The document provides information about epilepsy and brain tumors. It describes the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each disorder. For epilepsy, it explains that seizures are caused by abnormal brain activity and lists common seizure symptoms. It also outlines diagnostic tests like EEGs and brain imaging that are used to diagnose epilepsy and locate the source of seizures. For brain tumors, it defines them as abnormal cell growth in the brain and notes they can be cancerous or non-cancerous. It lists potential symptoms and describes diagnostic tests and biopsy procedures used to identify brain tumors and determine if they are cancerous. The document concludes by outlining treatment options for both conditions like medications, surgery, and rehabilitation.

1. Disorders of nervous
system
Made by Aisha Siddiqui VIII-B

2. Epilepsy

3. Description:
Epilepsy is a central nervous system
(neurological) disorder in which brain activity
becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods
of unusual behavior, sensations, and
sometimes loss of awareness.
Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects
both males and females of all races,ethnic
backgrounds and ages.

4. Symptoms:
Because epilepsy is caused by abnormal activity in the
brain, seizures can affect any process your brain
coordinates. Seizure signs and symptoms may include:
• Temporary confusion
• A staring spell
• Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
• Loss of consciousness or awareness
• Psychic symptoms such as fear, anxiety or deja vu
Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. In most
cases, a person with epilepsy will tend to have the same
type of seizure each time, so the symptoms will be similar
from episode to episode.

6. Diagnosis:
• Diagnosing your condition
• To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your
symptoms and medical history. Your doctor may order several
tests to diagnose epilepsy and determine the cause of seizures.
Your evaluation may include:
• A neurological exam. Your doctor may test your behavior, motor
abilities, mental function and other areas to diagnose your
condition and determine the type of epilepsy you may have.
• Blood tests. Your doctor may take a blood sample to check for
signs of infections, genetic conditions or other conditions that
may be associated with seizures.
Your doctor may also suggest tests to detect brain abnormalities,
such as:

7. Electroencephalogram (EEG):
This is the most common test used to diagnose epilepsy. In this test, electrodes
are attached to your scalp with a paste-like substance or cap. The electrodes
record the electrical activity of your brain.
If you have epilepsy, it's common to have changes in your normal pattern of
brain waves, even when you're not having a seizure. Your doctor may monitor
you on video when conducting an EEG while you're awake or asleep, to record
any seizures you experience. Recording the seizures may help the doctor
determine what kind of seizures you're having or rule out other conditions.
The test may be done in a doctor's office or the hospital. If appropriate, you
also may have an ambulatory EEG, which you wear at home while
the EEG records seizure activity over the course of a few days.
Your doctor may give you instructions to do something
that will cause seizures, such as getting little sleep prior
to the test.

8. High-density EEG:
In a variation of an EEG test, your doctor may recommend high-
density EEG, which spaces electrodes more closely than
conventional EEG — about a half a centimeter apart. High-
density EEG may help your doctor more precisely determine
which areas of your brain are affected by seizures.

9. Computerized tomography
(CT) scan:
A CT scan uses X-rays to obtain cross-sectional images of your
brain. CT scans can reveal abnormalities in your brain that might
be causing your seizures, such as tumors, bleeding and cysts.

10. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI):
An MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create a
detailed view of your brain. Your doctor may be able to detect
lesions or abnormalities in your brain that could be causing your
seizures.

11. Functional MRI (fMRI):
A functional MRI measures the changes in blood flow that occur
when specific parts of your brain are working. Doctors may use
an fMRI before surgery to identify the exact locations of critical
functions, such as speech and movement, so that
surgeons can avoid injuring those places while
operating.

12. Positron emission
tomography (PET):
PET scans use a small amount of low-dose radioactive material
that's injected into a vein to help visualize active areas of the
brain and detect abnormalities.

13. Single-photon emission
computerized tomography
(SPECT):
This type of test is used primarily if you've had
an MRI and EEG that didn't pinpoint the location in your
brain where the seizures are originating.
A SPECT test uses a small amount of low-dose radioactive
material that's injected into a vein to create a detailed, 3-D
map of the blood flow activity in your brain during seizures.
Doctors also may conduct a form of a SPECT test called
subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI (SISCOM),
which may provide even more-detailed results.

14. Neuropsychological tests:
In these tests, doctors assess your thinking, memory and speech skills.
The test results help doctors determine which areas of your brain are
affected. Along with your test results, your doctor may use a
combination of analysis techniques to help pinpoint where in the brain
seizures start:
• Statistical parametric mapping (SPM). SPM is a method of
comparing areas of the brain that have increased metabolism during
seizures to normal brains, which can give doctors an idea of where
seizures begin.
• Curry analysis. Curry analysis is a technique that takes EEG data and
projects it onto an MRI of the brain to show doctors where seizures
are occurring.
• Magnetoencephalography (MEG). MEG measures the magnetic
fields produced by brain activity to identify potential areas of
seizure onset.
Accurate diagnosis of your seizure type and where seizures begin gives
you the best chance for finding an effective treatment.

16. Treatment:
• Medicines called anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs)
• Surgery to remove a small part of the brain that's causing the
seizures
• A procedure to put a small electrical device inside the body
that can help control seizures
• A special diet (ketogenic diet) that can help control seizures

18. Brain Tumor

19. Description:
A brain tumor is a collection, or mass, of
abnormal cells in your brain. Your skull, which
encloses your brain, is very rigid. Any growth
inside such a restricted space can cause
problems. Brain tumors can be cancerous
(malignant) or noncancerous (benign). When
benign or malignant tumors grow, they can
cause the pressure inside your skull to increase.
This can cause brain damage, and it can be life-
threatening.

20. Symptoms:
The signs and symptoms of a brain tumor vary greatly and depend on the
brain tumor's size, location and rate of growth.General signs and symptoms
caused by brain tumors may include:
• New onset or change in pattern of headaches
• Headaches that gradually become more frequent and more severe
• Unexplained nausea or vomiting
• Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of
peripheral vision
• Gradual loss of sensation or movement in an arm or a leg
• Difficulty with balance
• Speech difficulties
• Confusion in everyday matters
• Personality or behavior changes
• Seizures, especially in someone who doesn't have a history of seizures
• Hearing problems

22. Diagnosis:
If it's suspected that you have a brain tumor, your doctor may
recommend a number of tests and procedures, including:
• A neurological exam. A neurological exam may include, among
other things, checking your vision, hearing, balance, coordination,
strength and reflexes. Difficulty in one or more areas may provide
clues about the part of your brain that could be affected by a brain
tumor.

23. Imaging tests:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to help
diagnose brain tumors. In some cases a dye may be injected
through a vein in your arm during your MRI study.
A number of specialized MRI scan components — including
functional MRI, perfusion MRI and magnetic resonance
spectroscopy — may help your doctor evaluate the tumor and
plan treatment.
Sometimes other imaging tests are recommended, including
computerized tomography (CT).
Positron emission tomography (PET) may be used for brain
imaging, but is generally not as useful for creating images of
brain cancer as it is for other types of cancer.

25. Tests to find cancer in
other parts of your body:
If it's suspected that your brain tumor may be a result of cancer
that has spread from another area of your body, your doctor may
recommend tests and procedures to determine where the cancer
originated. One example might be a CT or PET scan to look for
signs of lung cancer.

26. Collecting and testing a
sample of abnormal tissue
(biopsy):
A biopsy can be performed as part of an operation to remove
the brain tumor, or a biopsy can be performed using a needle.
A stereotactic needle biopsy may be done for brain tumors in
hard to reach areas or very sensitive areas within your brain that
might be damaged by a more extensive operation. Your
neurosurgeon drills a small hole into your skull. A thin needle is
then inserted through the hole. Tissue is removed using the
needle, which is frequently guided by CT or MRI scanning.
The biopsy sample is then viewed under a microscope to
determine if it is cancerous or benign. Sophisticated laboratory
tests can give your doctor clues about your prognosis and your
treatment options.

29. Treatment:
Treatment for a brain tumor depends on the type,
size and location of the tumor, as well as your
overall health and your preferences.
• Surgery
• Minimally Invasive Scarless Brain Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Radiosurgery
• Chemotherapy
• Targeted drug therapy

30. Rehabilitation after treatment:
Because brain tumors can develop in parts of the brain that
control motor skills, speech, vision and thinking, rehabilitation
may be a necessary part of recovery. Depending on your needs,
your doctor may refer you to:
• Physical therapy to help you regain lost motor skills or muscle
strength
• Occupational therapy to help you get back to your normal
daily activities, including work, after a brain tumor or other
illness
• Speech therapy with specialists in speech difficulties (speech
pathologists) to help if you have difficulty speaking
• Tutoring for school-age children to help kids cope
with changes in their memory and thinking after
brain tumor

31. Jazakallah