Dna replication
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DNA replication involves the unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase to expose single strands. DNA polymerase III then synthesizes new strands in the 5' to 3' direction by adding nucleotides to the leading strand continuously and through Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. DNA ligase seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments.
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DNA replication begins at origins of replication where proteins recognize specific sequences and attach to DNA. The two strands then separate, forming a replication bubble.
DNA helicase unwinds the strands to prevent knot formation while topoisomerase prevents rewinding. Leading strand synthesis proceeds continuously from 5' to 3' toward the replication fork, using RNA primers made by primase. Lagging strand synthesis occurs discontinuously away from the fork, producing Okazaki fragments joined by ligase. DNA polymerase and ligase complete the process, forming two new double helix strands.
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Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
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Dna replication
- 2. The Process involve :
- 3. POLYMERASE DNA POLYMERASE III DNA POLYMERASE I SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEIN HELICASE LIGASE
- 4. unwind or ‘unzip’ the DNA helix at replication fork to allow the resulting single strand to be copied
- 5. POLYMERASE polymerises nucleotide triphosphate in a ‘5’ to ‘3’ direction. The enzyme synthesise RNA primase to act as a template for future okazaki fragment to build on to.
- 6. in charge of synthesizing nucleotides onto the leading end in the classic ‘5’ to ‘3’ direction.
- 7. Synthesizing nucleotides onto primers on the lagging strand, forming Okazaki fragment
- 8. “gluing” together Okazaki fragment on area that DNA polymerase l is unable to synthesize
- 9. • Holding the replication fork of DNA open while polymerases read the templates and prepare for synthesizing