METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS

1. Dr. Mishu Singh
Department of Chemistry
M. P. Govt. P.G. College, Hardoi
www.mpgpgcollegehardoi.in
www.mishchemworld/wix.com
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND
PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF
ELEMENTS
METALLURGY
1

2. The process of extraction of metals form their ores.
Extraction depends on physical and chemical properties of metal
Metallurgy
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3. Mode of occurrence of elements in nature
 Native State: Not attacked by moisture, oxygen or carbon dioxide.
C, S, Au, Pt, Noble gases etc.
Combined State: Present in combined state in nature.
In the form of carbonates, oxides, sulphides etc.
Bauxite- Al2O3 & Haematite- Fe2O3 (oxide
Copper pyrite- CuFeS2, Zinc blende- ZnS ( Sulphide)
Calamine- ZnCO3 ( Carbonate)
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4. Minerals & Ores
All the naturally occurring chemical substances
in form of which metals occur in nature along
with impurities- Minerals
The mineral from extraction of metal is economic
and convenient is - an Ore
Example: Bauxite -Al2O3 - Ore
Clay - Al2O3. 2 SiO2. 2H2O- Mineral
Source: Google
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5. Source: www.iconet.com Dr. Mishu Singh 5

6. Dr. Mishu Singh 6
Types of Metallurgical Processes
1. Pyrometallurgy Extraction of metals takes place at very high temperature.
Cu, Fe, Zn, Sn, etc .. are extracted by this method.
2. Bydrometallurgical process: In this method, metals are extracted by the use
of their aqueous solution. Ag and Au are extracted by this method.
3.Electrometallurgical process Na, K, Li, Ca, etc., are extracted from their
molten salt solution through electrolytic method.

7. Metallurgical Operations
1.Crushing and grinding of the ore
2.Concentration / Ore- dressing
3.Conversion of the concentrated ore into metal oxide / De- electronation
4.Reduction or electronation of metal oxide into metal
5.Refining
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8. Dr. Mishu Singh 8
Crushing and Grinding of the ore:

9. 1. Crushing and Grinding of the ore:
- Ores usually occur in the form of big lumps
- Lumps are broken into smaller pieces- Crushing
- Small Pieces are reduced to powder form with the help of ball mill or
stamp mill- Pulverisation
Source: www.mdhca.orgSource: www.jxscmachine.com
Ball mill
Stamp mill
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10. Dr. Mishu Singh 10
Thank you