This document describes a case of accidental displacement of a fractured mandibular third molar root fragment into the pterygomandibular space during a tooth extraction. A CT scan was used to precisely locate the displaced root fragment embedded in the medial pterygoid muscle. The root fragment was successfully retrieved through an intraoral approach by making an incision, removing bone, and using artery forceps for blunt dissection. Accidental displacement of root fragments is an uncommon complication that emphasizes the importance of proper surgical technique and visualization during difficult extractions to prevent displacement into adjacent anatomical areas.
Diagnosis is the first step in planning any treatment. For implant placement there are various diagnostic methods which are used prior to its placement inside the oral cavity.
Dr Rahul VC Tiwari - Novel Transoral Approach to the Posterolateral Maxilla and Infratemporal Region - 10th jc - DEPARTMENT OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY - SIBAR INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES, GUNTUR
Mandibular Third Molar Surgery in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Mana...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Diagnosis is the first step in planning any treatment. For implant placement there are various diagnostic methods which are used prior to its placement inside the oral cavity.
Dr Rahul VC Tiwari - Novel Transoral Approach to the Posterolateral Maxilla and Infratemporal Region - 10th jc - DEPARTMENT OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY - SIBAR INSTITUTE OF DENTAL SCIENCES, GUNTUR
Mandibular Third Molar Surgery in Patients with Oral Submucous Fibrosis: Mana...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Postoperative recovery after mandibular third molar surgery. By Dr. Akhila Damodar { dr.akhila.n@gmail.com }
This study sought to evaluate postoperative recovery after mandibular third molar surgery, with and without the use of sutures.
Effect of Surgery Difficulty According to Impaction Level on the Incidence of...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
efficiency of pendulum applaincefor molar distalization related to second &am...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
EDIC is pleased to announce a webinar with Dr. R. Bruce Donoff, the Dean at Harvard Dental School. Dr. Donoff’s presentation will cover the risk factors for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve injury after third molar extraction, as well as the proper documentation and follow up of nerve injuries. Dr. Donoff will also discuss the potential for recovery from paresthesia after surgical intervention. The webinar will be held on May 10, 2011 at 7:00 PM.
Management of impacted mandibular third molar /certified fixed orthodontic ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Neurosensory disturbances following surgucal removal of mandibular third mola...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Dr. Ahmed M. Adawy, Professor Emeritus, Dep. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. Former Dean, Faculty of Dental Medicine
Al-Azhar University. Impacted teeth can be defined as those prevented from eruption at the expected time due to physical barrier. The etiology, frequency of impactions are given. Classification systems are based on the depth, angulation, and available space. Complications associated with lower third molar impaction are discussed and methods of treatment are explained. Comparison between maxillary third molar and mandibular one is given. Upper canine is the second most commonly impacted tooth after third molars. It form the foundation of an esthetic smile. The management of impacted canine is interdisciplinary management comprises of a team of an orthodontist, oral surgeon, and periodontist.
Dr Rahul Tiwari OMFS SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Influence of tooth sectioning technique and various risk factors
in reducing the IAN injury following surgical removal
of an impacted mandibular third molar
Dr Rahul VC Tiwari - Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery - SIBAR Institute of Dental Sciences, Gunutr, Andhra Pradesh. Relationship between fracture of mandibular condyle and absence of unerupted mandibular third molar—a retrospective study
Position of the Mental Foramen in a Northern Regional Palestinian PopulationAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Background: The mental foramen is one of important anatomical features frequently encountered
in maxillofacial surgical procedures in premolars area. Its position has been shown to vary according to
race. In this study researchers aim to study the position, shape, and appearance of the mental foramen,
as seen on panoramic radiographs of Palestinians, and to compare our findings with international
values.
Materials and methods: A randomly selected panoramic radiographs (368 with 736 sides)
from the records of dental patients attending three dental services in north of Palestine, the mental
foramina’s anterior–posterior position, shape, and radiologic appearance were subjected to analysis.
Results: The most frequent anterior–posterior position was in the area between the long axes of
first and second mandibular premolar teeth. The most frequent appearance was the continuous type
and majority of foramina were rounded in shape.
Conclusion: The position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in this selected group
of Palestinians was most commonly between the mandibular premolars. The continuous type and
rounded shape of the mental foramen was founded in majority of cases. These results are similar to
previous findings in Caucasian populations.
Dental Transposition of Mandibular Canine and Lateral IncisorAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Dental transposition is a form of ectopic eruption with change in position of normal adjacent teeth. Its prevalence is very low in general population and could be frequently missed on oral examination. This article reports a case of early orthodontic treatment of a rare unilateral mandibular right lateral incisor – canine transposition
Clinical Approach of a Tooth with Radix Entomolaris and Five Root CanalsAbu-Hussein Muhamad
The endodontic treatment of a mandibular molar with aberrant canal configuration can be diagnostically and technically challenging. Radix Entomolaris (RE) is one such aberration where an extra root is present on the distolingual aspect of mandibular first molar . This article presents a case report of mandibular first molar with five root canals.
Taurodontism is a rare dental anomaly in which the involved tooth has an enlarged and elongated body and pulp chamber
with apical displacement of the pulpal floor. Endodontic treatment of a taurodont tooth is challenge to a clinician and
requires special handling because of the proximity and apical displacement of the roots. The present article describes the
diagnosis and management of hypertaurodontism by endodontic treatment in a left mandibular second molar.
Titanium Button With Chain by Watted For Orthodontic Traction of Impacted Ma...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Advances in bonding techniques and materials allow for reliable bracket placement on ectopically positioned teeth. This prospective study evaluates the outcome of forced orthodontic eruption of impacted canine teeth in both palatal and labial positions. Eighty-two impacted maxillary canines in 2200patients were included in the study and were observed for 2006 to 2013 ,in Center for Dentistry research and Aesthetics, Jatt/Israel after exposure. Following exposure by means of a palatal flap or an apically repositioned buccal flap, an orthodontic traction hook, with a Titanium Button with chain by Watted (Dentaurum) attached, was bonded to each impacted tooth using a light cured orthodontic resin cement. A periodontal dressing was placed over the surgical site for a period of time. All teeth were successfully erupted. Complications consisted of: failure of initial bond, at the time of surgery, which required rebonding; premature debonding at the time of pack removal and; debonding of brackets during orthodontic eruption. There was no infection, eruption failure, ankylosis, resorption or periodontal defect (pocket greater than 3 mm) associated with any of the exposed teeth. Forced orthodontic eruption of impacted maxillary canines with a well bonded orthodontic traction hook and ligation chain, used in conjunction with a palatal flap or an apically repositioned labial flap, results in predictable orthodontic eruption with few complications. Key Words: cuspid/surgery; orthodontics, corrective; tooth, impacted/therapy
Root Resection – A Dark Horse in Management Offurcation Involved Maxillary Mo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Displacement of a_mandibular_third_molar_root_fragment_into_the_pterygomandibular_space
1. 68 Australian Dental Journal 2002;47:1.
Displacement of a mandibular third molar root fragment
into the pterygomandibular space
V Tumuluri,* A Punnia-Moorthy†
Abstract
Displacement of root fragments into adjacent
anatomical areas is an uncommon complication of
the removal of teeth. This paper describes the
management of a mandibular third molar root
fragment that was forced into the antero-inferior
aspect of the pterygomandibular space. The
importance of tomographical radiographs in the
visualization of the displaced root is also discussed.
Key words: Complications, pterygomandibular space,
computed tomography (CT) scan, fenestration.
(Accepted for publication December 2000.)
reasoned that the displacement of teeth/root fragments
is due to improper diagnosis, poor selection of surgical
technique and incorrect use of surgical instruments.
This paper describes the diagnosis and management
of a case of accidental displacement of a fractured
mandibular third molar root fragment into the
pterygomandibular space.
CASE REPORT
A 28-year-old female patient was referred by a
general dentist for the management of a displaced root
of a lower right third molar (48). The patient gave a
history of having the 48 surgically extracted by a
general dentist nine days previously. She had been
informed of the difficulty with the extraction, the
possible lingual displacement of a root fragment and
was advised to have the root fragment removed at a
later appointment. However, the patient decided to
consult another general dentist who, following clinical
and radiographic assessment (orthopantamogram-
OPG), referred the patient to an oral and maxillofacial
surgeon for management.
On clinical examination the patient had a tender
indurated swelling on the lingual aspect of the right
angle of the mandible. The patient’s mouth opening
was limited to about 2cm interincisal width. The
patient’s medical history was non-contributory. There
were no clinical symptoms of dysaesthesia of the lip or
tongue. The root tip was not palpable on the lingual
aspect of the 48 socket.
An OPG confirmed the displacement of a root tip of
approximately 3mm in length, close to the lower border
of the mandible in the 48 region (Fig 1). Management
options of either removal or retention of the displaced
root fragment were discussed with the patient, and she
decided in favour of retrieval of the root. A computed
tomography (CT) scan (Fig 2, 3) was taken to determine
the precise position of the root fragment in its three
dimensions. It confirmed the position of the root on the
lateral aspect of the medial pterygoid muscle, close to
its inferior attachment in the 48 region.
Removal of the root fragment was attempted under
local anaesthesia nine days after the initial operation.
*Dental Officer, United Dental Hospital of Sydney.
†Senior Lecturer, Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,
Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Sydney.
CASE REPORT
Australian Dental Journal 2002;47:(1):68-71
INTRODUCTION
The removal of mandibular third molars is a
common surgical procedure performed by oral
surgeons and dentists alike. As expected with any
surgical operation, there are a number of intra- and
post-operative complications associated with this
procedure. These include alveolar osteitis,1-4
dysaesthesia
of the inferior alveolar5
and lingual nerves,6
haemorrhage7
and infection.3
Other less common
complications are damage to adjacent teeth, fracture of
the mandible and periodontal pocket formation distal
to the adjacent teeth. Accidental displacement of
fractured roots into the sublingual, submandibular,
pterygomandibular spaces and the inferior alveolar
canal is an uncommon occurrence.
A review of the literature revealed very limited
information about the incidence, causes and the
management of displaced tooth/root fragments.
Grandini et al.8
reported four cases of tooth/root
fragments displacement into adjacent anatomical areas,
namely the submandibular fossa. Two of these cases
were of mandibular third molar teeth, both of which
were displaced into the submandibular fossa. The
authors reported that these displaced teeth were
removed through an intra-oral approach. They
2. Buccal and lingual mucoperiosteal flaps were raised in
the 48 region. The granulation tissue was curetted from
the socket. The lingual wall of the socket was sectioned
with burs and removed. The inferior attachment of the
medial pterygoid muscle was exposed following further
removal of bone with burs. With blunt dissection using
fine curved mosquito artery forceps the root fragment
was retrieved from the medial pterygoid muscle, close
to its attachment to the lower border of the mandible.
Primary closure was achieved and the patient was
placed on a week course of Amoxycillin. Post-operative
recovery was uneventful.
DISCUSSION
This paper describes the management of an
uncommon displacement of a root fragment into the
antero-inferior aspect of the pterygomandibular space.
This space, which is between the pterygoid musculature
(lateral and medial pterygoid muscles) and the medial
surface of the ramus of the mandible, is very familiar to
dentists, as this is where local anaesthetic is deposited
for a mandibular block to anaesthetize both the inferior
alveolar and lingual nerves.
The pterygomandibular space is bound superiorly by
the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle,
laterally by the medial aspect of the ramus of the
mandible and anteriorly it is continuous with the recess
formed by the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles.
It is bound medially and posteriorly by the inter-
pterygoid fascia, which is attached superiorly to the
base of the skull, and inferiorly to the medial aspect of
the ramus of the mandible above the insertion of the
medial pterygoid muscle to the mandible. Posteriorly
this fascia extends from the angle of the mandible to the
neck of the condyle. The interpterygoid fascia thus,
forms the medial and posterior boundaries of the
pterygomandibular space.9
In the case reported the root fragment was pushed
into the pterygomandibular space and was found
embedded in the medial pterygoid muscle. The root
fragment was prevented from being displaced inferiorly
into the deep tissue spaces of the neck by the medial
pterygoid muscle.
Fenestrations of the alveolar bone could be a factor
in the accidental displacement of roots or root
fragments into adjacent anatomical spaces. Kay10
in a
study on dried jaw specimens in a mixed population of
African, Egyptian, British, Australasian and Mexican
mandibles, noted fenestrations, although rare, on the
medial aspect of the mandible in the third molar region.
Of the 2496 lower third molar sites studied, only six
sites (0.24 per cent) had fenestrations on the lingual
aspect of the mandibular third molar teeth. In contrast,
a more recent study11
of 85 dried mandibles, in a north
western Croatian population, found no osseous defects
on the lingual plate of the mandibles. Kay10
considered
conventional radiography to be unpredictable in the
diagnosis of fenestrations as the density of tooth
structure masks these defects. It is likely that these
fenestrations may be due to some pathological
resorptive process, such as a periapical infection
leading to resorption of the bone in the apical area of
the roots, or they may have been present as a variation
of the normal anatomy.
Various conventional radiographic views can be
taken to visualize a displaced root from the socket. A
panoramic view, such as an OPG, will probably provide
the most useful information as shown in this case (Fig 1).
The loss of continuity of the bony features around the
displaced root suggests that it is not located in the
deeper bony part of the mandible, but lying in the soft
tissues outside. Another intra-oral view that may assist
in the visualization of the displaced root is a
mandibular occlusal projection. However, conventional
Australian Dental Journal 2002;47:1. 69
Fig 1. An OPG showing the displaced root of 48 lying approximately 3mm below the most apical part of the socket.
3. 70 Australian Dental Journal 2002;47:1.
radiographic techniques were inadequate in precisely
locating the root in the adjacent soft tissues.
Tomography is a process by which a clear image of a
body layer is produced by blurring the layers above and
below the body layer of interest.12
This differs from
conventional radiography where all the body layers are
overlapped resulting in superimposition of the object in
question. Therefore, tomographical views, such as CT
are useful when undesirable overlap needs to be
eliminated to view the object of interest.12
A CT scan reconstruction of the mandible (Fig 2)
revealed the displaced root on the lingual side of the 48
socket (Fig 3). Slightly above the root on the medial
aspect of the mandible, a bony defect can be seen
(Fig 2). This bony defect is either a dehiscence or a
breach in the lingual plate created during the attempted
removal of the fractured root. As the lingual plate is
quite thin near the roots of the lower third molars,
incorrect use of elevators resulting in an unfavourable
direction of force can quite easily push the root into
adjacent anatomical spaces.
When there is a risk that the tooth/root fragments
maybe displaced, applying finger pressure over the
lingual periosteum can prevent their displacement into
adjacent anatomical spaces. However, the most reliable
way of preventing this complication is to cease the use
of elevators when the movement of the tooth/root
fragment in an unfavourable direction is recognized
and then to perform an open surgical procedure. This
would involve the lifting of a buccal mucoperiosteal
flap, bone removal to adequately expose the root
fragment and creation of application points for the use
of fine elevators and the delivery of the root fragment
under direct vision. This kind of open surgical
procedure is certainly preferred to blind elevation of the
root fragment when the access is poor and there is a
risk of displacement into adjacent anatomical sites.
Surgical access to the antero-inferior aspect of the
pterygomandibular space can be achieved without
much difficulty via an intra-oral approach and for this
reason an extra-oral approach is rarely considered.
However, if the displacement is deeper into the
substance of the medial pterygoid muscle or inferiorly
into the submandibular space, an extra-oral approach
may provide better access. Also the lingual nerve
should be identified and protected from injury during
the exploration.
Retention of foreign bodies, such as root fragments,
in tissues and tissue spaces could run the risk of
Fig 2. A 3-dimensional CT scan reconstruction of the medial aspect
of the mandible showing the mylohyoid ridge and the mandibular
foramen. Slightly superior to the displaced root an osseous defect
(fenestration) is visible. Fig 3a. A CT scan image of a transverse view of the mandible. The 48
socket can be seen as well as an osseous defect of the lingual wall of
the socket.
Fig 3b. A more inferior view to Fig 3a. The displaced root lying on
the lingual side of the 48 socket is clearly visible.
4. possible infection and foreign body reaction. Whereas,
surgical retrieval could sometimes result in
complications such as nerve damage and even further
displacement into deeper tissues. These possible
outcomes should be taken into consideration when
making a decision about the management of a
displaced root into an adjacent tissue or anatomical
space.
REFERENCES
1. Chiapasco M, De Cicco L, Marrone G. Side effects and
complications associated with third molar surgery. Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993;76:412-420.
2. Osborn TP, Frederickson G, Small IA, Torgerson TS. A
prospective study of complications related to mandibular third
molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985;43:767-769.
3. Sisk AL, Hammer WB, Shelton DW, Joy ED. Complications
following removal of impacted third molars: The role of the
experience of the surgeon. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;44:855-
859.
4. De Boer MPJ, Raghoebar GM, Stegenga B, Schoen PJ, Boering G.
Complications after mandibular third molar extraction.
Quintessence Int 1995;26:779-784.
5. Rood JP. Permanent damage to inferior alveolar and lingual
nerves during removal of impacted mandibular third molars.
Comparison of two methods of bone removal. Br Dent J
1992;172:108-110.
6. Petersen LJ, Indresano AT, Marciani RD, Roser SM, eds.
Principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Vol 1.
Philadelphia:Lipincott-Raven, 1987.
7. Goldberg NR, Nemarich AN, Marco WP. Complications after
mandibular third molar surgery: a statistical analysis of 500
consecutive procedures in private practice. J Am Dent Assoc
1985;111:277-279.
8. Grandini SA, Barros VM, Salata LA, Rosa AL, Soares UN.
Complications in exodontia –Accidental dislodgement to
adjacent anatomical areas. Braz Dent J 1992;3:103-112.
9. Barker BCW, Davies PL. The applied anatomy of the
pterygomandibular space. Br J Oral Surg 1972;10:43-55.
10. Kay LW. Some anthropologic investigations of interest to oral
surgeons. Int J Oral Surg 1974;3:363-379.
11. Jorgic-Srdjak K, Plancak D, Bosnjak A, Azinovic Z. Incidence
and distribution of dehiscences and fenestrations on human
skulls. Coll Anthropol 1998;22(suppl):111-116.
12. Goaz PW, White SC. Oral radiology. Principles and
interpretation. 2nd edn. St.Louis:Mosby, 1987:339-380.
Address for correspondence/reprints:
Dr A Punnia-Moorthy
5/12 Railway Parade
Burwood, New South Wales 2134
Email: apunniam@mail.usyd.edu.au
Australian Dental Journal 2002;47:1. 71