Downing Street Declaration 1993
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The Downing Street Declaration of 1993 outlined that: 1) The people of Northern Ireland have the right to decide their own future without interference from London or Dublin. 2) Northern Ireland could become part of a united Ireland only if a majority of Northern Ireland's population approved it. 3) The island of Ireland as a whole had the right to resolve issues without outside interference. 10 months after the declaration, paramilitary groups on both sides agreed to ceasefires, paving the way for future peace negotiations.
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This document provides a timeline of key events related to the conflict in Northern Ireland from 1919 to 2009. It outlines the origins of the partition of Ireland, the civil rights movement in the 1960s, periods of violence and unrest in the late 20th century, peace agreements and ceasefires in the 1990s and 2000s, and the ongoing threat from dissident republican groups in the late 2000s. The timeline traces over 90 years of tensions, conflicts and political developments between nationalists and unionists in Northern Ireland.
War of Independence
The document summarizes the key events of the Irish War of Independence between 1919-1921. It describes how the Irish Republican Army (IRA) engaged in guerrilla warfare against British forces using ambushes and hit-and-run tactics. In response, the British government recruited the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, who used violent reprisals against Irish civilians which escalated the conflict. As violence increased on both sides, both the British and IRA grew weary of the ongoing war and a truce was agreed to in July 1921.
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland has a population composed of both Protestants and Catholics, with Protestants making up around 900,000 and Catholics around 680,000. The country has a long history of conflict between the two groups dating back to English colonization in the 16th century. While Ireland gained independence in 1921, Northern Ireland remained part of the UK. This led to discrimination against Catholics and the formation of paramilitary groups on both sides such as the IRA and various loyalist groups. Violence escalated throughout the 20th century, with over 500 killed in 1972 alone. Peace talks in the 1990s and 2000s aimed to establish power-sharing and find a lasting political solution, but tensions and segregation remain high between the two communities
The Home Rule Crisis and World War One in Ireland
John Redmond, leader of the Home Rule Party, convinced Prime Minister Asquith to grant home rule to Ireland in 1910. However, unionists strongly opposed home rule, fearing discrimination under Catholic rule. They organized under Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, holding protests and forming armed groups like the Ulster Volunteer Force. Nationalists responded in kind with the Irish National Volunteers. As tensions rose, World War I broke out in 1914, postponing the home rule issue.
Northern Ireland conflict
This is part of a lesson plan found here: https://annmichaelsen.com/2018/01/09/teaching-northern-ireland-trouble-and-conflict/
Chapter 19 sec 4 (1)
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the US neutral but determined to help the Allied countries. He revised neutrality laws to allow the US to sell weapons to Allied countries. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support short of direct intervention. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to supply weapons to Britain. In response to Japan's aggression, the US embargoed oil and other materials to Japan, leading Japan to attack Pearl Harbor and bringing the US into the war.
Ireland and the search for independence
The government of Ireland changed drastically from 1800-1921. Ireland was originally ruled by the British government in Westminster and Irish MPs had little power. Many Irish people wanted self-rule, known as Home Rule. After the 1916 Easter Rising and War of Independence against Britain, Ireland established its own parliament, the Dáil, in 1919. However, the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 created the Irish Free State, establishing an independent Ireland but still within the British Empire. This caused division as some wanted a full republic separate from Britain.
Eamonn de valera
Eamon de Valera was a prominent Irish political leader who served as President of Ireland from 1959 to 1973. He was born in New York in 1882 to an Irish mother and Spanish father. After an early life in Ireland, de Valera became involved in Irish independence efforts and helped lead the Easter Rising of 1916. He later founded the political party Fianna Fáil and served multiple terms as Prime Minister, leading Ireland through World War 2 with a policy of neutrality. De Valera also oversaw the removal of the oath of allegiance to the British monarch. After retiring from politics, he was elected President of Ireland in 1959 and helped modernize the office during his tenure.
Independent Ireland - from Free State to 26 County Republic
Slides on Third Year Junior Cert Irish History - Ireland from the end of the Civil War to Post World War Two
Chapter 19 sec 4 (1)
After England and France declared war on Germany, President Roosevelt declared the United States neutral but was determined to help the allied countries fight Hitler. He asked Congress to revise the Neutrality Acts to allow the US to sell weapons to allied countries. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1940 on a platform of continued support for Britain. The Lend-Lease Act allowed the US to send weapons to Britain in exchange for repayment after the war. Increasing tensions with Japan over its expansion in the Pacific and US embargoes on oil led to Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, bringing the US into World War II.
The National Coalition 1973-1977 - revision
The National Coalition government led by Liam Cosgrave governed Ireland from 1973 to 1977. It struggled with high inflation and rising unemployment caused by the global 1973 oil crisis. It supported Ireland joining the European Economic Community and negotiated the Sunningdale Agreement to share power in Northern Ireland. However, the agreement collapsed and violence from the IRA increased. The government introduced tough anti-terrorism laws that led to a constitutional crisis when the President resigned. Facing growing economic problems and controversy over boundary changes, the National Coalition suffered a landslide defeat in the 1977 election.
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The long peace: The future of Unionism in Northern Ireland
The long peace: The future of Unionism in Northern Ireland
Tp2 r-128-john-hume-and-nonviolence-information-sheet ver-2
Tp2 r-128-john-hume-and-nonviolence-information-sheet ver-2
EN3604 Week 5: "No Surrender"?" Conflicts within and Beyond
EN3604 Week 5: "No Surrender"?" Conflicts within and Beyond
EN3604 Week 6: "No surrender"? Conflicts within and Beyond
EN3604 Week 6: "No surrender"? Conflicts within and Beyond
Independent Ireland - from Free State to 26 County Republic
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Job of the archaeologist
1. The document provides information about the job of an archaeologist, including how they decide where to excavate sites, the tools and equipment they use, and methods for dating artifacts and fossils.
2. Archaeologists use aerial photography, surveys, field walking, and local knowledge to determine potential excavation sites. They then conduct surveys of selected sites, dividing them into grids to carefully excavate and record any findings.
3. Methods for dating artifacts mentioned include carbon-14 dating of plant and animal remains, and dendrochronology of tree rings.
Nature of history
The document provides information about historical sources and concepts such as BC, AD, centuries, decades, and chronology. It defines key terms used in history and discusses primary and secondary sources. The document also explains bias and propaganda as important concepts for historians to be aware of and consider when analyzing sources.
Cuban missile crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis arose when U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles installed in Cuba, just 90 miles from Florida. President John F. Kennedy imposed a naval blockade of Cuba and demanded the missiles' removal. For 13 days, the U.S. and USSR brought the world to the brink of nuclear war before the Soviets removed the missiles, easing tensions. The crisis highlighted the dangers of the Cold War and led to new communication between the superpowers.
Korean War
The Korean War began in June 1950 when troops from North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to reunify the Korean peninsula under Communist rule. The United States led United Nations forces to defend South Korea from the invasion. After initial success pushing the North Koreans back, China entered the war to support North Korea, and fighting became stalemated near the original border. An armistice in 1953 established a demilitarized zone at the 38th parallel, dividing the Korean peninsula much as it had been after World War II.
Harry Truman
President Harry Truman became president in 1945 after Franklin D. Roosevelt's death. During his presidency, he authorized dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, leading to Japan's surrender. The emergence of nuclear weapons and tensions with the Soviet Union marked the beginning of the Cold War. Truman pursued a policy of communist containment and established institutions like NATO and the Truman Doctrine to provide aid against Soviet expansionism. One crisis during this period was the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union in 1948, to which Truman responded by organizing the Berlin Airlift to supply West Berlin by air until the blockade ended.
Korean war
The Korean War began in June 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea in an attempt to spread communism throughout the Korean peninsula. The United Nations authorized a force led by General Douglas MacArthur to defend South Korea. Fighting between UN and Chinese-backed North Korean forces resulted in back-and-forth gains until an armistice established the border between North and South Korea along the original 38th parallel division. The Korean War highlighted tensions between the US and USSR in containing the spread of communism during the Cold War.
World war II in Northern Ireland
World War II had a significant impact on Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland played an important role in Britain's war effort by producing ships, aircrafts, linen and food. However, Belfast suffered extensive bomb damage during the Belfast Blitz of 1941, with over 900 deaths. The war economy led to a boom in Northern Ireland's industry and agriculture. After the war, Northern Ireland benefited from closer ties to Britain and the establishment of the British welfare state, while a growing economic divide opened up between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland in the south.
Fianna fail in power website
Fianna Fail came to power in 1932, winning the general election. They set about removing British influence from Irish politics and the constitution. De Valera removed the oath of allegiance and the position of Governor General. He introduced a new constitution in 1937 that created Ireland as a republic in all but name. De Valera also engaged in an "Economic War" with Britain from 1932-1938 over land annuities payments, which imposed hardships but resulted in more independence. While protectionist policies damaged agriculture, Fianna Fail grew industry and employment through state bodies like Aer Lingus and the Industrial Credit Corporation.
Home rule and the Irish Parliamentary Party
The document discusses the Home Rule movement in Ireland and the political crisis it caused in Britain between 1909-1914. It outlines that Nationalists wanted Home Rule and an Irish parliament, while Unionists in Ulster wanted to remain part of Britain. This caused tensions, with Unionists forming the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) of over 100,000 men to resist Home Rule. Nationalists responded by forming the Irish Volunteers. Both groups began importing arms, increasing the threat of civil war. World War 1 interrupted this by postponing Home Rule, though tensions remained high.
Easter rising and rise of militant nationalism
The document discusses the events leading up to the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the IRB (Irish Republican Brotherhood) reorganized under Tom Clarke and began planning an uprising. Nationalist sentiment grew as rumors of conscription and rising food prices eroded confidence in the British government. The forged "Castle Document" convinced Eoin MacNeill to support the rising. However, the shipment of weapons from Germany was intercepted, leading MacNeill to cancel plans for Easter Sunday. The IRB went ahead on Easter Monday with few weapons. Over 1,500 rebels seized buildings in Dublin and read the Easter Proclamation before surrendering after six days of fighting and over 3,500 arrests. Public opinion turned against Britain due
The civil war
The Civil War in Ireland was caused by divisions over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. Supporters saw it as a step toward independence, while opponents viewed it as a betrayal of the Irish Republic. This caused a split in the IRA and Irish political parties. As British forces withdrew, both sides occupied their barracks, heightening tensions. Anti-treaty forces occupied the Four Courts in Dublin, refusing to recognize the provisional government. Fighting broke out after the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson and the provisional government's bombardment of the Four Courts, officially starting the Civil War between pro-treaty and anti-treaty forces.
Anglo irish treaty_documents_question
The document summarizes the negotiations of the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty. Key points of contention were Ireland's desire for full independence versus Britain wanting them to remain in the empire, and whether Ireland would have a united government or be partitioned with Northern Ireland remaining under British control. After two months of negotiations, the Irish delegates reluctantly signed a treaty that made Ireland a British dominion with self-governance but still under the authority of the British crown, leading anti-treaty factions to reject it and eventually fight a civil war.
Eucharistic congress 1932
The Eucharistic Congress 1932 was an international Catholic festival held in Dublin to celebrate the 1,500 year anniversary of St. Patrick's arrival in Ireland. It brought religious people from around the world to attend massive masses, including a live broadcast from the Pope. The Congress demonstrated the dominant role of Catholicism in Irish society and the close relationship between the government and Catholic Church in the early Irish Free State.
Evaluation of sources
The document provides guidance on evaluating sources for an exam. Students should evaluate sources based on their bias, arguments, writing quality, and inclusion of references. For higher-level exams, evaluate 3 sources, and for ordinary level exams, evaluate 2 to 3 sources. The purpose is to explain to the examiner which sources were most or least useful and why, including whether they were primary or secondary sources, how helpful they were, which was most helpful and why, what was learned from each, and if books were well structured with an index.
Apprentice boys of Derry
The document discusses the history of the Apprentice Boys of Derry, a Protestant organization that commemorates the 1689 Siege of Derry. It describes how in 1688, Protestants fled to Derry to escape Catholic King James II. In 1689, when the governor wished to surrender Derry, 13 apprentice boys closed the gates, starting a 105-day siege. The apprentice boys' parades in Derry became controversial and helped spark The Battle of Bogside in 1969, marking the start of The Troubles. The parades were then banned but restrictions were later lifted.
The downing street declaration for website
The Downing Street Declaration of 1993 outlined that:
1) The people of Northern Ireland have the right to decide their own future without interference from London or Dublin.
2) Northern Ireland could become part of a united Ireland only if a majority of Northern Ireland's population approved it.
3) The island of Ireland as a whole had the right to resolve issues without outside interference.
10 months after the Declaration, paramilitary groups on both sides agreed to ceasefires, marking an important step toward peace.
Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985
The 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement established regular meetings between the British and Irish governments to discuss issues in Northern Ireland but did not create a new power-sharing government. It agreed that Northern Ireland would not join the Republic of Ireland without the consent of Northern Ireland's majority and gave Ireland a consultative role in Northern Ireland's governance. Unionists strongly opposed the agreement as compromising Northern Ireland's position within the United Kingdom.
Hunger Strike
The IRA prisoners in Northern Ireland engaged in protests starting in the 1970s to demand special political prisoner status be reinstated after it was removed. This led to a blanket and later dirty protest. Bobby Sands led two hunger strikes in 1980 and 1981 to pressure the British government, leading to his election as MP while on a hunger strike. Despite international pressure, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher refused to back down. Sands and nine other prisoners died from starvation, further polarizing nationalists and unionists and strengthening the IRA's position.
The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War grew out of Vietnam's long history as a French colony. After World War 2, Vietnam was divided into a communist North and democratic South. The US backed South Vietnam in an attempt to contain communism, believing that if South Vietnam fell, other countries would too. Despite US bombing campaigns and search/destroy missions that caused massive casualties, the Viet Cong waged a successful guerrilla war. US involvement became increasingly unpopular as the war dragged on. Ultimately, the US was unable to stop the communist takeover and North Vietnam reunified the country in 1975.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The document summarizes the Montgomery Bus Boycott and its significance for the civil rights movement in the United States. It details how Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger sparked a 381-day boycott of the public bus system organized by the NAACP and led by Martin Luther King Jr. The boycott succeeded in desegregating the bus system and established King as a leader of the broader fight against racial segregation and discrimination under Jim Crow laws.
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Downing Street Declaration 1993
- 1. The Downing Street Declaration 1993
- 2. Peace Talks • By 1988 Hume (SDLP) agreed to peace talks with Adams (Sinn Fein). The two got on well and had respect for each other • Hume was trying to convince Adams that the British did not want a part in the running of NI and that Ireland would never be reunited as one by using violence. Adams didn’t believe this until the new Secretary for State Peter Brooke said the same. • Brooke also said that the British would take the Nationalists aims as seriously as the Unionist’s if the IRA stopped their violent campaign.
- 3. • Brooke began talks with Unionists – the fact that they would go to talks showed that they would accept the fact that the South of Ireland would have a say in the North • Hume was writing a “joint declaration” which would have to be agreed by Rep of Ireland and Britain • 1990 - John Major became the new British Prime Minister (in a good position as he was much less hated than Thatcher) and Albert Reynolds became the new Irish Taoiseach. They were very open to peace. • After more IRA bombings in Belfast the two decided to sign the Downing Street Declaration in Dec 1993
- 4. Downing Street Declaration 1993 • 1. said that the people of NI had the right to decide their own future without interference from London or Dublin govts • 2. NI would become part of a 32 county united Ireland if, and only if, a majority of the NI population wanted to be. • 3. The island of Ireland, North and South, as a whole had the right to solve issues between themselves without the interference from other countries. • 4. it allowed parties like Sinn Fein and DUP who were attached to violence to sit down for peace talks IF they stop supporting violence. 10 months after the agreement was made paramilitaries on both sides had agreed to ceasefires.
- 5. Results of the DSD 1993 • (+)The British outlined that their only job in NI was to “encourage” peace. • (+)The Irish govt accepted that they could not force the Protestant majority of NI to be part of a country they didn’t want to be part of. • (+)The paramilitaries accepted that violence had not worked so far and wouldn’t in the future so they agreed to ceasefire. • (+)Five years after signing DSD the Good Friday Agreement was signed which created a power-sharing executive in NI – this time SDLP, Sinn Fein, DUP and UUP were all involved. • (+)NI has been mostly peaceful since.