
revered building of Renaissance
architecture.

21.  The Pantheon’s basic design is simple and powerful. A portico with free-standing columns is
attached to a domed rotunda.
 In between, to help transition between the rectilinear portico and the round rotunda is an element
generally described in English as the intermediate block. This piece is itself interesting for the
fact that visible on its face above the portico’s pediment is another shallow pediment.

22.  Pyramid, in architecture, a monumental structure constructed of or faced
with stone or brick and having a rectangular base and four sloping
triangular (or sometimes trapezoidal) sides meeting at an apex (or
truncated to form a platform).

23.  One of the most famous opera houses
in the world, because of its building.
 It was designed by Danish architect
Jorn Utzon, who was celebrated for
the groundbreaking modern design.
Sydney Opera House was opened in
1973, staging large theatrical
productions.

24.  This ancient Roman amphitheatre is
considered one of the greatest achievements
of Roman architecture.
 It was constructed in 70-80 AD, and it’s one
of the first buildings in history where concrete
was used for construction.

25.  The symbol of London and a pearl of the
19th century architecture, Tower Bridge was
built as a combination of bascule bridge
and suspension bridge in 1886 – 1894.

26.  A monumental church, then mosque
and today a museum.
 It’s a singular testimony to the grandeur
and the genius of Byzantine
architecture.
 It was built in 6th century AD, during the
reign of Emperor Justinian.

27.  the symbol of the city and the pioneering
skyscraper, with its 103 stories.
 This 381 meters high structure was designed by
William F. Lamb and completed in 1931,
becoming one of the first skyline creators of the
Big Apple.

28.  These twin towers were the tallest buildings in the
world in the period from 1998 to 2004, and still are
the tallest twin buildings in the world.
 Their complex and supermodern design initiated
the construction of the post-modern Kuala Lumpur.

29.  The campanile of the cathedral of Pisa,
Tuscany is world famous for its leaning
position.
 Started in the 12th, the tower was
completed in the second half of the 14th
century, and it is the iconic building of
the late Italian Romanesque style.

30.  There was no better choice for the
contemporary art museum architect, but the
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao designer – the
amazing Frank Gehry.
 The building is the fantastic creation, covered
in shiny sheets of metal, transferring the
visitor into another dimension.
 The museum was inaugurated in 1997.

31.  A groundbreaking triangular solution of early
modern architecture.
 The Flatiron Building was designed by Daniel
Burnham and completed in 1902.
 This New York landmark was the tallest building
in the world at the time it was completed.

32.  One of the most renowned
modernist villas, built by the
modern architecture pioneer Le
Corbusier in Poissy, near Paris.
 The villa was constructed after the
emblematic “Five Points” the
famous architect relied on, while
conjuring up the modern style.

34.  Location: Agra, Uttar Pradesh
 Architectural style: Mughal architecture.
Built by a 3rd Mughal Emperor called Shahajahan in the memory of his beloved wife.
 It took 12 years of hard labor and 20,000 laborer's to build the mausoleum
 Combination of elements of person, Indian and Islamic
 The most fascinating feature -water channels, lotus pools and colorful flowerbeds and trees.

35.  Location: Mehrauli, New Delhi.
 Architecture: Afghan Architecture
Qutub-Minar in red and buff standstone is the highest
tower in India
• Base diameter 14.32m , Top Diameter 2.75m and
height of 72.5m.
• Constructed by Qutab-ud-din Aibak to give calls for
prayer and raised the first storey
• Numerous inscriptions in Arabic and Nagari characters
in different places of the Minar reveal the history of
Qutub.

36.  Location: Rajpath, New Delhi.
 Designed by: Edwin Lutyens.
 The gate was built in memory to the of the
90,000 Indian soldiers who laid down their
lives during World War I
 The names of all the soldiers who died
during the World War I are inscribed on
the walls of the Gate
 Amar Jawan Jyoti, an eternal flame, burns
24 hours

37.  Location: Chandni Chowk, New Delhi.
 Built By: Mughal emperor Shah Jahan
 In 1638 when the emperor moved the capital of India from Agra to Delhi
 The royal palace is made of white marble and decorated in gold and precious stones
 Diwan-i-khas –Audience Hall , Shah Burj - secret Meetings

38. Location of the site: Khajuharo, Madhya Pradesh
 These temples were built by the Chandella ruler
between AD 900 and 1130
 Out of 85 temples of Khajuraho only 25 temples
are surviving after various stages of
preservation and care
 Festival of Dances is celebrated at a time when
the hardness of winter begins to fade

39. Location of the site: 99-km From Aurangabad,
Maharashtra
 After centuries of oblivion, these caves of Ajanta
were discovered in AD 1819
 They fall into two distinct phases with a break of
nearly four centuries between them.
 Ajanta caves of the second phase were
excavated during the supremacy of the
Vakatakas and Guptas

40. Location of the site: Near Mumbai
 “Gharapuri”
 7 Caves – Out of which the most important is
MaheshaMurti cave
 Lord Shiva’s Different faces were sculptured in
elephanta caves
 There are sculptured compartments in this
cave with remarkable images of Ardhanarisvara,
Kalyana-Sundara Shiva, Ravana lifting
Kailasha, Andhakari-Murti (slaying of Andhaka
demon) and Nataraja Shiva.

41. Location of the site:Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
 The four graceful minarets literally meaning
‘Four Minars’
 Owing to the inadequacy of water and frequent
epidemics of plague and cholera Quli Qutub
Shah established the new city with the
Charminar
 There are 45 prayer spaces with a large open
space in front to accommodate more for Friday
prayers.

42. Location of the site: Agra City.
 Stone fortifications were used to replace the
older brick foot
 The architectural styles of the three emperors
who ruled from the Agra Fort.
 Multi-storeyed Jahangiri Mahal - Built by Akbar
for his wife, Jodha Bai, the Mahal is reached
through an impressive gateway.
 Agra fort is the second most attractive
monument of Agra city .

43. Location of the site: Kalkaji in New Delhi
 The lotus is regarded as a symbol of peace,
purity, love and immortality.
 27 freestanding petals made of marble.
 Over 800 engineers, technicians, workers and
artisans worked on the construction of the Lotus
Temple.
 Bahai religion -Baha-ullah.
 open to people from all religions.

44.  Le Corbusier’s plan for the capitol
consisted of four buildings (or
“edifices”) and six monuments
arranged on a single site, loosely
conceptualized as three interlocking
squares.
 Only three of these four buildings
were ever realized (the High Court,
the Legislative Assembly, and the
Secretariat) and were designed to
represent the major functions of
democracy the fourth building, the
Governor’s Palace, was never built.

45.  Built in classical blend of royal Mughal
and European architecture,
Rashtrapati Bhavan is the official
residence of the President of India.
Spanning across a whopping 320
acres in the country's capital city, New
Delhi, the structure is magnificent in
every way.
 Built by British architect, Edwin
Landseer Lutyens