psychology

1. The Psychoanalytic and
Psychosocial Approach

2. Chapter Outline
Sigmund Freud discovers the
unconscious
Freudian theory of personality
Application: Psychoanalysis
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3. Topographic Model
Personality is divided into different
levels of awareness
Conscious: Thoughts a person is
currently aware of
Preconscious: Retrievable
information
Unconscious: Thoughts that cannot
be easily brought into awareness
 Except under extreme situations
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4. Structural Model
Divides personality into the id, the
ego, and the superego
Id: Personality structure at birth
Actions are based on pleasure
principle and wish fulfillment
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5. Structural Model
 Ego: Satisfies id impulses, but takes into
consideration the realities of the world
 Actions are based on reality principle
 Superego: Represents society’s values and
standards
 Provides ideals to determine if a behavior is
virtuous
 Powerful superego leads to moral anxiety
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6. Libido and Thanatos
Instinct - Strong internal forces that
motivates human behavior
Referred as drives or instincts
Categories of instincts
Libido - Life or sexual instinct
Thanatos - Death or aggressive
instinct
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7. Libido and Thanatos
Most human behavior is attributed
to the life instinct
Includes action aimed at receiving
pleasure
Death instinct is turned outward and
expressed as aggression against
others
Wish to die remains unconscious
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8. Freud's Eros: The Life Drive
 Sometimes referred to as sexual
instincts, the life drive deals with basic
survival, pleasure, and reproduction.
While we tend to think of life instincts in
terms of sexual procreation, these
drives also include instincts such as
thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance. The
energy created by the life drive is known
as libido.

9. Defense Mechanisms
Techniques of ego to deal with
unwanted thoughts and desires and
reduce or avoid anxiety
Repression
Active effort by the ego to push
threatening material out of
consciousness
Requires constant expand of energy
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10. Defense Mechanisms
 Sublimation
 Channelling threatening unconscious
impulses into socially acceptable actions
 Productive in nature
 Displacement
 Channelling impulses to nonthreatening
objects
 Displaced impulses do not lead to social
rewards
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11. Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Refusal to accept that certain facts
exist
Extreme form of defense
Makes a person less realistic
Reaction formation
Acting in a manner opposite to
threatening unconscious desires
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12. Defense Mechanisms
 Intellectualization
 Removal of emotional content from the
thought
 Helps bring difficult thoughts into
consciousness without anxiety
 Projection
 Attributing unconscious impulse to other
people
 Frees a person from the perception that
he/she is the one who holds a certain thought
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14. Psychosexual Stages of
Development
 Sequence of development made up of
stages characterized by primary erogenous
zones and sexual desires
 Each stage has a specific influence on
the adult personality
 Adult personalities of people are greatly
influenced by the events of early childhood
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15. Psychosexual Stages of
Development
 Fixation - Stagnation of psychic energy
 Results when a child is unable to move
through a particular stage
 Oral stage
 First 18 months of life
 Primary erogenous zones - Mouth, lips, and
tongue
 Feeding problems can result in fixation and
development of an oral personality
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16. Psychosexual Stages of Development
 Anal stage
 Primary erogenous zone - Anal region
 Children are toilet trained
 Traumatic toilet training can result in fixation
and development of an anal personality
 Phallic stage
 Ages 3 to 6
 Primary erogenous zone - Penis or clitoris
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17. Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Oedipus complex - Children develop a
sexual attraction for their opposite-sex
parent
Boys develop castration anxiety and
girls develop penis envy
Eventually the children repress their
desire for their opposite-sex parent
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18. Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Latency stage
Sexual desires abate
Boys and girls are uninterested in each
other
Genital stage
Initiated at puberty
Primary erogenous zone - Adult genital
regions
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