This document summarizes the views of several philosophers on language, mind, and consciousness. It discusses Blaise Pascal's view that imagination is a powerful force that can lead us to truth or error. It also outlines Noam Chomsky's theory of language being biologically determined and having deep and surface structures. Finally, it notes John Searle's view that consciousness is a real subjective experience caused by the brain, and David Chalmers' "hard problem of consciousness" regarding why feelings accompany awareness.
The document discusses different types of lexical (word) relations:
1. Synonymy - Words with closely related meanings that can often be substituted, like "broad" and "wide". Not all synonyms have total sameness of meaning.
2. Antonymy - Words with opposite meanings, divided into gradable (e.g. "big"/"small") and non-gradable (e.g. "alive"/"dead") pairs.
3. Hyponymy - A hierarchical relationship where the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another more general word, like "daffodil" is a type of "flower".
Hi Guys.. This is the best presentation on Text Linguistics... I have spend 9 hours with my friend Aitsam Haider to make it excellent for all of us. Insha Allah after reading it your concept about linguistics will be quit Clear....
A Try For Best material on Text Linguistics from The Students of Institute of Southern Punjab Multan M.A English 3rd semester...
This document provides an overview of cognitive grammar, which views grammar as fully reducible to assemblies of symbolic structures linking semantic and phonological representations. It claims that grammar forms a continuum with the lexicon and is meaningful. Grammatical units pair semantic and phonological structures, just as lexical items do. Grammar is shaped by semantic and pragmatic factors. Cognitive grammar analyzes linguistic units in terms of conceptualization, construal, and symbolic linking between semantic and phonological structures. It views grammar as a means of symbolizing conceptual content through imagic construals.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semantics, including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Speaker meaning differs from sentence meaning.
- A theory is a framework that explains facts in a coherent, economical way. The truth of sentences depends on the reference of expressions.
- Utterances are instances of language use. Sentences are abstract strings of words. Propositions describe states of affairs expressed by declarative sentences.
- Referring expressions refer to things in the world. Sense is an expression's meaning and relationship to other expressions. Predicates contribute to sentence meaning without referring.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. There are two aspects of meaning - speaker meaning which is what a speaker intends to convey, and sentence meaning which is the objective meaning of words and sentences. A theory of semantics attempts to establish a precise framework for describing meaning. Key concepts in semantics include references which link language to real world objects, senses which describe relationships within a language, predicates which express properties, and analytic versus synthetic sentences.
The document discusses the concepts of sense, reference, referring expressions, and equative sentences in semantics. It defines sense as the meaning or concept underlying a word, phrase, or sentence based on its relationships with other linguistic elements. Reference relates parts of language to things in the world. Referring expressions refer to particular people or things, while some expressions only refer depending on context. Equative sentences assert the identity of two referring expressions.
This document summarizes the views of several philosophers on language, mind, and consciousness. It discusses Blaise Pascal's view that imagination is a powerful force that can lead us to truth or error. It also outlines Noam Chomsky's theory of language being biologically determined and having deep and surface structures. Finally, it notes John Searle's view that consciousness is a real subjective experience caused by the brain, and David Chalmers' "hard problem of consciousness" regarding why feelings accompany awareness.
The document discusses different types of lexical (word) relations:
1. Synonymy - Words with closely related meanings that can often be substituted, like "broad" and "wide". Not all synonyms have total sameness of meaning.
2. Antonymy - Words with opposite meanings, divided into gradable (e.g. "big"/"small") and non-gradable (e.g. "alive"/"dead") pairs.
3. Hyponymy - A hierarchical relationship where the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another more general word, like "daffodil" is a type of "flower".
Hi Guys.. This is the best presentation on Text Linguistics... I have spend 9 hours with my friend Aitsam Haider to make it excellent for all of us. Insha Allah after reading it your concept about linguistics will be quit Clear....
A Try For Best material on Text Linguistics from The Students of Institute of Southern Punjab Multan M.A English 3rd semester...
This document provides an overview of cognitive grammar, which views grammar as fully reducible to assemblies of symbolic structures linking semantic and phonological representations. It claims that grammar forms a continuum with the lexicon and is meaningful. Grammatical units pair semantic and phonological structures, just as lexical items do. Grammar is shaped by semantic and pragmatic factors. Cognitive grammar analyzes linguistic units in terms of conceptualization, construal, and symbolic linking between semantic and phonological structures. It views grammar as a means of symbolizing conceptual content through imagic construals.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in semantics, including:
- Semantics is the study of meaning in language. Speaker meaning differs from sentence meaning.
- A theory is a framework that explains facts in a coherent, economical way. The truth of sentences depends on the reference of expressions.
- Utterances are instances of language use. Sentences are abstract strings of words. Propositions describe states of affairs expressed by declarative sentences.
- Referring expressions refer to things in the world. Sense is an expression's meaning and relationship to other expressions. Predicates contribute to sentence meaning without referring.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language. There are two aspects of meaning - speaker meaning which is what a speaker intends to convey, and sentence meaning which is the objective meaning of words and sentences. A theory of semantics attempts to establish a precise framework for describing meaning. Key concepts in semantics include references which link language to real world objects, senses which describe relationships within a language, predicates which express properties, and analytic versus synthetic sentences.
The document discusses the concepts of sense, reference, referring expressions, and equative sentences in semantics. It defines sense as the meaning or concept underlying a word, phrase, or sentence based on its relationships with other linguistic elements. Reference relates parts of language to things in the world. Referring expressions refer to particular people or things, while some expressions only refer depending on context. Equative sentences assert the identity of two referring expressions.
The document discusses applied linguistics and interdisciplines. It defines applied linguistics as using linguistic theories and methods to solve language problems in other fields. The history of applied linguistics is discussed, along with its aims to study language learning and teaching and solve related problems. Interdisciplines that applied linguistics interacts with are sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and various applied areas like education, speech therapy, computing, and international relations.
This document discusses language and the mind from several perspectives. It covers Universal Grammar and its relevance, the relationship between language and the mind including psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and cognitive science. It also discusses theories of the mind-body problem including dualism, materialism, idealism, and monism. Finally, it discusses Chomsky's theory of mentalism and innateness as well as the relationship between language and the structure and lateralization of the brain.
Contrastive analysis and error analysis are approaches to understanding second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis focuses on differences between a learner's first language and the target language, believing errors stem from transferring habits from the first language. Error analysis takes a more scientific view, seeing language acquisition as a cognitive process and errors as natural reflections of developing linguistic rules. Interlanguage theory posits learners develop their own internal language system, not an imperfect copy of the target language. Various taxonomies classify types of errors learners make.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics and its relationship to discourse analysis. It discusses how pragmatics looks at meaning in relation to context and background knowledge. Key aspects of pragmatics discussed include speech act theory, implicature, presupposition, and politeness principles. Speech act theory examines the performative functions of language like statements, requests, promises. Implicature refers to implied meanings beyond what is literally said. Presupposition involves shared background assumptions. Politeness principles govern how people communicate to maintain social harmony. The document provides examples and references prominent pragmatics scholars like Grice, Searle, and Lakoff.
Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary and words. It has two main subfields: general lexicology which studies words irrespective of language, and special lexicology which studies the vocabulary of a specific language. Special lexicology can be further divided into synchronic lexicology, which looks at vocabulary at a single time period, and diachronic lexicology which studies how vocabulary changes over time. Lexicology is concerned with individual words, their structure and meaning, and how vocabulary is used in a language as a whole. It is connected to other fields like grammar, phonetics, stylistics and sociolinguistics as vocabulary interacts with these other aspects of language. Semantics is the study of word
Psycholinguistics is the study of the cognitive processes underlying language acquisition, production, and comprehension. It investigates how the human mind processes language and the relationship between language and the brain. Key areas of focus include language comprehension, production, and acquisition. Language comprehension involves deriving meaning from spoken or written language and is thought to occur mainly in Wernicke's area of the brain. Language production describes the stages between having a concept and translating it into linguistic form. Language acquisition refers to how humans develop the ability to use and understand language.
This document discusses the field of corpus linguistics and its relationship to other fields like cognitive linguistics and lexicography. It makes the following key points:
1. Corpus linguistics believes language should be studied through large collections of real-world texts rather than through intuition. It focuses on patterns between words and their meanings in context.
2. While corpus linguistics has influenced fields like lexicography, it is still developing its own theoretical foundations, especially regarding semantics.
3. Corpus linguistics differs from cognitive linguistics in that it sees meaning as arising from language use rather than internal mental representations. It studies what meaning expressions convey based on how language communities use them.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on linguistics. It discusses the key properties of human languages, including productivity, creativity, flexibility, compositionality, and the combination of basic units through rules. Productivity refers to the ability of languages to generate an unlimited number of sentences. Most words and sentences are rare based on Zipf's law. Compositionality allows humans to understand novel sentences by recognizing the meanings of parts and how they are combined. The creativity of language use refers to human choices in communication, which remain mysterious.
The document discusses first language acquisition and second language acquisition. It defines a first language as the language learned from birth or in early childhood. It notes that a person can have more than one first language. Second language acquisition refers to learning additional languages after the first one. Key aspects of second language acquisition discussed include the target language being learned, as well as linguistic, psychological, and social frameworks for studying the process of second language acquisition.
- Second language acquisition refers to learning a second language after already acquiring a first language, either as a child or adult. It is a different process than acquiring a first language.
- Learners often transfer rules from their first language when learning a second language, which can lead to errors. However, with exposure to the second language, learners develop internal grammars to structure it.
- Younger learners have an advantage in acquiring native-like competence in a second language compared to older learners, due to biological factors. However, with sustained exposure and study, even adults can become proficient second language speakers.
Linguistics is the systematic study of human language that lies at the crossroads of the humanities and social sciences. It combines intuition and scientific approaches to analyze language. Linguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It examines the sound systems of languages, word and sentence formation, meaning, and how context impacts language use. The goal is to describe and explain patterns in language.
Krashen's theory of second language acquisition includes five main hypotheses: 1) The acquisition-learning hypothesis distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, 2) The natural order hypothesis states that grammar is acquired in a predictable order, 3) The monitor hypothesis explains that conscious learning acts as an editor, 4) The input hypothesis argues that language is acquired through comprehensible input, and 5) The affective filter hypothesis posits that emotional variables can impede or facilitate language acquisition. Krashen's monitor model and hypotheses have significantly influenced second language teaching methods.
This document presents the pros and cons of making English a global language. The pros include English serving as a lingua franca for international communication, its role as the language of business and multinational companies, and its potential to promote harmony. However, the cons are the potential disappearance of native languages as English dominates, a loss of cultural diversity as local languages decline, and threats to social and ethnic identities. In conclusion, while English enables widespread communication, its global dominance risks minor languages vanishing and social inequities increasing between those who can or cannot speak English proficiently.
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics according to Geoffrey Leech:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves the social and cultural values associated with a word.
3. Social meaning depends on aspects of society and dialect.
4. Affective meaning refers to the emotions and attitudes conveyed.
5. Reflective meaning involves multiple conceptual meanings from a single sense.
6. Collocative meaning consists of associations acquired based on common words in the environment.
7. Thematic meaning is communicated through how the message is organized, ordered and emphasized.
The document discusses postcolonial translation theory and strategies in the Americas. It provides details on:
1) The Zapatista peace talks between indigenous groups in Chiapas, Mexico, which highlighted challenges of representation and translation between different languages and cultures.
2) Lawrence Venuti's theory of "foreignizing translation" which aims to resist domestication of foreign texts and preserve linguistic and cultural differences.
3) Criticisms of Venuti's theory as potentially elitist and a new form of manipulation of postcolonial cultures.
4) The approach of Quebec feminists like Nicole Brossard who see translation as a creative, interconnected process with original writing rather than a subordinate practice.
Text linguistics is the study of text as a product or process. It examines how texts are created and understood based on seven principles of textuality: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, contextuality, and intertextuality. Cohesion describes how components of sentences are connected through devices like reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Coherence refers to how interpreters make sense of a text based on their world knowledge. Intentionality and acceptability concern the relationship between the text producer's intention and the receiver's willingness to accept the text.
Classroom Interaction and Second Language Acquisitiondehsheikhi
Classroom interaction plays a fundamental role in second language acquisition. Research has developed systems to analyze classroom discourse and identify its characteristics. Teacher-centered classroom discourse typically follows an initiation-response-feedback structure. Different frameworks have also categorized types of language use in the classroom, including whether the focus is on linguistic forms or meaningful communication. Classroom turn-taking is typically controlled by the teacher to manage transitions, with students having less autonomy to initiate discussions.
This document discusses different types of reference in language. It defines reference as the relationship between words and the people, objects, or ideas they refer to. There are several types of reference:
Exophoric reference refers to things outside the text, while endophoric reference refers to other parts of the text. Endophoric reference can be further broken down into anaphoric reference, which refers back to something already mentioned, and cataphoric reference, which refers forward. The document also discusses substitution and ellipsis as other cohesive devices in language.
The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including speaker's meaning, context, deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and felicity conditions. It defines pragmatics as the study of what speakers mean, including how context and assumptions influence meaning. It contrasts pragmatics with semantics and discusses how pragmatics analyzes social and contextual aspects of language use.
The document discusses applied linguistics and interdisciplines. It defines applied linguistics as using linguistic theories and methods to solve language problems in other fields. The history of applied linguistics is discussed, along with its aims to study language learning and teaching and solve related problems. Interdisciplines that applied linguistics interacts with are sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and various applied areas like education, speech therapy, computing, and international relations.
This document discusses language and the mind from several perspectives. It covers Universal Grammar and its relevance, the relationship between language and the mind including psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and cognitive science. It also discusses theories of the mind-body problem including dualism, materialism, idealism, and monism. Finally, it discusses Chomsky's theory of mentalism and innateness as well as the relationship between language and the structure and lateralization of the brain.
Contrastive analysis and error analysis are approaches to understanding second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis focuses on differences between a learner's first language and the target language, believing errors stem from transferring habits from the first language. Error analysis takes a more scientific view, seeing language acquisition as a cognitive process and errors as natural reflections of developing linguistic rules. Interlanguage theory posits learners develop their own internal language system, not an imperfect copy of the target language. Various taxonomies classify types of errors learners make.
This document provides an overview of pragmatics and its relationship to discourse analysis. It discusses how pragmatics looks at meaning in relation to context and background knowledge. Key aspects of pragmatics discussed include speech act theory, implicature, presupposition, and politeness principles. Speech act theory examines the performative functions of language like statements, requests, promises. Implicature refers to implied meanings beyond what is literally said. Presupposition involves shared background assumptions. Politeness principles govern how people communicate to maintain social harmony. The document provides examples and references prominent pragmatics scholars like Grice, Searle, and Lakoff.
Lexicology is the branch of linguistics that studies vocabulary and words. It has two main subfields: general lexicology which studies words irrespective of language, and special lexicology which studies the vocabulary of a specific language. Special lexicology can be further divided into synchronic lexicology, which looks at vocabulary at a single time period, and diachronic lexicology which studies how vocabulary changes over time. Lexicology is concerned with individual words, their structure and meaning, and how vocabulary is used in a language as a whole. It is connected to other fields like grammar, phonetics, stylistics and sociolinguistics as vocabulary interacts with these other aspects of language. Semantics is the study of word
Psycholinguistics is the study of the cognitive processes underlying language acquisition, production, and comprehension. It investigates how the human mind processes language and the relationship between language and the brain. Key areas of focus include language comprehension, production, and acquisition. Language comprehension involves deriving meaning from spoken or written language and is thought to occur mainly in Wernicke's area of the brain. Language production describes the stages between having a concept and translating it into linguistic form. Language acquisition refers to how humans develop the ability to use and understand language.
This document discusses the field of corpus linguistics and its relationship to other fields like cognitive linguistics and lexicography. It makes the following key points:
1. Corpus linguistics believes language should be studied through large collections of real-world texts rather than through intuition. It focuses on patterns between words and their meanings in context.
2. While corpus linguistics has influenced fields like lexicography, it is still developing its own theoretical foundations, especially regarding semantics.
3. Corpus linguistics differs from cognitive linguistics in that it sees meaning as arising from language use rather than internal mental representations. It studies what meaning expressions convey based on how language communities use them.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on linguistics. It discusses the key properties of human languages, including productivity, creativity, flexibility, compositionality, and the combination of basic units through rules. Productivity refers to the ability of languages to generate an unlimited number of sentences. Most words and sentences are rare based on Zipf's law. Compositionality allows humans to understand novel sentences by recognizing the meanings of parts and how they are combined. The creativity of language use refers to human choices in communication, which remain mysterious.
The document discusses first language acquisition and second language acquisition. It defines a first language as the language learned from birth or in early childhood. It notes that a person can have more than one first language. Second language acquisition refers to learning additional languages after the first one. Key aspects of second language acquisition discussed include the target language being learned, as well as linguistic, psychological, and social frameworks for studying the process of second language acquisition.
- Second language acquisition refers to learning a second language after already acquiring a first language, either as a child or adult. It is a different process than acquiring a first language.
- Learners often transfer rules from their first language when learning a second language, which can lead to errors. However, with exposure to the second language, learners develop internal grammars to structure it.
- Younger learners have an advantage in acquiring native-like competence in a second language compared to older learners, due to biological factors. However, with sustained exposure and study, even adults can become proficient second language speakers.
Linguistics is the systematic study of human language that lies at the crossroads of the humanities and social sciences. It combines intuition and scientific approaches to analyze language. Linguistics includes the study of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. It examines the sound systems of languages, word and sentence formation, meaning, and how context impacts language use. The goal is to describe and explain patterns in language.
Krashen's theory of second language acquisition includes five main hypotheses: 1) The acquisition-learning hypothesis distinguishes between subconscious acquisition and conscious learning, 2) The natural order hypothesis states that grammar is acquired in a predictable order, 3) The monitor hypothesis explains that conscious learning acts as an editor, 4) The input hypothesis argues that language is acquired through comprehensible input, and 5) The affective filter hypothesis posits that emotional variables can impede or facilitate language acquisition. Krashen's monitor model and hypotheses have significantly influenced second language teaching methods.
This document presents the pros and cons of making English a global language. The pros include English serving as a lingua franca for international communication, its role as the language of business and multinational companies, and its potential to promote harmony. However, the cons are the potential disappearance of native languages as English dominates, a loss of cultural diversity as local languages decline, and threats to social and ethnic identities. In conclusion, while English enables widespread communication, its global dominance risks minor languages vanishing and social inequities increasing between those who can or cannot speak English proficiently.
This document discusses the seven types of meaning in semantics according to Geoffrey Leech:
1. Conceptual meaning refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word.
2. Connotative meaning involves the social and cultural values associated with a word.
3. Social meaning depends on aspects of society and dialect.
4. Affective meaning refers to the emotions and attitudes conveyed.
5. Reflective meaning involves multiple conceptual meanings from a single sense.
6. Collocative meaning consists of associations acquired based on common words in the environment.
7. Thematic meaning is communicated through how the message is organized, ordered and emphasized.
The document discusses postcolonial translation theory and strategies in the Americas. It provides details on:
1) The Zapatista peace talks between indigenous groups in Chiapas, Mexico, which highlighted challenges of representation and translation between different languages and cultures.
2) Lawrence Venuti's theory of "foreignizing translation" which aims to resist domestication of foreign texts and preserve linguistic and cultural differences.
3) Criticisms of Venuti's theory as potentially elitist and a new form of manipulation of postcolonial cultures.
4) The approach of Quebec feminists like Nicole Brossard who see translation as a creative, interconnected process with original writing rather than a subordinate practice.
Text linguistics is the study of text as a product or process. It examines how texts are created and understood based on seven principles of textuality: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, acceptability, informativity, contextuality, and intertextuality. Cohesion describes how components of sentences are connected through devices like reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. Coherence refers to how interpreters make sense of a text based on their world knowledge. Intentionality and acceptability concern the relationship between the text producer's intention and the receiver's willingness to accept the text.
Classroom Interaction and Second Language Acquisitiondehsheikhi
Classroom interaction plays a fundamental role in second language acquisition. Research has developed systems to analyze classroom discourse and identify its characteristics. Teacher-centered classroom discourse typically follows an initiation-response-feedback structure. Different frameworks have also categorized types of language use in the classroom, including whether the focus is on linguistic forms or meaningful communication. Classroom turn-taking is typically controlled by the teacher to manage transitions, with students having less autonomy to initiate discussions.
This document discusses different types of reference in language. It defines reference as the relationship between words and the people, objects, or ideas they refer to. There are several types of reference:
Exophoric reference refers to things outside the text, while endophoric reference refers to other parts of the text. Endophoric reference can be further broken down into anaphoric reference, which refers back to something already mentioned, and cataphoric reference, which refers forward. The document also discusses substitution and ellipsis as other cohesive devices in language.
The document discusses key concepts in pragmatics including speaker's meaning, context, deixis, reference, inference, anaphora, presupposition, speech acts, and felicity conditions. It defines pragmatics as the study of what speakers mean, including how context and assumptions influence meaning. It contrasts pragmatics with semantics and discusses how pragmatics analyzes social and contextual aspects of language use.
Муҳаммад Юсуф шеърларида эпифорик такрорferghanasoft
Quvasoy shahar 8-maktab ona tili va adabiyot fani o'qituvchisi Hilola Soipovaning "Муҳаммад Юсуф шеърларида эпифорик такрор" mavzusidagi ilmiy maqolasi
Quvasoy shahar 8-maktab ona tili va adabiyot fani o'qituvchisi Hilola Soipovaning "Такрор ёрдамида шаклланувчи қўшма гаплар" mavzusidagi ilmiy maqolasi
Tadbir: Alisher Navoiy tavalludi tadbiri senariysiferghanasoft
Quvasoy shahar 8-maktab ona tili va adabiyot fani o'qituvchisi Hilola Soipovaning Mir Alisher Navoiy tavalludining 574 yilligiga bag’ishlab o’tkazilgan tadbir dasturi
1. O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS
TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI
FARG‘ONA DAVLAT UNIVERSITETI
Qo‘lyozma huquqida
UDK: 412.0/8.08
Soipova Hilola Abduxamitovna
Badiiy nutqda qo‘shma gaplarning qo‘llanilishi
5A120102 – Lingvistika (o‘zbek tili) mutaxassisligi bo‘yicha magistr
akademik darajasini olish uchun
MAGISTRLIK
DISSERTATSIYA
Ilmiy rahbar:
filologiya fanlari doktori
prof. A.Mamajonov
FARG‘ONA – 2014
2. Mazkur tadqiqot ishi Farg‘ona davlat universiteti tilshunoslik kafedrasida
bajarilgan.
Kafedra mudiri: f.f.d. professor SH.
Iskandarova
Ilmiy rahbar: f.f.d. professor
A.Mamajonov
Rasmiy taqrizchi: f.f.nomzodi
O.Mamaziyaev
Yetakchi ilmiy muassasa: Andijon davlat
universiteti
Dissertatsiya bilan Farg‘ona davlat universiteti kutubxonasida tanishish mumkin.
3. MAGISTRLIK DISSERTATSIYASI ANNOTATSIYASI
Mavzuning dolzarbligi: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A. Karimov
ta’kidlaganlaridek, “...fan ijtimoiy jarayonlarga faol ta’sir etadigan, bizga, ya’ni
amaliyot xodimlariga ishimiz mazmuni va xarakterini belgilab beradigan, o‘zini-
o‘zi sozlab turadigan va o‘zini-o‘zi boshqaradigan sistemaga aylanishi kerak”,1.
Qo‘shma gaplar mavzusi tilshunoslikning keng o‘rganilgan sohalaridan biri bo‘lsa-
da, lekin haligacha bu mavzuga oid muammolar to‘liq hal etilgan, deb bo‘lmaydi.
Bunday muammolardan biri badiiy nutqda qo‘llanuvchi qo‘shma gaplar
masalasidir.
Tadqiqotning maqsad va vazifalari: Mazkur ishimizda qo‘shma gap
stilistikasi bo‘yicha vujudga kelgan muammolar, yangicha qarashlarni o‘rganish
orqali o‘zbek adabiy tili taraqqiyotiga doir yangi ilmiy qarashlar bilan boyitish
ko‘zda tutilgan.
Tadqiqot ob’ekti va predmeti: Badiiy asarlar, qo‘shma gap stilistikasiga oid
umumnazariy ma’lumotlar.
Tadqiqot uslubiyati va uslublari: Tadqiqotda A.Nurmonov, N.Mahmudov,
A.Mamajonov, M.Yo‘ldoshev va S.Boymirzaevalarning ilm-fan taraqqiyoti bilan
bog‘liq qarashlariga hamda dialektik falsafaning keng tarqalgan tadqiq usullariga
tayanildi.
Ishda tavsifiy, qiyoslash kabi metodlardan unumli foydalanildi.
Tadqiqot natijalarining ilmiy jihatdan yangiligi: Mazkur tadqiqotimizda
badiiy nutqqa xos qo‘shma gaplarning hamda ularda qo‘llanuvchi uslubiy – poetik
vositalar tizimini aniqlash.
Tadqiqot natijalarining amaliy ahamiyati va tatbiqi: Tadqiqot
natijalaridan oliy o‘quv yurtlari filologiya fakultetlarida, nutq madaniyati fanlarini
o‘qitishda manba, hamda bu yo‘nalishda o‘quv qo‘llanmalari yaratishda
foydalanish mumkin.
1 Каримов И.А. Ўзбекистон мустақиликка эришиш остонасида. – Т. Ўзбекистон,2011. 81-б
4. Ish tuzilishi va tarkibi: Dissertatsiya kirish, uch asosiy bob, xulosa va
foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxatidan iborat .
Bajarilgan ishning asosiy natijalari: Ishning asosiy mazmuni avtoreferatda
va FarDU, AnDU da o‘tkazilgan an’anaviy ilmiy anjumanlarda e’lon qilingan 3 ta
tezisda o‘z ifodasini topgan.
Xulosa va takliflarning qisqacha umumlashtirilgan ifodasi: Badiiy
nutqda qo‘llanuvchi qo‘shma gaplar muammosi yuzasidan alohida ilmiy
tadqiqotlar olib borish mumkin. Badiiy nutq inson umummadaniyatining bir
ko‘rinishi hisoblanib, tasviriy vositalarga boyligi bilan ajralib turadi.
5. THE SUMMARY ON THE MAGISTR DISSERTATION
Actuality of theme: As our President confirms: “…scientific development
of uzbek language may serve to feel our motherland better Said our head of
government”. There are many works related to compound setences but we can not
say that all problems have been solved. One of such kind of problems is wing
compound sentences in belles – letter.
Aims and Tasks of research work: By this work I try to learn some
stylistic problems of compound sentences, Also to be enriched uzbek language
with the latest views of scientist.
Object and Subject of research work: General theoretical information
about stylistic of belles – letter and compound sentences.
Method and Methodology of research work: The work depends on views
whichconned with developing of science by lingvstics such us Nurmonov,
Mahmudov, Mamajonov, Yoldoshev, Boymirzayev and also it took an account a
wide disperse views of dialn this work widely wed comparative method.
Scientific news of rusults research work: By this I coop means of
compoundsentences in seech.
Usig of research work in practice and its spread out: The research work
canbe wed as a handbook during study philology and teaching culture of speech.
Component and Structure of the work: MP hil consists of introduction,
three main chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
6. The main Results of research work: The main content af the work
expressed the abstract inscientific magazine “Far.Du” and also three thesees were
announced at the assembly in Andijan.
The short generalizedexpressionof a conclusionand offers: The problem
of wing compound sentences in speech can be researched spcialy.
7. Mundarija
Kirish................................................................................................................
I Bob. Qo‘shma gaplarning nutq uslublarida qo‘llanilishi.................................
1.1 Badiiy nutqda qo‘shma gaplarning qo‘llanishi..........................................
1.2. Badiiy nutq uslubida qo‘llanuvchi nisbiy olmosh yordamida shakllangan
ergash gapli qo‘shma gaplar........................................................
Bob uchun xulosa.............................................................................................
II Bob. Qo‘shma gapda qo‘llanuvchi badiiy tasvir vositalari..............................
2.1 Qo‘shma gaplarda takror..............................................................................
2.2 Sintaktik parallelizm.............................................................................
2.3 Qo‘shma gaplarda antiteza...........................................................................
2.4 Qo‘shma gaplarda struktural parallelizm..............................................
2.5. Qo‘shma gaplarda inversiya.........................................................................
Bob uchun xulosa.............................................................................
III Bob. Badiiy nutqda qo‘llanuvchi qo‘shma gap qismlari orasidagi
mazmuniy munosabatlar………………………………………………………….
3.1 Biriktirish va payt munosabati, ularning ifodalanishi...............
3.2 Shart-payt munosabati va ularning ifodalanishi.............................
3.3 Sabab – natija va izohlash munosabati, ularning ifodalanishi....
3.4 Zidlik va qiyoslash munosabati, ularning ifodalanishi....................
3.5 Maqsad, ayiruv va daraja-miqdor munosabatlari, ularning
ifodalanishi...........................................................................................................
Bob uchun xulosa.................................................................................
Xulosa………………………………………………………..
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro’yxati……………………….
8. Kirish
Dissertatsiya mavzusining asoslanishi va uning dolzarbligi.
O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti I.A. Karimov ta’kidlaganlaridek, “...fan
ijtimoiy jarayonlarga faol ta’sir etadigan, bizga, ya’ni amaliyot xodimlariga ishimiz
mazmuni va xarakterini belgilab beradigan, o‘zini-o‘zi sozlab turadigan va o‘zini-
o‘zi boshqaradigan sistemaga aylanishi kerak”2, qolaversa, “fikrlash tizimini
mustaqillik ruhiga moslashtirish, bir yoqlama va tor fikrlashdan voz kechish-
bugungi Ma’naviy tiklanish davrimizning eng muhim masalalaridan biridir”3.
Qo‘shma gap mavzusi ko‘p yillardan beri jahon va o‘zbek tilshunoslarining
diqqatini o‘ziga jalb etib kelayotgan muammolardan biri hisoblanadi. E’tirof etish
lozimki, bu mavzu tilshunoslikning keng o‘rganilgan sohalaridan biridir, lekin
haligacha bu mavzuga oid muammolar to‘liq hal etilgan, deb bo‘lmaydi.
Muammolarning asosiy sababi shundaki, qo‘shma gap fikr ifodasi jihatidan
sintaktik shaklning eng yuqori va murakkab ko‘rinishlaridan biridir. Shuning
uchun qo‘shma gap talqiniga bag‘ishlangan ilmiy- monografik tadqiqotlarda
haligacha bahstalab jumboqlar talaygina. Jumladan, qo‘shma gaplarning nutq
uslublarida qo‘llanishi, uslubiy- sintaktik figuralar, ularning funksional salmog‘ini
aniqlash, qo‘shma gapning ustpredikativ belgisi, uning sintaktik derivatsiyasiga
taalluqli muammolarni va umuman, “qo‘shma gap” atamasining qo‘llanilishi bilan
bog‘liq ko‘plab masalalarni kiritish mumkin.
Bunday muammmolardan biri badiiy nutqda qo‘llanuvchi qo‘shma gaplar
masalasidir. Qo‘shma gaplarning bu turida qismlardan anglashilgan mazmun
umumga qaratiladi. Badiiy nutqda qo‘llanuvchi qo‘shma gaplar masalasiga Alijon
Mamajonov tomonidan qisman qaratilgan bo‘lib, alohida tadqiqot ob’ekti sifatida
maxsus o‘rganilmagan4.
Tilshunos olimlarimiz fikriga qaraganda, xx asrning yigirmanchi yillarida
tilshunoslik fanida asosiy mavzulardan biri qo‘shma gap komponentlarining
2 Каримов И.А. Ўзбекистон мустақиликка эришиш остонасида. – Т. Ўзбекистон,2011. 81-б
3 Каримов И.А. Ўзбекистон – ХХI аср бўсағасида: хавсизликка таҳдид, барқарорлик шартлари ва тараққиёт
кафолатлари. – Т. Ўзбекистон, 1997. 150-151 -б
4 Мамажонов А. Қўшма гап стилистикаси.Тошкент, Фан: 1990.49-52 б.
9. munosabati va ularning turlarini o‘rganishdan iborat bo‘ldi. Bu masala tilshunoslar
o‘rtasida juda katta ilmiy bahs va munozaralarning kelib chiqishiga sabab bo‘ldi.
Tilshunos olim Behzod Turniyozovning ta’kidlashicha, bu munozaralar rus
tilshunosi M. N. Petersonning “Ocherki sintaksisa russkogo yazыka” nomli asarida
qo‘shma gap haqida bildirilgan fikrlaridan kelib chiqqan. Behzod Turniyozov
M.N. Peterson qo‘shma gap tarkibiy qismlarining tobe va teng bog‘lanishi
xususida tilshunoslar tomonidan aytilayotgan fikrlar g‘oyat chalkash va chuqur
ilmiy asosga ega emas, degan xulosaga kelganligini va: “Mavjud kriteriyalar bosh
gapni tobe gapdan, shuningdek, ergash bog‘lanishni teng bog‘lanishdan farqlash
uchun asos bo‘lolmaydi. Demak, ergash va teng bog‘lanish tushunchalarida
lingvistik ma’no yo‘q”, - degan fikrni bildirganini aytadi. Shuningdek, uning
fikricha M.N.Peterson nafaqat komponentlari teng bog‘lanishli, balki tarkibiy
qismlari ergash bog‘lanishli qo‘shma gap ham mavjud emas, degan qarashni ilgari
surgan. U qo‘shma gapga taalluqli sintaktik tadqiqotlarda teng va ergash
bog‘lanishlar xususida emas, balki so‘z birikmalarining o‘zaro munosabati haqida
mulohaza yuritish lozim deb hisoblaganini aytadi.5
5 Турниёзов Б. Ҳозирги ўзбек тилида тенг компонентли мураккаб синтактик қурилмалар деривацияси.
Самарқанд, 2008 й. 6-б.