This document outlines the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 in India, which aims to prohibit the practice of dowry. Some key points:
- It defines dowry as any property or valuable security given by one party or their relatives to the other party around the time of marriage.
- It establishes penalties for both giving/taking dowry as well as demanding dowry, including imprisonment and fines.
- Any dowry received must be transferred to the wife within a few months, and failure to do so is also punishable.
- It gives powers to Dowry Prohibition Officers to enforce the act and collect evidence of offenses.
- Both central and state governments are allowed to make rules
The document summarizes the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 which aims to prohibit the practice of dowry in India. Some key points:
- It defines dowry as any property or valuable security given by one party to a marriage, or their relatives, to the other party before, during or after the marriage.
- Giving or taking dowry is punishable by a minimum 5 years imprisonment and fine. Demanding dowry is punishable by 6 months to 2 years imprisonment and fine.
- Any agreement for dowry is void. Dowry received must be transferred to the woman within 3 months of marriage. Failure to do so is punishable.
- The Act also bans dow
SCs and STs (PoA) Act 1989. This contains the bare Act. Use along with the entire set of files (POA 1 to POA 9) to monitor its implementation using the Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI).
It can also be accessed at http://socialjustice.nic.in/poa-act.php
More on the Act and its implementation can be accessed at the WIKI page:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_and_Scheduled_Tribe_(Prevention_of_Atrocities)_Act,_1989
This document is the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 which aims to prevent atrocities against members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India. Some key points:
- It defines various offences against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes such as forced consumption of obnoxious substances, assault, dispossession from land, and fabricating false evidence.
- It provides for special courts to try offences under this Act and special public prosecutors.
- It allows for externment of persons likely to commit offences, including removal from an area and permission requirements to return.
- It provides for penalties and enhanced
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The document summarizes the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 which codifies and amends laws related to marriage among Hindus in India. Some key points:
- It applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and others not covered by other religious marriage laws. It defines who is considered a Hindu, Buddhist, etc. for the purpose of the act.
- It establishes conditions for a valid Hindu marriage such as age of consent, neither party already being married, not being within prohibited degrees of relationship, etc.
- It allows marriage ceremonies according to customary rites and recognizes marriage as valid after completion of ceremonies like saptapadi (taking 7 steps around a fire).
- It provides for registration
The document summarizes the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 which codifies and amends laws related to marriage among Hindus in India. Some key points:
- It applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and others not covered by other religious marriage laws. It defines who is considered a Hindu, Buddhist, etc. for the purpose of the act.
- It establishes conditions for a valid Hindu marriage such as age of consent, neither party already being married, not being within prohibited degrees of relationship, etc.
- It allows marriage ceremonies according to customary rites and recognizes marriage as valid after completion of ceremonies like saptapadi (taking 7 steps around the sacred fire).
- It provides for
The document discusses the concept of bail in Indian criminal jurisprudence. It provides definitions of bail and discusses the provisions related to bail in the Code of Criminal Procedure. It notes that bail is meant to ensure the appearance of the accused person in court. The document outlines the factors considered for granting bail like the nature of the offense and evidence. It discusses the powers of High Courts and Sessions Courts to grant bail. It also examines the relationship between bail provisions and Article 21 of the Indian Constitution regarding personal liberty. Important case laws related to bail are also summarized.
The document summarizes the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 which aims to prohibit the practice of dowry in India. Some key points:
- It defines dowry as any property or valuable security given by one party to a marriage, or their relatives, to the other party before, during or after the marriage.
- Giving or taking dowry is punishable by a minimum 5 years imprisonment and fine. Demanding dowry is punishable by 6 months to 2 years imprisonment and fine.
- Any agreement for dowry is void. Dowry received must be transferred to the woman within 3 months of marriage. Failure to do so is punishable.
- The Act also bans dow
SCs and STs (PoA) Act 1989. This contains the bare Act. Use along with the entire set of files (POA 1 to POA 9) to monitor its implementation using the Right to Information Act 2005 (RTI).
It can also be accessed at http://socialjustice.nic.in/poa-act.php
More on the Act and its implementation can be accessed at the WIKI page:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Caste_and_Scheduled_Tribe_(Prevention_of_Atrocities)_Act,_1989
This document is the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 which aims to prevent atrocities against members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India. Some key points:
- It defines various offences against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes such as forced consumption of obnoxious substances, assault, dispossession from land, and fabricating false evidence.
- It provides for special courts to try offences under this Act and special public prosecutors.
- It allows for externment of persons likely to commit offences, including removal from an area and permission requirements to return.
- It provides for penalties and enhanced
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act 2006
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
The document summarizes the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 which codifies and amends laws related to marriage among Hindus in India. Some key points:
- It applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and others not covered by other religious marriage laws. It defines who is considered a Hindu, Buddhist, etc. for the purpose of the act.
- It establishes conditions for a valid Hindu marriage such as age of consent, neither party already being married, not being within prohibited degrees of relationship, etc.
- It allows marriage ceremonies according to customary rites and recognizes marriage as valid after completion of ceremonies like saptapadi (taking 7 steps around a fire).
- It provides for registration
The document summarizes the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 which codifies and amends laws related to marriage among Hindus in India. Some key points:
- It applies to Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs and others not covered by other religious marriage laws. It defines who is considered a Hindu, Buddhist, etc. for the purpose of the act.
- It establishes conditions for a valid Hindu marriage such as age of consent, neither party already being married, not being within prohibited degrees of relationship, etc.
- It allows marriage ceremonies according to customary rites and recognizes marriage as valid after completion of ceremonies like saptapadi (taking 7 steps around the sacred fire).
- It provides for
The document discusses the concept of bail in Indian criminal jurisprudence. It provides definitions of bail and discusses the provisions related to bail in the Code of Criminal Procedure. It notes that bail is meant to ensure the appearance of the accused person in court. The document outlines the factors considered for granting bail like the nature of the offense and evidence. It discusses the powers of High Courts and Sessions Courts to grant bail. It also examines the relationship between bail provisions and Article 21 of the Indian Constitution regarding personal liberty. Important case laws related to bail are also summarized.
The Majority Act of 1875 establishes the age of majority in Pakistan. It sets 18 as the age of majority for those without a court-appointed guardian. For those with a court-appointed guardian, the age of majority is 21. The Act aims to standardize and clarify the age of majority. It does not affect matters of marriage, dower, divorce, adoption, or religious rites. Court rulings have interpreted that the Act allows minors to sue regarding marriage, dower, divorce, and adoption matters upon reaching puberty even if under 18. The Act also provides guidance on calculating a person's age for determining if they have reached the age of majority.
This document outlines The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act of 1939 in India. The key points are:
1. The act aims to consolidate and clarify provisions of Muslim law regarding dissolution of marriage by women under Muslim law and remove doubts about the effect of a married woman renouncing Islam.
2. It allows for dissolution of marriage on grounds such as the husband's disappearance for 4+ years, failure to provide maintenance for 2+ years, taking an additional wife illegally, imprisonment for 7+ years, failure to perform marital obligations for 3+ years, impotence, insanity for 2+ years, leprosy or disease, and cruelty as defined in the act.
3. A woman
The benami transactions prohibition act 1988Leo Lukose
This document outlines The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act of 1988 in India. The key points are:
1) It prohibits benami transactions, where property is transferred to one person for consideration paid by another.
2) Anyone entering into a benami transaction can face imprisonment of up to 3 years or fines or both.
3) It prohibits recovering property claimed to be held benami and does not allow benami rights as a defense in court.
4) Properties held benami are subject to acquisition by authorities according to procedures prescribed by rules.
The benami transactions prohibition act 1988Leo Lukose
This document outlines The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act of 1988 in India. The key points are:
1) It prohibits benami transactions, where property is transferred to one person for consideration paid by another.
2) Anyone entering into a benami transaction can face imprisonment of up to 3 years or fines or both.
3) It prohibits recovering property claimed to be held benami and does not allow benami rights as a defense in court.
4) Properties held benami are subject to acquisition by authorities according to procedures prescribed by rules.
The document summarizes key parts of the Family Court Act 1964 of Pakistan. It establishes Family Courts in each district to handle matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and other family issues. The courts must have at least one woman judge and aim to resolve disputes through mediation and reconciliation where possible. They have exclusive jurisdiction over cases specified in the schedule, including divorce, dowry, and child custody. The courts also aim to determine maintenance amounts and their annual increase to support wives and children.
The document is a draft of proposed amendments to the law relating to marriage among Hindus in Pakistan. Some key points:
1. It proposes establishing a Hindu Marriage Act of 2012 that would apply to all Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs in Pakistan.
2. It defines terms like "custom", "district court", degrees of prohibited relationships, and outlines conditions for a valid Hindu marriage.
3. It describes ceremonies for solemnizing a Hindu marriage and provides for registration of Hindu marriages in a marriage register.
4. It addresses issues like restitution of conjugal rights, judicial separation, nullity of marriages, voidable marriages, and divorce. Grounds for divorce include desertion
The document outlines the procedures and conditions for solemnizing special marriages and registering marriages that were celebrated in other forms under the Special Marriage Act of India. Key points include:
1) Marriages can be solemnized if certain conditions are met, such as neither party having a living spouse, being of sound mind, being within prohibited degrees of relationship, and meeting the minimum age requirements.
2) Parties must provide notice of their intended marriage and this notice is published to allow for any objections.
3) If objections are made, the Marriage Officer will inquire and make a determination on whether the marriage can be solemnized, which can be appealed.
4) Marriages must be solemnized in
This document outlines the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956 in India. The key points are:
1) The act was passed to prevent immoral trafficking and provides definitions for terms like brothel, child, protective home, and prostitution.
2) It punishes those who keep or manage brothels, live on the earnings of prostitution, procure or induce persons into prostitution, detain persons where prostitution is carried out, and carry out prostitution in public places.
3) Harsher punishments are prescribed for offenses involving children or committed against a person's will. The act also aims to rehabilitate offenders by allowing for detention in corrective institutions in some
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established to promote conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs and ensure their speedy resolution.
- The Act defines Family Courts and the jurisdiction granted to them, including over matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Family Court judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with the High Court. Preference is given to candidates committed to protecting marriage and child welfare.
- Family Courts aim to encourage parties to arrive at an agreement and may delay proceedings for this purpose. Hearings are generally informal and held in private.
- Family Courts are
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established to promote conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs and ensure their speedy resolution.
- The Act defines Family Courts and the jurisdiction granted to them, including over matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Family Court judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with the High Court. Preference is given to candidates committed to protecting marriage and child welfare.
- Family Courts aim to encourage parties to arrive at an agreement and may delay proceedings for this purpose. Hearings are generally informal and held in private.
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India with the goal of promoting conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established at the state level to have jurisdiction over matters related to marriage and family such as divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with High Courts. Preference is given to those with experience in social welfare and promoting marriage as an institution.
- Family Courts are meant to first attempt to conciliate parties and help them arrive at a settlement before proceeding with litigation. They are also assisted by social welfare organizations and counselors.
- The jurisdiction and procedures of
This document summarizes the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 in India, which aims to prohibit the practice of dowry. Some key points:
- It defines dowry as any property or valuable security given by one party to a marriage to the other party, before, during or after the marriage. This does not include customary gifts or dower/mahr for Muslims.
- Giving or taking dowry is punishable by imprisonment of at least 5 years and a fine. Demanding dowry is punishable by 6 months to 2 years imprisonment and a fine.
- Advertising property/money shares for marriage is punishable by 6 months to 5 years imprisonment and a fine.
ADR UNDER VILLAGE COURT ACT (Origin of village court)Laboni16
Structure of the Village Court
The “Village Court” is composed with five juries headed by the UP Chairman. Four members are nominated by the two parties- one from the local community and the other must be a local elected UP member .
If there is a reason where the involvement of Chairman is challenged by any party to the dispute, any reliable member of the Union Parishad other than those mentioned under Section-5(1) can be appointed (by UNO) in the prescribed manner, shall be the Chairman of the Village Court.
If the cases/complaints (for criminal matters) are relevant to child and, or women, the relevant party should appoint a woman as representative of the Village Court. If parties fail to nominate members within time then Chairman gives a certificate for filing case.
This document provides a list of offenses pursuant to the Companies Acts 1963-2009 in Ireland for which criminal sanctions apply. It notes that the list is illustrative and does not include all obligations under the Acts. Various statutory provisions from the Companies Acts are then summarized, outlining offenses related to prospectuses, financial statements, directors' conduct, and liquidators' obligations. Penalties for offenses include fines and imprisonment depending on whether the offense is a summary conviction or conviction on indictment. The document provides context on interpreting the offenses and applicable penalties.
The COFEPOSA Act of 1974 allows for preventive detention to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling. It gives powers to central and state governments to detain individuals engaging in activities harmful to foreign exchange or involved in smuggling. Detainees may be held for up to one year and are reviewed by advisory boards. The act also protects governments and individuals acting in good faith under the act and repealed a previous ordinance.
This document summarizes the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act regulates the export of antiquities and art treasures from India and prevents smuggling and fraudulent dealings of antiquities.
2) It allows for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures by the government to preserve them for public places.
3) Licenses are required to sell antiquities, and licensing officers are appointed to oversee licensing. Registration of specified antiquities is also required.
4) The Central Government can declare that only it can carry out the business of selling antiquities if needed for conservation or public interest.
This document summarizes the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act regulates the export of antiquities and art treasures from India and prevents smuggling and fraudulent dealings of antiquities.
2) It allows for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures by the government to preserve them for public places.
3) Licenses are required to sell antiquities, and licensing officers are appointed to issue licenses and enforce the Act's provisions. Certain antiquities must also be registered.
Myanmar_Transfer of Immovable Property and Restrictions Act 1987Dr. Oliver Massmann
This document summarizes key provisions of Burma's Transfer of Immoveable Property Restriction Act of 1987. The act places severe restrictions on foreigners and foreign-owned companies owning immovable property in Burma. It prohibits the sale, purchase, gift, pledge, exchange or transfer of immovable property to or from foreigners. It also prohibits leases of immovable property to foreigners for terms exceeding one year. Violations of the act can result in imprisonment of up to 5 years and confiscation of the property as state-owned. The act requires registration of any immovable property owned by foreigners.
The document provides an overview of the Transfer of Property Act of 1882 in India. Some key points:
- It establishes rules for the transfer of property by parties through acts like conveyance or will.
- It defines what types of property interests can be transferred, such as land but not chances or mere rights. It also specifies those competent to transfer property.
- Upon transfer, all interests in the property pass to the transferee along with legal incidents, unless a different intention is indicated.
- The Act establishes rules around conditions on transfers, interests in property, accumulation of income, and perpetuities.
This document discusses the definition of a Christian under Indian law and the requirements for a valid Christian marriage according to the Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872. It defines a Christian as someone who professes the Christian religion. The key requirements for a valid Christian marriage are: (1) one spouse must be Christian; (2) minimum ages of 21 for groom and 18 for bride; (3) neither spouse can have a living wife/husband; and (4) the marriage must be performed by a licensed person. The document also outlines the grounds for divorce under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869, including adultery, desertion, cruelty, and incurable insanity.
The Majority Act of 1875 establishes the age of majority in Pakistan. It sets 18 as the age of majority for those without a court-appointed guardian. For those with a court-appointed guardian, the age of majority is 21. The Act aims to standardize and clarify the age of majority. It does not affect matters of marriage, dower, divorce, adoption, or religious rites. Court rulings have interpreted that the Act allows minors to sue regarding marriage, dower, divorce, and adoption matters upon reaching puberty even if under 18. The Act also provides guidance on calculating a person's age for determining if they have reached the age of majority.
This document outlines The Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act of 1939 in India. The key points are:
1. The act aims to consolidate and clarify provisions of Muslim law regarding dissolution of marriage by women under Muslim law and remove doubts about the effect of a married woman renouncing Islam.
2. It allows for dissolution of marriage on grounds such as the husband's disappearance for 4+ years, failure to provide maintenance for 2+ years, taking an additional wife illegally, imprisonment for 7+ years, failure to perform marital obligations for 3+ years, impotence, insanity for 2+ years, leprosy or disease, and cruelty as defined in the act.
3. A woman
The benami transactions prohibition act 1988Leo Lukose
This document outlines The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act of 1988 in India. The key points are:
1) It prohibits benami transactions, where property is transferred to one person for consideration paid by another.
2) Anyone entering into a benami transaction can face imprisonment of up to 3 years or fines or both.
3) It prohibits recovering property claimed to be held benami and does not allow benami rights as a defense in court.
4) Properties held benami are subject to acquisition by authorities according to procedures prescribed by rules.
The benami transactions prohibition act 1988Leo Lukose
This document outlines The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act of 1988 in India. The key points are:
1) It prohibits benami transactions, where property is transferred to one person for consideration paid by another.
2) Anyone entering into a benami transaction can face imprisonment of up to 3 years or fines or both.
3) It prohibits recovering property claimed to be held benami and does not allow benami rights as a defense in court.
4) Properties held benami are subject to acquisition by authorities according to procedures prescribed by rules.
The document summarizes key parts of the Family Court Act 1964 of Pakistan. It establishes Family Courts in each district to handle matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and other family issues. The courts must have at least one woman judge and aim to resolve disputes through mediation and reconciliation where possible. They have exclusive jurisdiction over cases specified in the schedule, including divorce, dowry, and child custody. The courts also aim to determine maintenance amounts and their annual increase to support wives and children.
The document is a draft of proposed amendments to the law relating to marriage among Hindus in Pakistan. Some key points:
1. It proposes establishing a Hindu Marriage Act of 2012 that would apply to all Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Sikhs in Pakistan.
2. It defines terms like "custom", "district court", degrees of prohibited relationships, and outlines conditions for a valid Hindu marriage.
3. It describes ceremonies for solemnizing a Hindu marriage and provides for registration of Hindu marriages in a marriage register.
4. It addresses issues like restitution of conjugal rights, judicial separation, nullity of marriages, voidable marriages, and divorce. Grounds for divorce include desertion
The document outlines the procedures and conditions for solemnizing special marriages and registering marriages that were celebrated in other forms under the Special Marriage Act of India. Key points include:
1) Marriages can be solemnized if certain conditions are met, such as neither party having a living spouse, being of sound mind, being within prohibited degrees of relationship, and meeting the minimum age requirements.
2) Parties must provide notice of their intended marriage and this notice is published to allow for any objections.
3) If objections are made, the Marriage Officer will inquire and make a determination on whether the marriage can be solemnized, which can be appealed.
4) Marriages must be solemnized in
This document outlines the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956 in India. The key points are:
1) The act was passed to prevent immoral trafficking and provides definitions for terms like brothel, child, protective home, and prostitution.
2) It punishes those who keep or manage brothels, live on the earnings of prostitution, procure or induce persons into prostitution, detain persons where prostitution is carried out, and carry out prostitution in public places.
3) Harsher punishments are prescribed for offenses involving children or committed against a person's will. The act also aims to rehabilitate offenders by allowing for detention in corrective institutions in some
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established to promote conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs and ensure their speedy resolution.
- The Act defines Family Courts and the jurisdiction granted to them, including over matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Family Court judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with the High Court. Preference is given to candidates committed to protecting marriage and child welfare.
- Family Courts aim to encourage parties to arrive at an agreement and may delay proceedings for this purpose. Hearings are generally informal and held in private.
- Family Courts are
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established to promote conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs and ensure their speedy resolution.
- The Act defines Family Courts and the jurisdiction granted to them, including over matters related to marriage, divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Family Court judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with the High Court. Preference is given to candidates committed to protecting marriage and child welfare.
- Family Courts aim to encourage parties to arrive at an agreement and may delay proceedings for this purpose. Hearings are generally informal and held in private.
This document outlines the Family Courts Act of 1984 which established Family Courts in India with the goal of promoting conciliation in disputes related to marriage and family affairs. Some key points:
- Family Courts were established at the state level to have jurisdiction over matters related to marriage and family such as divorce, child custody, and maintenance.
- Judges are appointed by state governments in consultation with High Courts. Preference is given to those with experience in social welfare and promoting marriage as an institution.
- Family Courts are meant to first attempt to conciliate parties and help them arrive at a settlement before proceeding with litigation. They are also assisted by social welfare organizations and counselors.
- The jurisdiction and procedures of
This document summarizes the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 in India, which aims to prohibit the practice of dowry. Some key points:
- It defines dowry as any property or valuable security given by one party to a marriage to the other party, before, during or after the marriage. This does not include customary gifts or dower/mahr for Muslims.
- Giving or taking dowry is punishable by imprisonment of at least 5 years and a fine. Demanding dowry is punishable by 6 months to 2 years imprisonment and a fine.
- Advertising property/money shares for marriage is punishable by 6 months to 5 years imprisonment and a fine.
ADR UNDER VILLAGE COURT ACT (Origin of village court)Laboni16
Structure of the Village Court
The “Village Court” is composed with five juries headed by the UP Chairman. Four members are nominated by the two parties- one from the local community and the other must be a local elected UP member .
If there is a reason where the involvement of Chairman is challenged by any party to the dispute, any reliable member of the Union Parishad other than those mentioned under Section-5(1) can be appointed (by UNO) in the prescribed manner, shall be the Chairman of the Village Court.
If the cases/complaints (for criminal matters) are relevant to child and, or women, the relevant party should appoint a woman as representative of the Village Court. If parties fail to nominate members within time then Chairman gives a certificate for filing case.
This document provides a list of offenses pursuant to the Companies Acts 1963-2009 in Ireland for which criminal sanctions apply. It notes that the list is illustrative and does not include all obligations under the Acts. Various statutory provisions from the Companies Acts are then summarized, outlining offenses related to prospectuses, financial statements, directors' conduct, and liquidators' obligations. Penalties for offenses include fines and imprisonment depending on whether the offense is a summary conviction or conviction on indictment. The document provides context on interpreting the offenses and applicable penalties.
The COFEPOSA Act of 1974 allows for preventive detention to conserve foreign exchange and prevent smuggling. It gives powers to central and state governments to detain individuals engaging in activities harmful to foreign exchange or involved in smuggling. Detainees may be held for up to one year and are reviewed by advisory boards. The act also protects governments and individuals acting in good faith under the act and repealed a previous ordinance.
This document summarizes the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act regulates the export of antiquities and art treasures from India and prevents smuggling and fraudulent dealings of antiquities.
2) It allows for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures by the government to preserve them for public places.
3) Licenses are required to sell antiquities, and licensing officers are appointed to oversee licensing. Registration of specified antiquities is also required.
4) The Central Government can declare that only it can carry out the business of selling antiquities if needed for conservation or public interest.
This document summarizes the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972 in India. The key points are:
1) The Act regulates the export of antiquities and art treasures from India and prevents smuggling and fraudulent dealings of antiquities.
2) It allows for the compulsory acquisition of antiquities and art treasures by the government to preserve them for public places.
3) Licenses are required to sell antiquities, and licensing officers are appointed to issue licenses and enforce the Act's provisions. Certain antiquities must also be registered.
Myanmar_Transfer of Immovable Property and Restrictions Act 1987Dr. Oliver Massmann
This document summarizes key provisions of Burma's Transfer of Immoveable Property Restriction Act of 1987. The act places severe restrictions on foreigners and foreign-owned companies owning immovable property in Burma. It prohibits the sale, purchase, gift, pledge, exchange or transfer of immovable property to or from foreigners. It also prohibits leases of immovable property to foreigners for terms exceeding one year. Violations of the act can result in imprisonment of up to 5 years and confiscation of the property as state-owned. The act requires registration of any immovable property owned by foreigners.
The document provides an overview of the Transfer of Property Act of 1882 in India. Some key points:
- It establishes rules for the transfer of property by parties through acts like conveyance or will.
- It defines what types of property interests can be transferred, such as land but not chances or mere rights. It also specifies those competent to transfer property.
- Upon transfer, all interests in the property pass to the transferee along with legal incidents, unless a different intention is indicated.
- The Act establishes rules around conditions on transfers, interests in property, accumulation of income, and perpetuities.
This document discusses the definition of a Christian under Indian law and the requirements for a valid Christian marriage according to the Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872. It defines a Christian as someone who professes the Christian religion. The key requirements for a valid Christian marriage are: (1) one spouse must be Christian; (2) minimum ages of 21 for groom and 18 for bride; (3) neither spouse can have a living wife/husband; and (4) the marriage must be performed by a licensed person. The document also outlines the grounds for divorce under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869, including adultery, desertion, cruelty, and incurable insanity.
The document proposes two uses of AI technology for town planning:
1. Monitoring unauthorized developments using satellite imagery, drone photography, and image processing to detect changes and identify approved and unapproved buildings and layouts.
2. Preparing multiple proposed land use scenarios using AI to consider more than four factors, like land requirements, suitability maps, and allocating land uses.
The document provides information about the peer team visit to Prananath College. It includes details about the college such as its founding in 1959, courses offered, faculty and student profiles, infrastructure, achievements and activities. The college aims to provide quality higher education and promote social justice, competence, and commitment to national priorities through intellectual, spiritual and physical growth of students.
This letter of recommendation is written by Vedika Rajiv Oza's senior professor from the Renewable Energy Department at Vellore Institute of Technology. The professor recommends Vedika for admission to a Master's program, praising her excellent academic record, top 5% class ranking, methodical research approach, and active participation in class discussions. The professor oversaw one of Vedika's projects to design a solar panel and was impressed with her accurate work. Vedika exceeded expectations in coursework, delivering clear presentations, and also involved herself in extracurricular activities. The professor is confident in Vedika's ability to succeed as a graduate student and contribute solutions to real world problems.
This document provides an introduction to the Women's Empowerment Principles (WEPs), a set of principles for business on promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. It outlines that gender equality is a fundamental human right, and discusses how empowering women drives sustainable development and economic growth. It then presents the business case for gender equality, facts on the current barriers facing women, and an overview of the seven WEPs and how companies can implement them. Finally, it encourages engagement with UN Global Compact Local Networks to promote the WEPs.
This document introduces linear time-varying (LTV) systems and the computation of the state transition matrix (STM) for LTV systems. It discusses:
1) The definition and properties of the STM for LTV systems.
2) Conditions under which the system matrix A(t) commutes with the integral of A(t), which is required to compute the STM.
3) Examples of computing the STM for different time-varying system matrices.
4) How to obtain the overall state solution for an LTV system given its STM.
5) An introduction to discretizing continuous-time systems.
The document summarizes key findings from the Institute for Economics and Peace's 2021 Global Peace Index report. It finds that 73 countries deteriorated in peacefulness while 87 improved. Deteriorations were primarily driven by increases in militarization, military spending, and declines in safety and security, while improvements stemmed from reductions in conflicts and terrorism impacts. Iceland remains the most peaceful country while Afghanistan is the least peaceful. The economic cost of violence amounts to $1.496 trillion, or 11.6% of world GDP.
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This document contains a 50 question quiz on power plant engineering concepts. The questions cover topics like fuels used in nuclear power plants, the purpose of moderators and coolants, types of reactors (e.g. pressurized water, boiling water, gas cooled), and materials used. Multiple choice answers are provided for each question.
This document presents an exergetic analysis of three types of solar drying systems: direct, indirect, and mixed mode. The analysis found that the mixed mode and indirect mode systems were more effective at utilizing captured solar energy, converting 78.1% and 77% respectively to useful energy. The direct mode system could only convert 49.3% to useful energy. Overall exergetic efficiencies were 55.2% for mixed mode, 54.5% for indirect mode, and 33.4% for direct mode. The exergetic analysis allows evaluation of both the quantity and quality of energy available from each solar drying system.
This document discusses solar dryers, which use solar energy to dry substances like food. It describes the two main types - direct and indirect dryers - and explains their construction and working principles. Solar dryers are needed to prevent spoilage of foods in rainy seasons and address other issues like spreading harvests. Key advantages are less drying time than sun drying, protection from pests and weather, and hygienic drying. The document also reviews improvements possible in solar dryers and their limitations, concluding that India should make more use of this renewable energy source to address food waste problems.
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
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Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
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Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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1. 1
THE DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT, 1961
ACT NO. 28 OF 1961
[20th May, 1961.]
An Act to prohibit the giving or taking of dowry.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Twelfth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—
1. Short title, extent and commencement.—(1) This Act may be called the Dowry Prohibition
Act, 1961.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
(3) It shall come into force on such date1
as the Central Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, appoint.
2. Definition of “dowry”.—In this Act, “dowry” means any property or valuable security given or
agreed to be given either directly or indirectly—
(a) by one party to a marriage to the other party to the marriage; or
(b) by the parents of either party to a marriage or by any other person, to either party to the
marriage or to any other person;
at or before 2
[or any time after the marriage] 3
[in connection with the marriage of the said parties, but
does not include] dower or mahr in the case of persons to whom the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
applies.
4
* * * * *
Explanation II.—The expression “valuable security” has the same meaning as in section 30 of the
Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860).
3. Penalty for giving or taking dowry.—5
[(1)] If any person, after the commencement of this Act,
gives or takes or abets the giving or taking of dowry, he shall be punishable 6
[with imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than 7
[five years, and with fine which shall not be less than fifteen thousand
rupees or the amount of the value of such dowry, whichever is more]:
Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be recorded in the judgment, impose
a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than 8
[five years].]
9
[(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to, or in relation to,—
(a) presents which are given at the time of a marriage to the bride (without any demand having
been made in that behalf):
Provided that such presents are entered in a list maintained in accordance with the rules made
under this Act;
(b) presents which are given at the time of a marriage to the bridegroom (without any demand
having been made in that behalf):
Provided that such presents are entered in a list maintained in accordance with the rules made
under this Act:
1. 1st July, 1961, vide notification No. S.O. 1410, dated 20th June, 1961, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, sec. 3(ii).
2. Subs. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 2, for “or after the marriage” (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
3. Subs. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 2, for certain words (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
4. The Explanation I omitted by s. 2, ibid. (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
5. Section 3 renumbered as sub-section (1) of that section by s. 3, ibid. (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
6. Subs. by s. 3, ibid., for certain words (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
7. Subs. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 3, for certain words (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
8. Subs. by s. 3, ibid., for “six months” (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
9. Ins. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 3 (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
2. 2
Provided further that where such presents are made by or on behalf of the bride or any person
related to the bride, such presents are of a customary nature and the value thereof is not excessive
having regard to the financial status of the person by whom, or on whose behalf, such presents are
given.]
1
[4. Penalty for demanding dowry.—If any person demands, directly or indirectly, from the parents
or other relatives or guardian of a bride or bridegroom, as the case may be, any dowry, he shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months, but which may extend
to two years and with fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees:
Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be mentioned in the judgment,
impose a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six months.]
2
[4A. Ban on advertisement.—If any person—
(a) offers, through any advertisement in any newspaper, periodical, journal or through any other
media, any share in his property or of any money or both as a share in any business or other interest
as consideration for the marriage of his son or daughter or any other relative,
(b) prints or publishes or circulates any advertisement referred to in clause (a),
he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than six months, but which
may extend to five years, or with fine which may extend to fifteen thousand rupees:
Provided that the Court may, for adequate and special reasons to be recorded in the judgment, impose
a sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six months.]
5. Agreement for giving or taking dowry to be void.—Any agreement for the giving or taking of
dowry shall be void.
6. Dowry to be for the benefit of the wife or her heirs.—(1) Where any dowry is received by any
person other than the woman in connection with whose marriage it is given, that person shall transfer it to
the woman—
(a) if the dowry was received before marriage, within 3
[three months] after the date of
marriage; or
(b) if the dowry was received at the time of or after the marriage, within 3
[three months] after the
date of its receipt; or
(c) if the dowry was received when the woman was a minor, within 3
[three months] after she has
attained the age of eighteen years;
and pending such transfer, shall hold it in trust for the benefit of the woman.
4
[(2) If any person fails to transfer any property as required by sub-section (1) within the time limit
specified therefor 5
[or as required by sub-section (3),] he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than six months, but which may extend to two years or with fine 6
[which
shall not be less than five thousand rupees, but which may extend to ten thousand rupees] or with both.]
(3) Where the woman entitled to any property under sub-section (1) dies before receiving it, the heirs
of the woman shall be entitled to claim it from the person holding it for the time being:
7
[Provided that where such woman dies within seven years of her marriage, otherwise than due to
natural causes, such property shall,—
(a) if she has no children, be transferred to her parents, or
(b) if she has children, be transferred to such children and pending such transfer, be held in trust
for such children.]
1. Subs. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 4, for section 4 (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
2. Ins. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 4 (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
3. Subs. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 5, for “one year” (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
4. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for sub-section (2) (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
5. Ins. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 5 (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
6. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for “which may extend to ten thousand rupees” (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
7. The proviso inserted by s. 5, ibid. (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
3. 3
1
[(3A) Where a person convicted under sub-section (2) for failure to transfer any property as required
by sub-section (1) 2
[or sub-section (3)] has not, before his conviction under that sub-section, transferred
such property to the woman entitled thereto or, as the case may be, 3
[her heirs, parents or children] the
Court shall, in addition to awarding punishment under that sub-section, direct, by order in writing, that
such person shall transfer the property to such woman or, as the case may be, 3
[her heirs, parents or
children] within such period as may be specified in the order, and if such person fails to comply with
the direction within the period so specified, an amount equal to the value of the property may be
recovered from him as if it were a fine imposed by such Court and paid to such woman or, as the case
may be, 3
[her heirs, parents or children].]
(4) Nothing contained in this section shall affect the provisions of section 3 or section 4.
4
[7. Cognizance of offences.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974),—
(a) no Court inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class
shall try any offence under this Act;
(b) no court shall take cognizance of an offence under this Act except upon—
(i) its own knowledge or a police report of the facts which constitute such offence, or
(ii) a complaint by the person aggrieved by the offence or a parent or other relative of such
person, or by any recognised welfare institution or organisation;
(c) it shall be lawful for a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class to
pass any sentence authorised by this Act on any person convicted of an offence under this Act.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, “recognised welfare institution or organisation”
means a social welfare institution or organisation recognised in this behalf by the Central or State
Government.
(2) Nothing in Chapter XXXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), shall apply to
any offence punishable under this Act.]
5
[(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in any law for the time being in force a statement made by
the person aggrieved by the offence shall not subject such person to a prosecution under this Act.]
6
[8. Offences to be cognizable for certain purposes and to be bailable and
non-compoundable.—(1) The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974) shall apply to offences
under this Act as if they were cognizable offences—
(a) for the purposes of investigation of such offences; and
(b) for the purposes of matters other than—
(i) matters referred to in section 42 of that Code; and
(ii) the arrest of a person without a warrant or without an order of a Magistrate.
(2) Every offence under this Act shall be 7
[non-bailable] and non-compoundable.]
8
[8A. Burden of proof in certain cases.—Where any person is prosecuted for taking or abetting the
taking of any dowry under section 3, or the demanding of dowry under section 4, the burden of proving
that he had not committed an offence under those sections shall be on him.]
1. Ins. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 5 (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
2. Ins. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 5 (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
3. Subs. by s. 5, ibid., for “her heirs” (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
4. Subs. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 6, for section 7 (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
5. Ins. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 6 (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
6. Subs. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 7, for section 8 (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
7. Subs. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 7, for “bailable” (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
8. Ins. by s. 8, ibid. (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).
4. 4
8B. Dowry Prohibition Officers.—(1) The State Government may appoint as many Dowry
Prohibition Officers as it thinks fit and specify the areas in respect of which they shall exercise their
jurisdiction and powers under this Act.
(2) Every Dowry Prohibition Officer shall exercise and perform the following powers and functions,
namely:—
(a) to see that the provisions of this Act are complied with;
(b) to prevent, as far as possible, the taking or abetting the taking of, or the demanding of, dowry;
(c) to collect such evidence as may be necessary for the prosecution of persons committing
offences under the Act; and
(d) to perform such additional functions as may be assigned to him by the State Government, or
as may be specified in the rules made under this Act.
(3) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, confer such powers of a police
officer as may be specified in the notification on the Dowry Prohibition Officer who shall exercise such
powers subject to such limitations and conditions as may be specified by rules made under this Act.
(4) The State Government may, for the purpose of advising and assisting Dowry Prohibition Officers
in the efficient performance of their functions under this Act, appoint an advisory board consisting of not
more than five social welfare workers (out of whom at least two shall be women) from the area in respect
of which such Dowry Prohibition Officer exercises jurisdiction under sub-section (1).]
9. Power to make rules.—(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
1
[(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may
provide for—
(a) the form and manner in which, and the persons by whom, any list of presents referred to in
sub-section (2) of section 3 shall be maintained and all other matters connected therewith; and
(b) the better co-ordination of policy and action with respect to the administration of this Act.]
2
[(3)] Every rule made under this section shall be laid as soon as may be after it is made before each
House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one
session or 3
[in two or more successive sessions, and if, before the expiry of the session immediately
following the session or the successive sessions aforesaid], both Houses agree in making any modification
in the rule or both Houses agree that the rule should not be made, the rule shall thereafter have effect only
in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be, so however that any such modification or
annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done under that rule.
4
[10. Power of the State Government to make rules.—(1) The State Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
(2) In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such rules may
provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:—
(a) the additional functions to be performed by the Dowry Prohibition Officers under
sub-section (2) of section 8B;
(b) limitations and conditions subject to which a Dowry Prohibition Officer may exercise his
functions under sub-section (3) of section 8B.
(3) Every rule made by the State Government under this section shall be laid as soon as may be after
it is made before the State Legislature.]
1. Ins. by Act 63 of 1984, s. 8 (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
2. Sub-section (2) renumbered as sub-section (3) thereof by s. 8, ibid. (w.e.f. 2-10-1985).
3. Subs. by Act 20 of 1983, s. 2 and the Schedule, for certain words (w.e.f. 15-3-1984).
4. Subs. by Act 43 of 1986, s. 9, for section 10 (w.e.f. 19-11-1986).