1. KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1
BATHINDA CANTT
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS
PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE
Session: 2022-2023
Name: Riya Rani & Harmanpreet kaur
Class: XI B
Roll no: 27 & 11
Guided by: Mrs. Manjulata
2. CERTIFICATE.
Certified by department of Chemistry that
this project is done by Riya Rani and
Harmanpreet kaur of class XI B during the
academic year 2022-2023 in practical
fulfillment of Chemistry investigatory project
conducted by AISSCE.
Signature of Internal signature of external
Examiner Examiner
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are greatly indebted towards the
principal for giving us an opportunity in
elaborating our knowledge towards the
subject Chemistry by completing this Project
work.
We express our heartiest gratitude to
our beloved school for the guidance and
providing the required apparatus to perform
our project work.
We would also like to thank our parents
and our chemistry teacher Mrs. Manjulata for
giving us their co-operation in completing
this Project.
4. AIM:-
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CATIONS AND ANIONS IN
TOOTHPASTE
THEORY:-
EVERY TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING
INGREDIENTS: BINDERS, ABRASIVES, SUBSERS, HUMECTANTS,
FLAVOURS, SWEETNERS, FLUORIDES, TOOTH WHITENERS, A
PRESERVATIVE AND WATER. BINDERS THICKENS
TOOTHPASTE-THEY PREVENT SEPARATION OF THE SOLID AND
LIQUID COMPONENT, ESPECIALLY STORAGE. THEY ALSO
AFFECT THE SPEED AND VOLUME OF FOAM PRODUCTION, RATE
OF FLAVOR RELEASE AND PRODUCT DISPERSAL, THE
APEARANCE OF TOOTHPASTE RIBBON ON THE
TOOTHBRUSH.SOME BINDERS ARE GUM SOILD ALIGNAT,
METHYL CELLULOSE, CARRAGEEN AND MAGNESIUM
ALUMINIUM SILICATE.
5. CONTENTS:-
IONIC LIQUIDS:-
CATIONS &ANIONS.
COMPONENTS ARE USED IN TOOTHPASTE.
SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS EXPERIMENT
INGREDIENTS:-
ABRASIVES, FLUORIDES, SURFACTANTS.
OTHER COMPONENTS:-
ANTIBACERIAL AGENTS, FLAVORANTS, REMINERALIZERS.
MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
6. IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS
PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE
ANIONS IN AN ATOM OR MOLECULE THAT CARRIES AN
ELECTRIC CHARGE. CATIONS ARE POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS
CREATED BY THE LOSS OF ELECTRONS. ANIONS ARE
NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE GAIN OF
ELECTRONS. IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ALL IONS EXHIBIT
THEIR OWN UNIQUE, CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIORS.
TOOTHPASTE IS A PASTE OR GEL DENTIFRICE USED WITH OA
TOOTHBRUSH AS AN ACCESSORY TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN
THE AESTHETICS AND HEALTH OF TEETH.
TOOTHPASTE IS USED TO PROMOTE ORAL HYGIENE: IT
SERVES AS AN ABRASIVE THAT AIDS IN REMOVINGTHE
DENTAL PLAQUE AND FOOD FROM THE TEETH, ASSISTS IN
7. SUPPRESSING HALITOSIS, AND DELIVERS ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS (MOST COMMONLY FLUORIDE) TO HELP
PREVENT TOOTH AND DISEASE (GINGIVITIS). MOST OF THE
CLEANING IS ACHIEVED BY THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE
TOOTHBRUSH AND NOT BY THE TOOTHPASTE. SALT AND
SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) ARE AMONG
MATERIALS THAT CAN BE SUBISTITUTED FOR COMMERCIAL
TOOTHPASTE. TOOTHPASTE IS NOT INTENDED TO BE
SWALLOWED DUE TO THE FLOURIDE CONTENT, BUT IS
GENERALLY NOT VERY HARMFUL IF ACCIDENTLY
SWALLOWED IN SMALL AMOUNTS. HOWEVER ONE SHOULD
SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION AFTER SWALOWING
ABNORMALLY LARGE AMOUNTS.
COMPONENTS ARE USED IN TOOTHPASTE:-
HClO4
HBr
HI
H2SO4
HClO3
HCL
HNO3
8. INGREDIENTS:-
IN ADDITION TO 20%-42% WATER, TOOTHPASTES ARE
DERIVED FROM A VARIETY OF COMPONENTS, THE THREE
MAIN ONES BEING ABRASIVES, FLUORIDE, AND DETERGENTS.
ABRASIVES:-
ABRASIVES CONSTITE AT LEAST 50% OF TYPICAL
TOOTHPASTE. THESE INSOLUBLE PARTICLES HELP REMOVE
PLAQUE FROM THE TEETH. THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND
CALCULUS HELPS MINIMIZE CAVITIES AND PERIDONTAL
DISEASE. REPRESENT ABRASIVES INCLUDE PARTICLES OF
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)), CALCIUM
CARBONATE(CaCO3),VARIOUS CALCIUM HYDROGEN
PHOSPHATES, VARIOUS SILICAS AND ZEOLITES, AND
HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca5(PO4)3 OH).
ABRASIVES, LIKE THE DENTAL POLISHING AGENTS USED IN
DENTISTS’ OFFICES, ALSO CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF
ENAMEL EROSION WHICH IS TERMED “POLISHING” ACTION.
SOME
BRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA, WHICH ACTS AS
A MILD ABRASIVE, AND ALSO ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING
GLITTERY SHIMMER TO THE PASTE. THE POLISHING OF
TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH SURFACES, BUT HAS
NOT BEEN SHOWN TO IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND
9. ABOVE THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND
CALCULS.
FLUORIDES:-
FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST POPULAR ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE TO PREVENT CAVITIES.
FLUORIDES OCCUR IN SMALL AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS
AND SOME NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL
FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON
THE FORMATION OF DENTAL ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM
FLUORIDE (NaF) IS THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF
FLUORIDE, BUT STANNOUS FLUORIDE (SnF), OLAFLURS (AN
ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND SODIUM
MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (Na2 PO3 F) ARE ALSO USED.
STANNOUS FLUROIDE HAS BEEN SHOWN TO BE MORE
EFFECTIVE THAN SODIUM FLUROIDE IN REDUCING THE
INCIDENCE OF DENTAL CAREIESAND CONTROLLING
GINGIVITIS.
MUCH OF THE TOOTHPASTE SOLD IN THE ‘UNITED
STATES HAS 1000 TO 1100 PARTS PER MILLON FLUROIDE. IN
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE UK OR GREECE, THE
FLUORIDE CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A NaF OF 0.312%
W/W (1,450 PPM FLUORIDE) IS NOT UNCOMMON.
10. SURFACANTS:-
MANY, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL, TOOOTHPASTE CONTAIN
SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (SLS) OR RELATED SURFACTANTS
(DETERGENTS). SLS IS WELL, SUCH AS SHAMPOO, AND IS
MAINLY A FOAMING AGENTS, WHICH ENABLES UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTHPASTE, IMPROVING ITS CLEANSING
POWER.
OTHER COMPONENTS:-
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:-
TRICLOSAN, AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, IS A COMMON
TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
TRICLOSAN OR ZINC CHLORIDE PREVENT GINGIVITIS AND,
ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION, HELPS
REDUCE TARTAR AND BAD BREADTH. A 2006 REVIEW OF
CLINICAL RESEARCH CONCLUDED THERE WAS EVIDENCE FOR
PLAQUE AND GIGNIVITIS.
FLAVORANTS:-
TOOTHPASTE COMES IN A VARIETY OF COLOURS AND
FLAVORS INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE USE OF THE PRODUCT.
THREE MOST COMMON FLAVORANTS ARE
PEPPERMINT,SPEARMINT AND WINTERGREEN. TOOTHPASTE
FLAVORED WITH PEPPERMINT-ANISE OIL IS POPULAR IN
MEDITERRANEAN REGION. THESE FLOVORS ARE PROVIDEED
11. BY THE RESPECTIVE OILS, E.G. PEPPERMINT OIL. MORE
EXOTIC FLAVORS INCLUDE, ANETHOLE ANISE, APRICOT,
BUBBLEGUM, CINNAMON, FENNNEL, LAVANDER, NEEM,
GINGER, VANILLA, LEMON, ORANGE AND PINE. MORE
UNUSUAL FLAVORS HAVE BEEN USED, E.G. PEANUT BUTTER,
ICED TEA, AND EVEN WHISKY. UNFLAVORED TOOTHPASTES
EXIST.
REMINERALIZER:-
HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCRYSTALS AND CALCIUM
PHOSPHATE ARE INCLUDED IN SOME FORULATIONS FOR
REMINERALIZATION, I.E. THE REFORMATION OF ENAMEL.
MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS:-
AGENTS ARE ADDED TO SUPPRESS THE TENDENCY OF
TOOTHPASTE TO DRY INTO A POWDER. INCLUDED ARE
VARIOUS SUGAR ALCOHOLS , SUCH AS GLYCEROL, SORBITOL,
OR XYLITOL, OR RELATED DERIVATIVES,SUCH AS 1,2-
PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL
STRONTIUM CHLORIDE OR POTASSIUM NITRATE IS INCLUDED
IN SOME TOOTHPASTES TO REDUCES SENSITIVITY. SODIUM
POLYPHOSPHATE IS ADDED TO MINIMIZE THE FORMATION
OF TARTAR.
12. COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE: - WHITE
EXPEERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE APART OF
THE SOLUTION AND ADD
MgSO4 SOLUTION.
FORMATION
WHITE OF PPT
CO3
2-
CONFIRMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE(1-2ML)
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
Ca2+
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIUM MIXTURE
(MIXTURE OF NH4Cl AND
NH4OH)
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
PO4
2-
CONFRIMED.
ACIDIFY A PORTION OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
WITH DILUTE HNO3.
BOIL AND COOL AND
ADD AgNO3
A YELLOW PPT IS
FORMED WHICH
IS IN SOLUBLE IN
NH4OH
I- IS
CONFRIMED
TAKE SMALL QUANTITY
OF SOLUTION AND ADD
OXALIC ACID
SMELLS LIKE
THAT OF
VINEGAR
CH3COO-
PREPARE THE PASTE OF
IT WITH A FEW DROPS
OF WATER RUB AND
SMELL
TO ONE PART OF
SOLUTION ADD KI
NO REACTION Pb ABSENT
13. TO ONE PART OF THE
SOLUTION ADD SOLID
NH4OH IN SLIGHT
EXCESS AND THEN ADD
AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED
Mg PRESENT
CHEMICAL REACTION:-
CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4
2-(WHITE PPT)
CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O4→2CHCOONa+
Ca2O4
NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl +H2O
I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT).
(COOH)2+2CH3COONA→ NO REACTION
Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
MgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NH4 +H2O
14. TEST ON COLGATE
COLOUR OF PASTE: - WHITE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF THE
SOLUTION AND ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
CO3
2-
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
Ca2+
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIA
MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF
NH4OH) AND ALLOW
TO STAND
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
PO4 CONFRIMED
ACIDIFY A PORTION OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
WITH DILUTE
HCL.BOIL AND COOL
AND ADD AgNO3
A YELLOW PPT IS
FORMED WHICH IS
INSOLUBLE IN
NH4OH
I- CONFRIMED
TAKE A SMALL
QUANTITY OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
OXALIC ACID
SMELL LIKE THAT
OF VIEGAR
CH3COO ABSENT
PREPARE THE PASTE
OF IT WITH FEW
15. DROPS OF WATER RUB
AND SMELL
TAKE ONE PART OF
SOLUTION ADD KI
NO REACTION PB ABSENT
TO ONE PART OF THE
SOLUTION ADD SOLID
NH4OH IN SLIGHT
EXCESS THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED.
Mg PRESENT
IONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4
2-
CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
(COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H2O
16. TEST ON CLOSE UP.
COLOUR OF THE PASTE: - RED GEL
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF THE
SOLUTION AND ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
CO3
2-
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
AMMONIUM OXALIC
(1-2ML) AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
Ca2+
CONFRIMED
TAKE A PART OF
SOLUTION AND ADD
MAGNESIA
MIXTURE(MIXTURE OF
NH4OH) AND ALLOW
TO STAND
FORMATION OF
WHITE PPT
PO4 CONFRIMED
ACIDIFY A PORTION OF
AQUEOUS SOLUTION
WITH DILUTE
HNO3.BOIL AND COOL
AND ADD AgNO3
FORMATION
WHITE PPT
I- CONFRIMED
TAKE A SMALL
QUANTITY OF
SOLUTION AND ADD KI
FORMATION
WHITE PPT
CH3COO
PRESENT
17. TAKE ONE PART OF
SOLUTION ADD KI
FORMATION
WHITE PPT
PB ABSENT
TO ONE PART OF THE
SOLUTION ADD SOLID
NH4OH IN SLIGHT
EXCESS THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
A WHITE PPT IS
FORMED.
Mg PRESENT
IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3, CH3COO
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT)
CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
(COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+H2O
18. CONCLUSION:-
HENCE AFTER TESTING DIFFERENT SAMPLES OF
TOOTHPASTE, WE FIND THAT COLGATE HAS ALL NECESSARY
FOR STRONGER AND WHITER TEETH.
ANIONS:- CATIONS:-
OH-
SO4
2-
CO3
2-
CL-
Br -
I -
NO3
-
H+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Fe3+
Fe2+
NH4
+
SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS EXPERIMENT:-
WEAR EYE PROTECTION. AMMONIA SOLUTION CAUSES
BURNS AND GIVES OFF AMMONIA VAPOURS WHICH
IRRITATES THE EYES, LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN CAUSE BURNS AND IS
DANGEROUS TO THE EYES.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID CAN CAUSE BURNS.
BARIUM CHLORIDE IS HARMFUL BY INHALATION AN IF
SWALLOWED.
NITRIC ACID CAUSES BURNS.
