Donna Haraway (1944 - ) is an American philosopher and historian of science known for her work on situated knowledges, cyborg theory, and feminist technoscience studies. A key quote from her Cyborg Manifesto argues that there is no natural essence of being female and that femininity is a complex social construct. The document then provides additional quotes from Haraway's works discussing feminist objectivity, situated knowledges, and her vision of a post-gender world in which the cyborg exists without origin stories or dependence on others.
This document describes a research project called CyberAnthropology that aims to analyze how the internet impacts human beings and societies from an interdisciplinary perspective. The project brings together anthropological, philosophical, sociological, political and legal questions to understand how humans understand themselves and structure their lives in virtual environments. Previous research has either taken an abstract media philosophy approach or focused on empirical user behavior studies, without developing a broader theoretical framework. The project seeks to fill this gap by developing a systematic theory of CyberAnthropology to examine changes in people's lifeworlds and new forms of participation online from multiple disciplinary lenses.
Haraway's A Cyborg Manifesto proposes using the cyborg as a metaphor to challenge binary thinking. It discusses cyborgs as hybrids of machine and organism that blur the boundaries between fiction and reality, nature and culture. The cyborg identity represents a combination of political, racial, and sexual identities. The manifesto also critiques traditional concepts of gender and feminism. It argues that advancing technologies will reshape social relations and allow for new forms of identity without fixed boundaries.
How Does This Work? An Affective, Diffractive Storytelling AnalysisJakob Pedersen
This document discusses digital storytelling through affective and posthuman lenses. It provides an overview of key concepts and theories related to emotions and digital stories, including affective resonances between storyteller and audience. The document also discusses posthuman perspectives, such as how digital stories may be understood as cyborgian or performative. Key scholars discussed include Ahmed, Barad, Braidotti, Deleuze, Guattari, and Haraway. The document suggests digital stories can be analyzed diffractively to understand power relations and subjectivities. Examples of digital story analyses and applications to education are provided.
An introduction to - and overview of - Donna Haraway's work on Cyborgs and Monstrosity, (and the implications for contemporary and wider social theory)
Donna Haraway: An Overview of The Cyborg ManifestoFlorence Paisey
Donna Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" explores the intersections of nature, culture, gender, science and technology. She conceives of cyborgs as socially constructed hybrids of machines and organisms that live in "borderlands" where knowledge is built. Haraway uses the metaphor of the cyborg to argue for taking responsibility in how we construct our understanding, especially regarding new technologies. She calls for embracing connections between humans and machines to build bridges of understanding.
This document discusses various concepts related to post-feminism, third-wave feminism, and feminist thinkers. It explores ideas such as gender being more fluid and constructed than rigidly defined; empowerment and celebration of femininity; women wielding sexual power; and choosing liberation over victimhood. Several feminist authors are mentioned, including Camille Paglia, Susan Faludi, bell hooks, and Naomi Wolf, alongside their critiques of beauty standards, backlash against feminism, and marriage within patriarchal societies.
Feminism aims to challenge patriarchal power structures and promote gender equality. It analyzes how media transmit cultural values and reinforce patriarchal ideology through gender stereotypes. Feminist media theory examines how media construct ideas of femininity and masculinity, and how the "male gaze" objectifies women for the male viewer. While early representations often reduced women to victims or sex objects, modern media have more empowering female characters, though some argue this is just new stereotypes. Feminism continues working for true equality in public and private spheres.
Naomi Wolf's book "The Beauty Myth" argues that as women have gained more social and political power, standards of beauty have become more demanding as a way to maintain control over women. Wolf asserts that the myth of beauty spreads the idea that there is an objective scale of beauty that women must conform to in order to be desirable to men, keeping women focused on physical appearance rather than their talents or ambitions. The book examines how the beauty myth pervades and reinforces patriarchal views of women in various spheres such as work, media, religion, and sexuality.
This document describes a research project called CyberAnthropology that aims to analyze how the internet impacts human beings and societies from an interdisciplinary perspective. The project brings together anthropological, philosophical, sociological, political and legal questions to understand how humans understand themselves and structure their lives in virtual environments. Previous research has either taken an abstract media philosophy approach or focused on empirical user behavior studies, without developing a broader theoretical framework. The project seeks to fill this gap by developing a systematic theory of CyberAnthropology to examine changes in people's lifeworlds and new forms of participation online from multiple disciplinary lenses.
Haraway's A Cyborg Manifesto proposes using the cyborg as a metaphor to challenge binary thinking. It discusses cyborgs as hybrids of machine and organism that blur the boundaries between fiction and reality, nature and culture. The cyborg identity represents a combination of political, racial, and sexual identities. The manifesto also critiques traditional concepts of gender and feminism. It argues that advancing technologies will reshape social relations and allow for new forms of identity without fixed boundaries.
How Does This Work? An Affective, Diffractive Storytelling AnalysisJakob Pedersen
This document discusses digital storytelling through affective and posthuman lenses. It provides an overview of key concepts and theories related to emotions and digital stories, including affective resonances between storyteller and audience. The document also discusses posthuman perspectives, such as how digital stories may be understood as cyborgian or performative. Key scholars discussed include Ahmed, Barad, Braidotti, Deleuze, Guattari, and Haraway. The document suggests digital stories can be analyzed diffractively to understand power relations and subjectivities. Examples of digital story analyses and applications to education are provided.
An introduction to - and overview of - Donna Haraway's work on Cyborgs and Monstrosity, (and the implications for contemporary and wider social theory)
Donna Haraway: An Overview of The Cyborg ManifestoFlorence Paisey
Donna Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" explores the intersections of nature, culture, gender, science and technology. She conceives of cyborgs as socially constructed hybrids of machines and organisms that live in "borderlands" where knowledge is built. Haraway uses the metaphor of the cyborg to argue for taking responsibility in how we construct our understanding, especially regarding new technologies. She calls for embracing connections between humans and machines to build bridges of understanding.
This document discusses various concepts related to post-feminism, third-wave feminism, and feminist thinkers. It explores ideas such as gender being more fluid and constructed than rigidly defined; empowerment and celebration of femininity; women wielding sexual power; and choosing liberation over victimhood. Several feminist authors are mentioned, including Camille Paglia, Susan Faludi, bell hooks, and Naomi Wolf, alongside their critiques of beauty standards, backlash against feminism, and marriage within patriarchal societies.
Feminism aims to challenge patriarchal power structures and promote gender equality. It analyzes how media transmit cultural values and reinforce patriarchal ideology through gender stereotypes. Feminist media theory examines how media construct ideas of femininity and masculinity, and how the "male gaze" objectifies women for the male viewer. While early representations often reduced women to victims or sex objects, modern media have more empowering female characters, though some argue this is just new stereotypes. Feminism continues working for true equality in public and private spheres.
Naomi Wolf's book "The Beauty Myth" argues that as women have gained more social and political power, standards of beauty have become more demanding as a way to maintain control over women. Wolf asserts that the myth of beauty spreads the idea that there is an objective scale of beauty that women must conform to in order to be desirable to men, keeping women focused on physical appearance rather than their talents or ambitions. The book examines how the beauty myth pervades and reinforces patriarchal views of women in various spheres such as work, media, religion, and sexuality.
This document provides an overview of feminist theory and some prominent feminist thinkers. It begins with definitions of feminism and discusses the goals of feminism. It then outlines some major branches of feminist theory, including liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and postmodern feminism. The document also summarizes the work and ideas of influential feminist scholars Dorothy E. Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, and Carol Gilligan.
This document discusses feminism and key feminist theories related to media representation. It covers the history of feminism from first wave to third wave feminism and debates around post-feminism. It outlines several influential feminist theorists and their arguments, including Laura Mulvey's concept of the male gaze and objectification of women in film. It also discusses criticisms of some feminist perspectives and debates around representations of gender in media like soap operas. Feminist theory provides a lens for critically analyzing gender representations and their social impacts across different media forms and texts.
Feminism is defined as advocating for social, political, and economic rights for women equal to those of men. There have been several waves of feminism throughout history fighting for these rights. The first wave in the late 19th century focused on issues like property rights and suffrage. The second wave from the 1960s-1980s examined the social construction of gender roles and how they oppress women. Third wave feminism from the early 1990s responded to some perceived failures of the second wave to consider differences among women. There are various branches of feminist thought that have developed over time with different approaches to analyzing and addressing the oppression of women.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions and power structures. He was born in 1926 in France and held various academic positions before becoming a professor at the Collège de France. Foucault was politically active and protested on behalf of marginalized groups. He died of AIDS in 1984. Foucault analyzed discourses and power relations through concepts like discourse, knowledge/power, discipline, and governmentality/biopower. He studied how institutions shape realities and identities through regulatory practices and surveillance. His work criticized taken-for-granted "truths" through genealogical analysis and sought to uncover power dynamics.
Feminism is defined as the belief that women and men should have equal rights and opportunities. It arose from the understanding that historically, women have been unable to fully participate in social institutions and have often been treated differently than men. Feminism aims to remedy this situation by eliminating old assumptions about gender roles. There have been three major waves of feminism. The first wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave from the 1960s-90s took on issues like reproductive rights and the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. The third wave since the 1990s challenges concepts like universal womanhood and promotes defining femininity on women's own terms.
The document discusses and compares post-feminism and third-wave feminism. It questions whether equality has truly been achieved with post-feminism and argues it has been used to depoliticize and oppress women by promoting traditional gender roles. Third-wave feminism acknowledges advances but aims to be more inclusive by considering a broader range of social perspectives and recognizing gender as more fluid.
Feminism is defined as a set of social theories and political practices that criticize social relations from the perspective of women's experiences. The history of modern western feminism is divided into three waves. The document discusses feminist social doctrines including the elimination of mistreatment of women, ensuring women have the option to freely decide motherhood, recognizing women's collective values, and eliminating discrimination against women in third world countries. It also discusses Clara Zetkin, a German feminist who helped create International Women's Day on March 8th.
The first wave of feminism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on gaining basic legal rights for women like suffrage, property rights, and custody rights. It helped establish organizations that continued the fight for women's rights but was largely led by white women and excluded the perspectives of black women and other women of color. The successes of the first wave set the stage for the broader second wave from the 1960s-1980s that aimed to eliminate gender-based discrimination and challenges social and cultural attitudes towards women.
Intersectionality recognizes that identities like race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability intersect and overlap. In the 1960s-70s, social movements focused on single identities, but women of color experienced multiple, intersecting forms of oppression. Intersectionality emerged to address how gender intersects with other identities and how women of different races experience gendered oppression uniquely. It provides a framework for understanding complex, overlapping systems of social injustice.
Foucault argues that the concept of sexuality is a historical construct, not a natural given. He challenges the idea that power primarily works to repress sexuality, arguing instead that a new form of power called "biopower" seeks to regulate and manage sexuality. Biopower functions through scientific discourses that study, classify and attempt to normalize sexuality. Foucault asserts that sexuality itself is produced through these power-knowledge relations, rather than being a secret identity waiting to be liberated. He claims calls for liberation actually support the operations of biopower by encouraging us to view sexuality as a natural essence to divulge.
Feminist theory aims to achieve equality between sexes and address discrimination women face due to factors like class, race, sexuality, age, and impacts of war, poverty and environmental issues. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism which works within existing structures, socialist feminism which emphasizes egalitarian and democratic aspects of socialism and criticizes gender-based labor division, radical feminism which seeks to change systems of male dominance and eradicate patriarchy, and post-modern feminism which argues knowledge has been constructed from a male viewpoint and rejects male-dominated narratives.
Michel Foucault was a highly influential 20th century French philosopher and historian known for his analyses of discourse, knowledge, truth and power. Some of his major works examined the history of systems like madness, medicine and punishment. A key aspect of his project was using genealogical methods inspired by Nietzsche to uncover how power operates through discourse and the production of truth. In his work Discipline and Punish, Foucault analyzed how power has shifted from sovereign forms focused on the body to more subtle disciplinary power operating through surveillance, normalization and self-regulation.
This document discusses the history of feminism through its three waves. The first wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and gaining more opportunities. The second wave from the 1960s to 1990s addressed issues of sexuality, reproduction, and the proposed Equal Rights Amendment. The third wave beginning in the mid-1990s celebrates ambiguity and rejects limiting labels, embracing diversity of identities and breaking boundaries.
Black feminist thought in the matrix of dominationpaigero
Black feminist thought conceptualizes oppression as operating through interlocking systems of race, class and gender. It emphasizes placing Black women's experiences at the center of analysis to gain insights about prevailing concepts and offer new ways of knowing that can empower subordinate groups. Black feminist thought also recognizes multiple, partial perspectives and subjugated knowledges, and advocates for dialogue and empathy across groups to work towards social transformation.
Feminism seeks to achieve equal social, political, and economic rights for women and men. It originated in France in the 1870s and refers to organized actions to end patterns that have disadvantaged women. There have been four waves of feminism focused on issues like suffrage, workplace discrimination, sexuality, and today's focus on issues like campus rape and sexual harassment through movements like #MeToo. Schools of feminism include radical feminism, which believes the patriarchal hierarchy must change for equality, and cultural feminism, which celebrates women's experiences and values.
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
Body and Embodiment: Media Extension, Disembodiment, and the CyborgElizabeth Gartley
The document discusses concepts related to the body, embodiment, media extension, disembodiment, and the cyborg. It defines embodiment as the experience of having a body and explains it is contextual and enmeshed within culture. Media extension refers to media and technology extending human senses and faculties. Biomedia is the intersection of biology and computer science, with the body as a medium. Science fiction explores questions around embodiment, disembodiment, and blurring lines between human and machine. Disembodiment refers to divorcing mind and body through technological integration. The cyborg conceptualizes the relationship between extended bodies, media technologies, and cyberspace.
The modern practice of civil resistance sprang from new ideas about the underlying nature of political power that began to be framed about 170 years ago. As later developed by Gandhi and adopted by scores of movements and campaigns for rights and justice in recent decades, strategies of civil resistance have exhibited a common dynamic, propelled historic changes, and imparted certain political and social properties to their societies. The record of these strategies in liberating oppressed people, when compared to that of violent insurgency or revolt, has been remarkable – and suggests why political violence may substantially be reduced in the future.
Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706 and largely self-educated, mastering five languages. He wrote Poor Richard's Almanac and newspaper articles, contributing greatly to the Enlightenment with his skills in diplomacy, invention, and passion for his country. Franklin was one of seventeen children but grew up to be considered the smartest man in the country.
The document summarizes Donna Haraway's 1985 work "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century." It advocates for a third-wave socialist, materialist feminism that challenges essentialist views of gender. Haraway argues that viewing people as "cyborgs," coupled with both biology and technology, offers a new way to understand social relations and reality in a technological world without referring to outdated views of gender. The cyborg image helps take responsibility for the social impacts of science and technology.
This document provides an overview of feminist theory and some prominent feminist thinkers. It begins with definitions of feminism and discusses the goals of feminism. It then outlines some major branches of feminist theory, including liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, and postmodern feminism. The document also summarizes the work and ideas of influential feminist scholars Dorothy E. Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, and Carol Gilligan.
This document discusses feminism and key feminist theories related to media representation. It covers the history of feminism from first wave to third wave feminism and debates around post-feminism. It outlines several influential feminist theorists and their arguments, including Laura Mulvey's concept of the male gaze and objectification of women in film. It also discusses criticisms of some feminist perspectives and debates around representations of gender in media like soap operas. Feminist theory provides a lens for critically analyzing gender representations and their social impacts across different media forms and texts.
Feminism is defined as advocating for social, political, and economic rights for women equal to those of men. There have been several waves of feminism throughout history fighting for these rights. The first wave in the late 19th century focused on issues like property rights and suffrage. The second wave from the 1960s-1980s examined the social construction of gender roles and how they oppress women. Third wave feminism from the early 1990s responded to some perceived failures of the second wave to consider differences among women. There are various branches of feminist thought that have developed over time with different approaches to analyzing and addressing the oppression of women.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher known for his critical studies of social institutions and power structures. He was born in 1926 in France and held various academic positions before becoming a professor at the Collège de France. Foucault was politically active and protested on behalf of marginalized groups. He died of AIDS in 1984. Foucault analyzed discourses and power relations through concepts like discourse, knowledge/power, discipline, and governmentality/biopower. He studied how institutions shape realities and identities through regulatory practices and surveillance. His work criticized taken-for-granted "truths" through genealogical analysis and sought to uncover power dynamics.
Feminism is defined as the belief that women and men should have equal rights and opportunities. It arose from the understanding that historically, women have been unable to fully participate in social institutions and have often been treated differently than men. Feminism aims to remedy this situation by eliminating old assumptions about gender roles. There have been three major waves of feminism. The first wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave from the 1960s-90s took on issues like reproductive rights and the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. The third wave since the 1990s challenges concepts like universal womanhood and promotes defining femininity on women's own terms.
The document discusses and compares post-feminism and third-wave feminism. It questions whether equality has truly been achieved with post-feminism and argues it has been used to depoliticize and oppress women by promoting traditional gender roles. Third-wave feminism acknowledges advances but aims to be more inclusive by considering a broader range of social perspectives and recognizing gender as more fluid.
Feminism is defined as a set of social theories and political practices that criticize social relations from the perspective of women's experiences. The history of modern western feminism is divided into three waves. The document discusses feminist social doctrines including the elimination of mistreatment of women, ensuring women have the option to freely decide motherhood, recognizing women's collective values, and eliminating discrimination against women in third world countries. It also discusses Clara Zetkin, a German feminist who helped create International Women's Day on March 8th.
The first wave of feminism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on gaining basic legal rights for women like suffrage, property rights, and custody rights. It helped establish organizations that continued the fight for women's rights but was largely led by white women and excluded the perspectives of black women and other women of color. The successes of the first wave set the stage for the broader second wave from the 1960s-1980s that aimed to eliminate gender-based discrimination and challenges social and cultural attitudes towards women.
Intersectionality recognizes that identities like race, class, gender, sexuality, and ability intersect and overlap. In the 1960s-70s, social movements focused on single identities, but women of color experienced multiple, intersecting forms of oppression. Intersectionality emerged to address how gender intersects with other identities and how women of different races experience gendered oppression uniquely. It provides a framework for understanding complex, overlapping systems of social injustice.
Foucault argues that the concept of sexuality is a historical construct, not a natural given. He challenges the idea that power primarily works to repress sexuality, arguing instead that a new form of power called "biopower" seeks to regulate and manage sexuality. Biopower functions through scientific discourses that study, classify and attempt to normalize sexuality. Foucault asserts that sexuality itself is produced through these power-knowledge relations, rather than being a secret identity waiting to be liberated. He claims calls for liberation actually support the operations of biopower by encouraging us to view sexuality as a natural essence to divulge.
Feminist theory aims to achieve equality between sexes and address discrimination women face due to factors like class, race, sexuality, age, and impacts of war, poverty and environmental issues. There are several kinds of feminism including liberal feminism which works within existing structures, socialist feminism which emphasizes egalitarian and democratic aspects of socialism and criticizes gender-based labor division, radical feminism which seeks to change systems of male dominance and eradicate patriarchy, and post-modern feminism which argues knowledge has been constructed from a male viewpoint and rejects male-dominated narratives.
Michel Foucault was a highly influential 20th century French philosopher and historian known for his analyses of discourse, knowledge, truth and power. Some of his major works examined the history of systems like madness, medicine and punishment. A key aspect of his project was using genealogical methods inspired by Nietzsche to uncover how power operates through discourse and the production of truth. In his work Discipline and Punish, Foucault analyzed how power has shifted from sovereign forms focused on the body to more subtle disciplinary power operating through surveillance, normalization and self-regulation.
This document discusses the history of feminism through its three waves. The first wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and gaining more opportunities. The second wave from the 1960s to 1990s addressed issues of sexuality, reproduction, and the proposed Equal Rights Amendment. The third wave beginning in the mid-1990s celebrates ambiguity and rejects limiting labels, embracing diversity of identities and breaking boundaries.
Black feminist thought in the matrix of dominationpaigero
Black feminist thought conceptualizes oppression as operating through interlocking systems of race, class and gender. It emphasizes placing Black women's experiences at the center of analysis to gain insights about prevailing concepts and offer new ways of knowing that can empower subordinate groups. Black feminist thought also recognizes multiple, partial perspectives and subjugated knowledges, and advocates for dialogue and empathy across groups to work towards social transformation.
Feminism seeks to achieve equal social, political, and economic rights for women and men. It originated in France in the 1870s and refers to organized actions to end patterns that have disadvantaged women. There have been four waves of feminism focused on issues like suffrage, workplace discrimination, sexuality, and today's focus on issues like campus rape and sexual harassment through movements like #MeToo. Schools of feminism include radical feminism, which believes the patriarchal hierarchy must change for equality, and cultural feminism, which celebrates women's experiences and values.
Michel Foucault was a 20th century French philosopher known for his works analyzing the relationship between power and knowledge and how they are deployed in society. Some of his major works examined how concepts like madness, medicine, and sexuality are socially constructed. In his work The History of Sexuality, Foucault argued that sexuality became a central part of personal identity in modern Western societies as it became medically categorized and regulated through various institutions seeking to define normalcy and deviance. He analyzed how power operates through subtle controls and surveillance rather than direct force, using the metaphor of the panopticon prison to represent modern disciplinary society.
Body and Embodiment: Media Extension, Disembodiment, and the CyborgElizabeth Gartley
The document discusses concepts related to the body, embodiment, media extension, disembodiment, and the cyborg. It defines embodiment as the experience of having a body and explains it is contextual and enmeshed within culture. Media extension refers to media and technology extending human senses and faculties. Biomedia is the intersection of biology and computer science, with the body as a medium. Science fiction explores questions around embodiment, disembodiment, and blurring lines between human and machine. Disembodiment refers to divorcing mind and body through technological integration. The cyborg conceptualizes the relationship between extended bodies, media technologies, and cyberspace.
The modern practice of civil resistance sprang from new ideas about the underlying nature of political power that began to be framed about 170 years ago. As later developed by Gandhi and adopted by scores of movements and campaigns for rights and justice in recent decades, strategies of civil resistance have exhibited a common dynamic, propelled historic changes, and imparted certain political and social properties to their societies. The record of these strategies in liberating oppressed people, when compared to that of violent insurgency or revolt, has been remarkable – and suggests why political violence may substantially be reduced in the future.
Benjamin Franklin was born in 1706 and largely self-educated, mastering five languages. He wrote Poor Richard's Almanac and newspaper articles, contributing greatly to the Enlightenment with his skills in diplomacy, invention, and passion for his country. Franklin was one of seventeen children but grew up to be considered the smartest man in the country.
The document summarizes Donna Haraway's 1985 work "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century." It advocates for a third-wave socialist, materialist feminism that challenges essentialist views of gender. Haraway argues that viewing people as "cyborgs," coupled with both biology and technology, offers a new way to understand social relations and reality in a technological world without referring to outdated views of gender. The cyborg image helps take responsibility for the social impacts of science and technology.
Donna Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" introduces her theory of cyborgs. She defines a cyborg as a hybrid of machine and organism, using the metaphor of a cyborg to move beyond traditional notions of gender and feminism. Haraway argues that by the late 20th century, advances in technology mean that we are all cyborgs, with our bodies and lives shaped by machines. She believes this post-gender cyborg identity can challenge social and political hierarchies like gender roles.
The document discusses cyborg technology, defining a cyborg as a combination of machine and man that can help overcome human limitations. It provides examples of common cyborg implants like pacemakers and hearing aids. The first official cyborg, Neil Haribsson, was born colorblind but can perceive color through his Eyeborg implant, which connects a color sensor and processor to a hearing aid allowing him to hear different frequencies for different colors. The document outlines the advantages of cyborgs in prolonging life and improving quality of life, and the disadvantages including costs, needing training, potential rejection, and pain from operations.
The document discusses Donna Haraway's concept of the cyborg and calls for socialist feminists to embrace partial and contradictory identities without fear. It notes that women of color can be seen as a cyborg category and critiques MacKinnon's version of radical feminism. The document also examines how biotechnology and communication technologies are used to recraft women's bodies and social relations, and how integrated circuits can be used to challenge science and technology from within in order to seize tools for survival and mark the world.
Cyborg technology was presented by several speakers. A cyborg is a theoretical or fictional being with both organic and biomechatronic parts. Cyborgs allow humans to live in environments different from normal through external modification of control mechanisms. Applications of cyborg technology discussed include using it in medicine to restore lost functions, in the military by controlling insect motions, and in space to mitigate risks of sending humans. Many cyborg inventions exist while others remain fictional, with a wide range of current and potential future applications.
This document discusses the key principles of actor-network theory (ANT) as proposed by Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, and John Law. Some main points of ANT include: not assuming a distinction between macro and micro levels of social organization, but rather focusing on interactions; considering both humans and non-humans as equal "actors" in heterogeneous networks; and identifying "black boxes" that stand in for highly complex, stabilized systems. Technology is seen as integral to human society, with networks consisting of interconnected people and things communicating through "intermediaries". However, some critics argue the theory's key terms like "actor", "network", and use of "theory" are problematic.
Donna Haraway's "A Cyborg Manifesto" explores the concept of a cyborg as a hybrid of machine and organism that challenges traditional boundaries and binaries. Haraway argues that cyborgs disrupt the divisions between human/nonhuman, culture/nature, and male/female. By blurring these lines, cyborgs subvert dominant power structures and hierarchies. Cyborgs also complicate notions of gender by showing it to be a social construct rather than something essential or innate. The internet further enables cyborg identities that are part human and part machine.
A Deconstructive Exploration Of Afrofuturism.PdfJulie Davis
This document is an 11,752 word final year dissertation exploring Afrofuturism. It begins with an abstract outlining the aims of the dissertation, which are to broadly understand Afrofuturism through contextualizing the issues it seeks to transcend and examining the means by which this is achieved. The introduction discusses the author's deconstructive methodological approach inspired by Kodwo Eshun. Key concepts discussed throughout include Decoloniality, subjectivity formation, Afrofuturism and music using Detroit techno as a case study, and Afrofuturism's relationship to hauntology and film. The dissertation does not follow a conventional linear structure in order to reflect Afrofuturism's ec
This document provides a history of rhetoric surrounding female reproductive rights in Western cultures. It discusses how 19th century "doctresses" discreetly advertised abortion and contraception services to address their audiences. It also summarizes the rhetoric of Margaret Sanger and other early 20th century advocates who both addressed and invoked audiences to disrupt the "century of silence" on these issues. Finally, it suggests how the designed spaces of modern Planned Parenthood clinics both address and construct their audiences while responding to the larger rhetorical situation.
This document provides a history of rhetoric surrounding female reproductive rights in Western cultures. It discusses how 19th century "doctresses" discreetly advertised abortifacient drugs and services to unmarried women. It also summarizes the work of Margaret Sanger and other early 20th century advocates who addressed hostile audiences to advocate for birth control and safe abortion. The document analyzes how modern Planned Parenthood clinics address audiences through design with muted colors, private entrances, and discreet locations that historically reinforced the shame and secrecy around reproductive issues.
Patriarchy: Desperate Shit Hits The Spectral FanGwynn Adams
A literary analysis of The Sound Of A Voice by David Hwang. This paper was submitted to my professor back in 2014 and I just edited for corrections and clarification.
1. The document discusses the concept of "theurgy" and its portrayal in the fictional works of William Golding. Theurgy involves cleansing oneself to establish a foundation for higher philosophical contemplation and connecting with divine beings.
2. Golding's novels show the regression of society in a godless world but also point to individual transformation as a path forward. His characters face extreme situations that force self-examination and spiritual growth.
3. Through symbolic elements and opposing forces, Golding's novels move readers from loss to corruption to examine human depravity but also the original purity within each person once superficial influences are removed.
This is a slide-deck from my recent presentation entitled: Brain, belief and the nature of Frankenstein at Frankenweek@UL.The week-long event marked the international celebration of the 200th Anniversary of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein for Halloween 2018. The workshop gave me the opportunity to explore how our brain provides differing insights, values and priorities in shaping beliefs, and in how we understand ourselves in the world.
The document discusses anthropomorphism in children's literature. It begins by defining anthropomorphism as ascribing human attributes to non-human characters. While anthropomorphism is common in popular children's books, its use is controversial, with debates around whether it benefits or hinders children's learning. The document aims to explore how and why anthropomorphism is used in children's books, and to understand its purpose and effects. It notes that animal stories are very popular commercially due to incorporating anthropomorphized characters.
The document discusses how evolutionary psychology and cognitive science can help explain the cultural power and universality of religion. It argues that current explanations for religion do not sufficiently explain why evolution did not select against costly and illogical religious beliefs and behaviors. The author proposes that religion arises from naturally selected cognitive structures and processes in the human mind/brain rather than serving a specific evolutionary function.
Katie King discusses her research into distributed animality and cognition using her avatar in the virtual world Second Life. She explores how identities and knowledge can be distributed across both human and non-human actors through practices like transgendering and interactions with virtual dogs in Second Life. King draws from theorists like Haraway who discuss how human and non-human bodies and cognitions are entangled in complex ways.
The Age of Plenty and Leisure: Essays for a New Principle of Organization in ...Luke Barnesmoore o
This document provides context for a collection of essays that examines potential futures beyond the current "Age of Scarcity and Labor" towards an "Age of Plenty and Leisure". It describes growing up between visions of high-tech utopias in Silicon Valley and low-tech nature-focused utopias among environmentalists. The essays aim to synthesize these visions by using technology to overcome scarcity while maintaining harmony with nature. Each essay will contribute individually to an emergent overall theory, like neurons forming consciousness. The goal is to allow new understandings of humanity, evolution, social order and human-nature relations to emerge from exploring these interconnected ideas.
This document provides a summary of the historical development of theories related to the anthropology of sexuality and sex work. It discusses how Victorian era discourses constructed sexuality as a means to ensure social control and conformity. Early anthropological studies of "primitive" peoples' sexuality served to define and conscript groups in service of Western knowledge production and moral concerns. The document then examines how these discourses informed understandings of prostitution. It argues post-modern theories emphasize the social construction of sexuality and potential for resistance to dominant discourses.
This document summarizes key concepts from Donna Haraway's work. It discusses three main ideas:
1) Haraway argues that objective knowledge comes from situated or partial perspectives rather than claims of a privileged viewpoint. She believes vision and knowledge are better obtained from marginalized positions.
2) Haraway proposes feminist objectivity, which recognizes that all knowledge claims are theory-laden and shaped by the knower's situation. She advocates connecting diverse communities to partially translate different knowledge systems.
3) Haraway is known for her theory of cyborgfeminism, which envisions fusing human and machine to transcend dichotomies like culture/nature that have justified oppression. A cyborg being has both
Beyond Flesh and Code: Exploring The Future of Humanity and AIthoughtango
If you enjoy our books, you may like this: https://youtu.be/Tn3fg_EPlhU?si=L7RX_8wlD4A5MmJe
Beyond Flesh and Code is a captivating book that explores the possibilities and consequences of humans transcending biological limitations through technology. It takes readers on an imaginative journey that merges science fiction with profound philosophical and ethical questions about the nature of existence.
The book is structured in two sections, each unraveling thought-provoking ideas about the future evolution of humanity. The first section, "Synthesis: The Evolution Beyond Human," delves into the concept of transferring human consciousness into synthetic or digital forms to eliminate suffering and limitations. It examines the potential benefits of synthetic humans, including virtual immortality, enhanced cognition, the eradication of disease, greater collaboration to solve global issues, and an elevated state of consciousness.
However, this visionary future also raises challenging ethical dilemmas about identity, mortality, the sanctity of life, and what it means to be human. The author explores philosophical, moral, and practical concerns surrounding synthetic existence. For instance, how would personhood and individuality be defined? What criteria would determine who gets to transcend biology? Could this divide humanity further between the privileged synthetic elite and ordinary humans? How would fundamental human experiences like birth, aging, and death be transformed?
These philosophical musings are grounded in scientific possibilities, describing how advanced technologies like artificial intelligence, neural networks, and complex simulations of consciousness might enable the creation of synthetic humans. Intriguing parallels are drawn with religious ideas of transcendence and transhumanist visions of using technology to overcome physical limitations.
The second section, "The Illusion: Simulation, Programming, Limits," ventures into more speculative territory, contemplating the notion that our perceived reality is an artificial construct subject to deliberate constraints and manipulation. Humans are portrayed as programmed entities in a simulated existence, but some individuals begin to see beyond this veil and realize the illusory nature of their lives.
The book explores the premise that humanity lives in a controlled environment created by an advanced intelligence. Our senses are limited, our cognition is constrained, and our collective history shaped by intentional interventions. Phenomena such as déjà vu, synchronicities, UFO sightings and spiritual experiences are analyzed as possible glitches in the simulation, providing fleeting glimpses behind the veil.
The document provides an overview of poststructuralism and analyzes some of its key thinkers and concepts. It discusses:
1) Poststructuralism emerged in the 1960s as an evolution of structuralism, claiming that language and discourse shape human understanding rather than reflecting external realities.
2) Major poststructuralist thinkers like Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida are analyzed, showing how their ideas drew from Marxism, Darwinism, and psychoanalysis in denying absolutes and universal truths.
3) Foucault is discussed in depth, highlighting his views that discourse constructs reality, sexuality is socially constructed, and power is exercised through knowledge and institutions like Christianity.
4
1) The document discusses poststructuralism and its similarities to Marxism, Darwinism, and psychoanalysis. It analyzes the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault.
2) Foucault believed that discourse determines reality rather than language reflecting an underlying truth. He saw knowledge and power as intertwined and sought to challenge prevailing power structures.
3) Foucault analyzed sexuality as a social construct rather than natural fact. He criticized Christianity's view of sexuality and original sin. He also rationalized homosexuality and sought to establish new relationships based on friendship.
4) The document examines how Foucault was strongly influenced by Marxism in seeing discourse and power structures as
Dialectic process in history and constitutive politicsAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of critical philosophy and the dialectic process in history. It discusses how Hegelian contradictions are not connected to material contradictions in historical reality. Marx's dialectic did not fully resolve the problems of Hegel's dialectic due to the role of absolute spirit. The document also examines how thinkers like Freud, Nietzsche, Kant, Descartes, and others contributed to changing world views and the dehumanization of humans through ideas like unconsciousness, interpretation over facts, and separating the mind from objects. It analyzes how paradigms and social/cultural structures can influence each other through repression and how the Frankfurt school addressed limitations of traditional Marxist theory.
The document discusses developing a "pussy-oriented pedagogy" as an alternative to traditional models of education. It advocates embracing ambiguity and plurality in sexuality rather than a single conception of "truth." The author argues that cultural feminism inappropriately adopted the "cave allegory" model from Plato, which relies on emerging from ignorance to a singular truth and promotes shame. Instead, the author proposes dismantling traditional models and developing a collective, feminist sensibility oriented around intimacy, imagination, suggestion and the fantastic to encourage diverse, unpredictable identities.
This document summarizes and discusses two contemporary anthropological concepts of mutuality. The first concept, referred to as "ethnographic mutuality", emerges in the work of Johannes Fabian and Michael Carrithers and refers to the co-responsibility and shared understanding that develops between anthropologists and their informants during fieldwork. The second concept, put forth by Marshall Sahlins, views mutuality as a constitutive principle of kinship that allows persons to be comprised of and defined by their relationships with others. The author argues that these two concepts of mutuality are interrelated because they both involve the movement between singularity and plurality in defining persons and relationships. Ethnographic mutuality demonstrates how anthropologists and informants
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and how it differs from modernism. Some key points:
1. Postmodernism rejects notions of objective truth, universal values, and the ability of reason to understand an independent reality. It sees reality as socially constructed rather than objectively existing.
2. Epistemologically, postmodernism denies that reason or any method leads to objective knowledge, instead emphasizing the subjectivity and conventionality of knowledge claims.
3. Postmodern accounts of human nature are collectivist and emphasize identity as socially constructed, along with conflict between social groups defined by attributes like gender, race, and class.
4. Postmodernism is presented as a philosophical departure from modernism
Here are a few key points about Oryx's backstory and attitude:
- She was taken from her village as a child and trafficked into sexual slavery. This was done without her consent and took away her autonomy over her own body.
- However, Oryx does not see herself as a passive victim. She takes pride in her skills and feels she has some control and agency in her situation.
- Some feminists argue that even in oppressive circumstances, women can still exercise some level of choice and agency. Oryx's attitude could be seen as reflecting this perspective.
- Others may argue her situation of sexual slavery as a child fundamentally deprived her of true consent and agency. Her attitude could
Similar to Donna Haraway - Breaking Boundaries Through Sciece (20)
Donna Haraway - Breaking Boundaries Through Sciece
1. Donna Haraway
(1944 - )
ffd
“There is nothing about being „female‟ that
naturally binds women. There is not even
such a state as „being‟ female, itself a highly
complex category constructed in contested
sexual scientific discourses & other social
practices.” – A Cyborg Manifesto
3. Passional Christi und
Antichristi, by Lucas
Cranach the Elder, from
Luther's 1521 Passionary
of the Christ and
Antichrist. The Pope as
the Antichrist, signing and
selling indulgences.
7. “Well, who is to say that diversity is to produce equality, what a strange illusion. What a
remarkable idea. When I said that diversity is the name of the game of capital
accumulation these days, I mean that as a kind of low-key descriptive statement. It is
because of certain technoscientific endeavors which complicate the issues of diversity and
political identity.” - Haraway, Donna J. Birth of the Kennel. European Graduate School. Lecture by
Donna Haraway. August 2000
8.
9. “I want this book to be responsible
to primatologists, to historians of
science, to cultural theorists, to the
broad left, anti-racist, anticolonial, and women‟s
movements, to animals, and to
lovers of serious stories. Primates
existing at the boundaries of so
many hopes and interests are
wonderful subjects with whom to
explore the permeability of
walls, the reconstitution of
borders, the distaste for endless
socially enforced dualisms” – Donna
Haraway, Primate Visions.
10.
11. “The moral is simple: only partial perspective promises objective vision.
All Western cultural narratives about objectivity are allegories of the
ideologies governing the relations of what we call mind & body, distance
& responsibility. Feminist objectivity is about limited location & situated
knowledge, not about transcendence & splitting of subject & object. It
allows us to become answerable for what we learn how to see. – Haraway,
Situated Knowledges, p. 583.
12. “A splitting of senses, a confusion of voice & sight, rather than clear &
distinct ideas, becomes the metaphor for the ground of the rational.
We seek not the knowledges ruled by pallogocentrism (nostalgia for
the presence of the one true Word) & disembodied vision. We seek
those ruled by partial sight & limited voice – not partiality for its own
sake but, rather, for the sake of the connections & unexpected
openings situated knowledges make possible.” – Donna Haraway, Situated
Knowledges p. 590.
13. “An ironic dream of
a common
language for
women in the
integrated circuit” –
Donna Haraway, A Cyborg
Manifesto, p. 291.
14. “This chapter is an argument for
pleasure in the confusion of
boundaries & for responsibility in their
construction. It is also an effort to
contribute to socialist-feminist culture
& theory in a postmodernist, nonnaturalist mode & in the utopian
tradition of imagining a world without
gender, which is perhaps a world
without genesis, but maybe also a
world without end.” – Donna Haraway, A
Cyborg Manifesto, p. 292.
15. “The cyborg is a creature in a post-gender world. It has no truck with
bisexuality, pre-oedipal symbiosis, unalienated labour, or other seductions to
organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all the powers of the pasts
into a higher unity. In a sense, the cyborg has no origin story in the Western
sense – a „final‟ irony since the cyborg is the awful apocalyptic telos of the
„Wests‟s‟ escalating dominations of abstract individuation, an ultimate self
untied at last from all dependency, a man in space. – Donna Haraway, A Cyborg
Manifesto, p. 292.
16.
17. Old Hierarchal
Dominations
Representation
Bourgeois novel, realism
Organism
Depth, integrity
Heat
Biology as clinical practice
Physiology
Small group
Perfection
Eugenics
Decadence, Magic Mountain
Hygiene
Microbiology, tuberculosis
Organic division of labour
Functional specialization
Reproduction
Organic: sex role
specialization
Biological determinism
Community ecology
Racial chain of being
Informatics of Domination
Simulation
Science fiction, postmodernism
Biotic component
Surface, boundary
Noise
Biology as inscription
Communications engineering
Subsystem
Optimization
Population control
Obsolescence, Future Shock
Stress management
Immunology, AIDS
Ergonomics/cybernetics of
labour
Modular construction
Replication
Optimal genetic strategies
Evolutionary inertia, constraints
Ecosystem
Neo-imperialism, United Nations
humanism
18. Scientific Management in
home/factory
Family wage
Public/private
Nature/culture
Cooperation
Freud
Sex
Labour
Mind
Second World War
White capitalist patriarchy
Global factory/electronic
cottage
Comparable worth
Cyborg citizenship
Fields of difference
Communications
enhancement
Lacan
Genetic Engineering
Robotics
Artificial intelligence
Star Wars
Informatics of domination
“I argue for a politics rooted in claims about fundamental changes in
the nature of class, race, and gender in an emerging system of world
order analogous in its novelty and scope to that created by industrial
capitalism”- Donna Haraway, A Cyborg Manifesto, p. 300.
19.
20. “Cyborg writing must not
be about the Fall, the
imagination of a onceupon-a-time wholeness
before language, before
writing, before Man.
Cyborg writing is about
the power to survive, not
on the basis of original
innocence, but on the
basis of seizing the tools
to mark the world that
marked them as other.”Donna Haraway, A Cyborg
Manifesto, p 311.
Editor's Notes
Although labels are a controversial topic for my futurist, I would like to introduce Donna Haraway – an influential scholar in the field of primatology, feminism and technoscience. Haraway serves as an ideal embodiment of a futurist as she utilizes pre-existing epistemologies, particularly in the discourses of science and technology, to create a utopian world that does not depend on strict dualisms such as social/natural or animal/human.25 seconds
“Haraway grew up in a white Irish Catholic middle-class family in Denver, Colorado”In current interviews, Haraway has pointed out the significance of her early life as a ‘good Catholic girl.’ Not only did she attend church on a regular basis, but her existence was strongly molded by the traditions, narratives and figures that define Catholicism. 19 seconds
In current academic publication, Haraway states she has abandoned her former religious beliefs and now identifies herself as a committed atheist and anti-catholic. She also suggests that the “Catholic sacrementalism of her adolescence has strongly influenced her contemporary all-encompassing visions. Based on the recollections of her past, Haraway suggests that, “her present sense of the permeability of boundaries that define categories that to other seem unbreachable and not open to debate was operative and consequential early on in her life.” 28 seconds
Haraway attended Colorado College, where she received a triple major in zoology, philosophy, and EnglishFollowing graduation in 1966, Haraway went to Paris on a full scholarship at the Faculte des Sciences, Universties de Paris. This experience contributed to her sympathies of leftist politics. She then went on to study science and began her PhD in biology at Yale University, where she became exposed to the feminist, pro-peace and anti-racist politics as students groups attempted to bring awareness to these issues.28 seconds
The developmentof Haraway’s education took place in the midst of the Civil Rights Era duringlate the 1960s wherein minority groups such as African American, Women and Gay/Queer individuals were advocating for their rights. This undeniably contributed to her support of social equality and her determination towards eliminating capitalist-patriarchal labels and epistemologies19 seconds
It was in the lab at Yale where Haraway started to form her own specific interests as a historian of science and biology. Consequently, Haraway became engaged in the historical and philosophical study of biology, “as practices of knowing about the world through a set of rich and detailed organic metaphors.”She was fascinated with how these metaphors facilitate thinking about nature and society in tangible and symbolic ways.22 seconds
After completing her PhD, Haraway found herself in Hawaii at John Hopkins University where she became involved with the Department of the History of Science. Haraway joined the Marxist-feminist Women’s Union at the University, made up of a group of radical women. It was through this involvement as well as Haraway’s life in a racially & ethnically diverse locality that she encountered a new understanding of community and mutual politics of difference. 22 seconds
This was also when she began to write the book that has come to define her work, known as Primate Visions: Gender, Race, & Nature in the World of Modern Science.In this book, Haraway presents primates as key figures used in a variety of ways by primatologists and scientists to produce and maintain a collection of narratives that form the foundation of Western science, society, culture and nature. 20 seconds
Throughout this book, Haraway utilizes the study of primates to argue that the people who have contributed to these studies have added their own cultures and histories, although often in a way that has traditionally gone unacknowledged.Haraway untangles the metaphors and stories that control what gets disseminated in the scientific study of primatology to promote a discourse of science and reproduction that accepts difference and alternative ideologies22 seconds
This is the point at which Haraway urges feminists to make their mark on the world of technoscience, to be more involved in the meaning-making processes and to be recognized for these contributions in order to challenge the Western narratives that focus on a very masculinized, and hierarchal ordering of discourses & knowledge’s. 16 seconds
This argument is developed in another influential piece by Haraway known as “Situated Knowledges: The Science Questions in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective” in which she continues to refute the objectivity of scientific discourse.In this text, she argues “for a doctrine and practice of objectivity that privileges contestation, deconstruction, passionate construction, webbed connections, and hope for transformation of systems of knowledge and ways of seeing.”25 seconds
Haraway views objectivity as an external and disembodied perspective, that allegedly offers an absolute truth. However, this proves problematic as it bestows privilege on an unmarked body, a person considered to represent the majority of a society. This leaves out other groups such as women, people of the LGBT community as well as racial or economic minorities. Rather than relying on this “view from above,” joining together partial views into a collective subject position offers a vision of living within the limits and contradictions of the restricted human body.29 seconds
This discussion of what to make of the human body as science and technology makes advances and becomes more complex is analyzed in one of Haraway’s most popular pieces entitled “A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, & Socialist-Feminism in the Late 20th Century” At the heart of this article is the image of the cyborg, “a machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature of fiction.” 22 seconds
In order to understand what truly makes Haraway a futurist requires a detailed explanation of how the metaphor of a cyborg creates a platform for feminists to push past the constraints of traditional feminism and politics. This theory has been influenced by Haraway’s fascination with contemporary science fiction, as this genre is full of cyborgs, “creatures simultaneously animal & machine, who populate worlds ambiguously natural and crafted.”22 seconds
In Haraway’s article, she rejects the traditional Oedipal narratives and Christian ideologies of origin, most notably genesis, through the image of the cyborg. This notion of the cyborg is a refusal of strict boundaries that embody these stories, particularly those separating human from machine and/or animal. This also leads to a social revolution in the household, wherein; “nature and culture are reworked so that the one can no longer be the resource for appropriation or incorporation by the other.”23 seconds
Accompanying this transformation of conventional theories of origin is a move away from essentialized language in order to create political coalitions in conformity with affinity as opposed to identity.Seeing as there is no such thing as a “natural’ self, Haraway argues that feminists cannot make use of an imaginary biological outlook as a common grounds for political affairs or to participate in a protest against scientific discourse23 seconds
These lists are an outline towards a promising image of unity, “a picture indebted to socialist and feminist principles of design.” As Haraway state, “this is a chart of transitions, from the comfortable old hierarchal dominations to the scary new networks I have called the informatics of domination”17 seconds
As the continuation of this chart of transitions demonstrates, Haraway asserts that the 1980s/90s witnessed a drastic change from an industrialized society to one directed by information systems. From Haraway’s perspective, communications technologies are the crucial tools recreating our bodies. These tools represent and put into effect new social relations for women globally22 seconds
Harawayhas created an idea of societal transformation that is not rigidly structured nor does it offer complete individual agency.She demonstrates that the growth of advanced technology calls into question the duality that forms western customs and produces the physical and visionary circumstances for a collective cyborg way of life.19 seconds
Haraway asserts that this new splintered and hybrid subjectivity takes on new importancein formulating and reevaluating prevalent masculine discourses that create the illusion of humility. Haraway see’s female writers as leading the way, as they question and destabilize this traditional objective transparency. 17 seconds