DR.pptx for bachelor of nursing first year
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Pathology for BSC.nursing first year
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Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction remains one of the
best prognostic determinants of survival in patients
with coronary artery disease (CAD)
⚫ It was originally thought that dysfunctional
myocardium after an infarction was irreversibly
damaged
⚫ However, it was later recognized that some of the
involved tissue remained viable and contractility may
be restored with revascularization
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- The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries which transport oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more throughout the body.
- The heart is a four-chambered pump surrounded by the pericardium. It receives nerve fibers that modulate heartbeat rate.
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with coronary artery disease (CAD)
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2) The phases of the action potential in ventricular and SA nodal fibers and what a pre-potential is.
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Exemplar 6.A the concept of F/E:
1. Define the following terms: Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Intravascular fluid Interstitial
fluid Cation Anion Osmosis Solutes Solvent Osmolality Osmolarity Tonicity Osmotic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) Diffusion Filtration Hydrostatic pressure Active
transport
2. What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? What are the sources of intake?
3. Explain the factors that stimulate water intake through the thirst mechanism.
4. What are the four routes of fluid output? What is the average daily fluid output for an adult?
5. Describe how volume and composition of body fluids is regulated. Discuss body systems
involved and hormonal influences.
6. Electrolyte (Include normal value), What does it do/what system does it effect? How is it
regulated? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Magnesium d. Calcium
7. What are three ways a nurse can evaluate fluid and electrolyte status without a providers
order?
8. What are the key components of a focused assessment to determine fluid and electrolyte
balance?
9. Explain labs and diagnostics that specifically measure fluid and electrolyte balance.
10. Describe lifespan considerations r/t f/e balance: a. Very young b. Very old c. pregnant
Exemplar 6.B F/E Imbalances:
11. What is the difference between fluid volume deficit (FVD) and dehydration?
12. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of FVD and how is it classified.
13. Describe the specific types of dehydration: a. Isotonic dehydration b. Hypotonic dehydration
c. Hypertonic dehydration
14. What is third spacing?
15. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume deficit?
16. Discuss lifespan considerations for children and older adults with fluid volume deficit.
17. List priority nursing diagnoses, expected patient outcomes, and related nursing interventions
for an individual with a fluid volume deficit.
18. List 3 teaching points when caring for an individual with fluid volume deficit.
19. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of fluid volume excess (FVE).
20. Can fluid volume excess, hypervolemia, and edema be used interchangeably? Why or why
not?
21. What is edema?
22. Describe how the following clinical conditions cause edema: a. Increased blood hydrostatic
pressure b. Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure c. Increased interstitial fluid osmotic
pressure d. Blocked lymphatic drainage
23. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume excess?
24. Compare the assessment findings with fluid imbalance: a. Blood pressure (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) b. Heart rate (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) c. Pulse amplitude (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) d. Respirations (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) e. Jugular vein (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) f. Edema (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) g. Skin turgor (Fluid deficit and Fluid
excess) h. Output (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) i. Urine specific gravity (Fluid deficit and
Fluid excess) j. Weight (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess)
25. D.
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Exemplar 6.A the concept of F/E:
1. Define the following terms: Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Intravascular fluid Interstitial
fluid Cation Anion Osmosis Solutes Solvent Osmolality Osmolarity Tonicity Osmotic pressure
Colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) Diffusion Filtration Hydrostatic pressure Active
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2. What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? What are the sources of intake?
3. Explain the factors that stimulate water intake through the thirst mechanism.
4. What are the four routes of fluid output? What is the average daily fluid output for an adult?
5. Describe how volume and composition of body fluids is regulated. Discuss body systems
involved and hormonal influences.
6. Electrolyte (Include normal value), What does it do/what system does it effect? How is it
regulated? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Magnesium d. Calcium
7. What are three ways a nurse can evaluate fluid and electrolyte status without a providers
order?
8. What are the key components of a focused assessment to determine fluid and electrolyte
balance?
9. Explain labs and diagnostics that specifically measure fluid and electrolyte balance.
10. Describe lifespan considerations r/t f/e balance: a. Very young b. Very old c. pregnant
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11. What is the difference between fluid volume deficit (FVD) and dehydration?
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c. Hypertonic dehydration
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17. List priority nursing diagnoses, expected patient outcomes, and related nursing interventions
for an individual with a fluid volume deficit.
18. List 3 teaching points when caring for an individual with fluid volume deficit.
19. Describe the pathophysiology and etiology of fluid volume excess (FVE).
20. Can fluid volume excess, hypervolemia, and edema be used interchangeably? Why or why
not?
21. What is edema?
22. Describe how the following clinical conditions cause edema: a. Increased blood hydrostatic
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pressure d. Blocked lymphatic drainage
23. What are the multisystem effects of fluid volume excess?
24. Compare the assessment findings with fluid imbalance: a. Blood pressure (Fluid deficit and
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Fluid excess) d. Respirations (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) e. Jugular vein (Fluid deficit and
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excess) h. Output (Fluid deficit and Fluid excess) i. Urine specific gravity (Fluid deficit and
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1. It provides an overview and outline of topics to be covered related to heart and vascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, aneurysms, and others.
2. It discusses the six principal mechanisms of heart disease including failure of the pump, obstruction to flow, regurgitant flow, shunted flow, disorders of conduction, and rupture of the heart or vessels.
3. It provides learning objectives for the presentation that cover topics like atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms, congestive heart failure, and more.
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Shock is a life-threatening condition where the circulatory system fails to deliver oxygen to tissues. It can progress rapidly to organ failure and death if not corrected. Shock is generally classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or distributive. Treatment involves identifying the cause, restoring blood volume through fluids, providing oxygen support, treating infection if present, and using vasoactive drugs or inotropes. The goals are to restore tissue perfusion and prevent complications like multiple organ failure. Early diagnosis and management of shock is crucial to prevent permanent damage or death.
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Dr. Bishnu Prasad Gautam
Dr. Sushil Shrestha
Dr. Bishnu Prasad Gautam
Dr. Sushil Shrestha
Major Risk Factors
Hypertension
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Obesity
Family History
Stress
Sedentary Lifestyle
Pathogenesis
Atherosclerosis
Plaque Rupture
Thrombosis
Ischemia
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- Treatment depends on presentation but may include medications, angioplasty, stents, or bypass surgery. Proper lifestyle also important to control risk factors.Sudden cardiac death
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This document contains practice questions about white blood cells (WBC) and their malignancies. It includes short answer questions about the types of acute leukemia, the differences between acute and chronic leukemia in terms of onset, cell type, and course. It also asks about the Philadelphia chromosome and causes of massive spleen. Multiple choice questions test knowledge about features of acute leukemia, the diagnosis of a male presenting with irregular fever and massive splenomegaly and the Philadelphia chromosome, aggressive cancers presenting with immature blast cells, the next step in diagnosing a girl with immature blast cells, and conditions that can cause massive splenomegaly.
White blood cell disorders
This document contains practice questions about white blood cells (WBC) and their malignancies. It includes short answer questions about the types of acute leukemia, the differences between acute and chronic leukemia in terms of onset, cell type, and course. It also asks about the Philadelphia chromosome and causes of massive spleen. Multiple choice questions test knowledge about features of acute leukemia, the diagnosis of a male presenting with irregular fever and massive splenomegaly and the Philadelphia chromosome, diseases presenting with immature blast cells and an aggressive course, the next step to diagnose a girl with immature blast cells, and conditions that can cause massive splenomegaly.
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The document discusses various terms related to fetal lie, presentation, position, attitude, and engagement during pregnancy and childbirth. It defines:
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**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
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- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
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Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
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