1. Literature Review Paul Derwin
D07114349 Page 1
Course Code / Year DT 018 year 1
Module Research& Methodology
Lecturer Mr. Martan Barrett
Student Name Paul Derwin
Student Number D07114349
Assignment No. 2
SubmissionDate 19/10/2011
Department Stamp
Where Necessary
2. Literature Review Paul Derwin
D07114349 Page 2
Declaration
I hereby certify that the material, which is submitted in this assignment/project, is
entirely my own work and has not been submitted for any academic assessment
other than as part fulfillment of the assessment procedures for the program
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Services and Energy Management (BSc (Hons))
(DT 018).
Signature of student:…………….………
Date:…………………………
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Table of Contents
Declaration.......................................................................................................................2
1.0 Literature Review .....................................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................4
1.3 T5 Lamp Performance............................................................................................. 5
1.4 Energy Saving Measures.......................................................................................... 5
1.5 Public Sector Investment Programme .................................................................6
1.6 Building Energy Rating............................................................................................ 6
1.7 Building Regulations................................................................................................ 7
1.8 Energy Policy Framework 2007-2020 .................................................................7
1.9 Simple Payback Method.......................................................................................... 8
Supporting Literature and References .......................................................................9
Bibliography.....................................................................................................................9
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1.0 Literature Review
1.1 Introduction
The purpose of this literature review is to provide relevant information on the
current standards, codes of practice and previous case studies carried out in the
area of energy saving measures in the main DIT Kevin St. building. Energy
saving measures that this review will be based on will be lighting and lighting
control measures and energy awareness. The information obtained for this
literature review will be from the most relevant books, journals, articles, website,
conferences as well as past and peer reviewed papers regarding lighting
controls. The use of these information sources will help research questions for
this study. Lighting controls have been used in all types of buildings; (domestic
commercial and industrial), allowing buildings to save energy and reduce their
carbon footprint. Lighting controls such as daylight controls (photocells) or
occupancy sensors (PIR’s) are amongst the most common type of controls used,
along with maximizing daylight levels.
1.2 Energy Saving Measures
Energy saving measures will include
Lighting control measures using occupancy sensors
Lighting control measures using photocells
Over hall of existing light fittings for more efficient types
Introduction of T5 lamps
Use of dimmable ballasts
Programming of group lighting
Emergency light fittings to be upgraded to more efficient LED type fittings
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1.3 T5 Lamp Performance
Figure 1 T5 Lamp Performance, By Joe Knisley, Senior Editorial Consultant,
ECM buyers guide
1.4 Energy Saving Measures
Daylight Available? NoYes
Local switching
Time switching
Presence detection
Daylight switching
Presence detection
Local switching
Time switching
Figure2.Flowchartdisplayingenergysaving
measures(4)
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1.5 Public Sector Investment Programme
This programme aims to stimulate the application of improved energy efficiency
design strategies, technologies and services in public sector building construction
and retrofit projects. It facilitates the delivery of significant energy efficiency
improvements in the design and specification of new-build and refurbishment
construction. The programme is in the process of establishing energy management
bureau to encourage the provision of contracted energy control and management
for public sector buildings, which lack the scope to provide the service from internal
resources, and help public sector organization’s to manage their energy
consumption and costs. Two bureaus are now fully operational. The first is located
in the Office of Public Works, covering over 150 of the largest buildings in the
central Government offices estate; the second covers the main third level colleges in
Dublin; UCD, Trinity, Dublin Institute of Technology and Dublin City University.
(Department of Environment 2006)
1.6 Building Energy Rating
The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires that a BER certificate be
displayed in all public service building, including existing older public buildings.
This will become fully operative from 1 January 2009. (Department of Environment
2006)
The building energy rating can be determined by many factors such as the type of
insulation, ventilation and heating system and the level and type of lighting and
energy efficient bulbs used. Ratings are given with the highest being A and the
lowest E.
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1.7 Building Regulations
One of the most relevant pieces of legislation within the building regulations is:
Approved Document L – Conservation of fuel and power, which includes
limits on the energy efficiency of lighting in domestic and non-domestic
buildings.
Approved Document L Part L requires that energy efficient lighting be used in
both domestic (Part L1) and non-domestic (Part L2) buildings. The regulations
currently apply to all new buildings and refurbishments of over 100m2 floor area.
The document provides design information in the following areas for non-
domestic buildings:
Effective use of daylight
Selection of lamp types
Associated control gear and power factor correction
Luminaire efficiency
Use of lighting controls. (Cooper LS 2006)
1.8 Energy Policy Framework 2007-2020
I.S. 393, the Irish Standard for Energy Management, was designed to
promote energy consciousness in all aspects of business, from design and
specification, through procurement, operation and maintenance. Properly
applied, it can ensure that there are practical principles, which can give
effect to a company’s energy/environmental policy, and can assist all staff
to contribute towards better control of energy use.
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Electricity Demand Side Management (DSM) programmes have a key role
to play in delivering energy efficiency by enabling suppliers, ESB
Networks and EirGrid to plan better and to manage and modify customer
demand. DSM also involves equipping consumers with the data and the
means to monitor, manage and reduce their electricity demand.
(department of communications marine and natural resources 2007)
1.9 Simple Payback Method
A Simple Payback method will have to be carried out to estimate the length of
time it will take to pay back the installation costs. The annual energy savings cost
will have to be calculated to determine how many years it will take to pay back
the installation costs
Payback Period (in years) = Initial Investment Cost / Annual Operating Savings
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Supporting Literature and References
Bibliography
Cooper Lighting and Saftey, Cooper Lighting and Saftey, viewed 26 october 2011,
<http://www.menvier.co.uk/downloads/cc1231 building regs.pdf>.
Cooper LS 2006, Building Regulations, viewed 29 october 2011,
<http://www.cooper-ls.com/sites/cooper-
ls.com/files/design_guides/downloads/cooper-ls-599-building-regulations.pdf>.
department of communications marine and natural resources 2007, Energy Policy
2007-2020, viewed 30 october 2011, <Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.>.
Department of Environment 2006, Irelands Pathway to Kyoto Compliance, viewed 1
november 2011,
<http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Atmosphere/FileDownloa
d,1289,en.pdf>.
Department of the Environment 2007, Ireland national climate change strategy
2007-2012, viewed 27 october 2011,
<http://www.environ.ie/en/Publicatons/Environment/Atmosphere/FileDownload,
1861,en.pdf>.
