Discussion Three This is one of the most important parts of this course – I want you to work with your group to design a follow-up study using the topic Social Loafing. Your instructor will present the ideas to the whole class, and you will vote on which one you would like to do for your final class project. As you work on this discussion, try to think about what other variables might influence Loafing. Let me give you a few examples, though try to get creative with your group. Look at prior research and see if you can use some of their work as a follow-up to your study. Have fun with it! Okay, consider some ideas I was thinking about for a follow-up study (Personally, I would recommend the third or fourth idea, as there is a lot of research you could draw on these new independent variables, which would make Paper III much easier to write). Keep in mind that we will drop one condition from our original Study One independent variable. I suggest keeping the Individual Total and Group Average conditions and dropping the Group Total condition. I have no solid reasoning behind this other than the Group Total and Group Average conditions probably will not differ much in study one, so including both is not necessary. I think keeping the Group Average condition will be easier to use with our new study design for some of the ideas below, but we could retain the Group Total if you have a good reason for doing so! A fourth idea, and one I think is interesting, is to give participants an anchor. That is, we tell them how many math problems most people solve, with this number varying for the High Anchor condition (where we tell them most people solve 25 problems) and the Low Anchor condition (where we tell them most people solve 12 problems). Participants should attempt to solve more problems in the High Anchor condition than the Low Anchor condition, though participants with a High Anchor in the Individual Total condition should probably solve the most (with those in the Low Anchor and Group Average solving the least). The interesting part here is the High Anchor and Group Average condition. Since we look at the group score, loafing might occur, but the high anchor might disrupt their likelihood to loaf. In other words, this might be an interesting way to see if we can get rid of social loafing if we set a high anchor. Finally, you can look at some participant characteristics if you like. You can measure the participants’ own ratings of how good they are or how much they enjoy math problems. Those who like math problems may be less likely to loaf (since loafing is less likely when people enjoy the activity). Or we could also look at participant gender. Research suggests that women are less likely to load than men. Would this same pattern hold in our study? Just remember that if you choose a participant characteristic as your second independent variable, you cannot draw cause-effect conclusions (since you cannot randomly assign someone to be good or bad a ...

1. Discussion Three
This is one of the most important parts of this course – I want
you to work with your group to design a follow-up study using
the topic Social Loafing. Your instructor will present the ideas
to the whole class, and you will vote on which one you would
like to do for your final class project. As you work on this
discussion, try to think about what other variables might
influence Loafing. Let me give you a few examples, though try
to get creative with your group. Look at prior research and see
if you can use some of their work as a follow-up to your study.
Have fun with it!
Okay, consider some ideas I was thinking about for a follow-up
study (Personally, I would recommend the third or fourth idea,
as there is a lot of research you could draw on these new
independent variables, which would make Paper III much easier
to write). Keep in mind that we will drop one condition from
our original Study One independent variable. I suggest keeping
the Individual Total and Group Average conditions and
dropping the Group Total condition. I have no solid reasoning
behind this other than the Group Total and Group Average
conditions probably will not differ much in study one, so
including both is not necessary. I think keeping the Group
Average condition will be easier to use with our new study
design for some of the ideas below, but we could retain the
Group Total if you have a good reason for doing so!
A fourth idea, and one I think is interesting, is to give
participants an anchor. That is, we tell them how many math
problems most people solve, with this number varying for the
High Anchor condition (where we tell them most people solve
25 problems) and the Low Anchor condition (where we tell
them most people solve 12 problems). Participants should
attempt to solve more problems in the High Anchor condition
than the Low Anchor condition, though participants with a High
Anchor in the Individual Total condition should probably solve

2. the most (with those in the Low Anchor and Group Average
solving the least). The interesting part here is the High Anchor
and Group Average condition. Since we look at the group score,
loafing might occur, but the high anchor might disrupt their
likelihood to loaf. In other words, this might be an interesting
way to see if we can get rid of social loafing if we set a high
anchor.
Finally, you can look at some participant characteristics if you
like. You can measure the participants’ own ratings of how
good they are or how much they enjoy math problems. Those
who like math problems may be less likely to loaf (since loafing
is less likely when people enjoy the activity). Or we could also
look at participant gender. Research suggests that women are
less likely to load than men. Would this same pattern hold in
our study? Just remember that if you choose a participant
characteristic as your second independent variable, you cannot
draw cause-effect conclusions (since you cannot randomly
assign someone to be good or bad at math, and you cannot
assign someone to be a male or a female). That is why I prefer
that you manipulate some feature of the study so you can
randomly assign people to one of the four different conditions.
As you can see, there are tons of ways to extend your original
study. Work with your classmates to identify the one you like
best, and then let your instructor know. Your instructor will
take the consensus vote for the whole class and let you know
what the study will be for study two. In this discussion, I want
EACH of you to do three things.
First, tell me which study you want to do (that is, which second
independent variable you find most interesting). You can use
one of the ideas above or come up with a unique one on your
own. I prefer your own ideas, but if you really like one I
mentioned you can use it. You still need to give me two more
things, though ...
Second, give me a reference in APA format for one peer
reviewed research article that has something to do with this
second variable. This article does not have to involve Social

3. Loafing at all, but it must have something to do with your
second independent variable.
Third, give me a hypothesis for what you expect to occur if your
new independent variable is chosen for the class project. What
do you predict just for that independent variable? What do you
predict in terms of the interaction of that new independent
variable with your original Individual Total versus Group
Average independent variable?
Inside the Project
Project Management started as one of the critical processes in
the operations management world of business. Project
Management has evolved into its entity and serves several
businesses and functions as a separate management tool. The
Project Management Institute defines a project as a temporary
endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service,
implement the project plan, and measure progress and
performance (Project Management Institute, 2021, p. 17).
Project management can be very challenging to some and very
easy to comprehend for others. This communication aims to
express the five primary phases in project management and
elaborate on those phases concisely to help navigate a medium
level of understanding and familiarity. The underlined goal of
high importance is focusing on some of the high points to
garner results for stakeholders, shareholders, and corporate
leadership. The Project Manager achieves more precise
communication when choosing concrete words: words that
convey specific meaning (a measurable limit or a specific
behavior, for example) and phrases that are familiar and on the
receiver's knowledge level (Gillard, 2017, p. 186)
Project initiation is the first phase of project management, the
next being the most crucial phase, project planning, where all
the brainstorming and initial work is completed. The project
Planning phase covers about 50% of the whole process (Martin,
2022). Most will find that the planning phase is where a

4. considerable focus is placed. The next phase of planning is
project execution. Once the significant work inside a project or
product is completed, the work enters the next phase of
monitoring and controlling; lastly, when all is completed, the
project is closed. The typical textbook will mention these
phases in detail, but; there is so much more to project
management. The goal is to provide an entry-level look at the
activities that make project management work.
Comparison and Analysis
The text teaches us the primary role of project management as it
pertains to the part and functions of operations management,
much about the planning roles. For example, in our discussion
of project planning, it is noted that organizational success is
typically not dependent on the success or failure of any single
project but rather on the development and execution of an
appropriate portfolio of projects (Meredith & Shafer, 2019, p.
40).
Project management is more than a part of the role or a simple
schedule task tracker. The text covers some crucial rules about
the concept of project management, and those ideas will help us
understand project management for managing a portfolio. The
research continues to be more about the fundamental direction
of project management. The planning phase determines the
scope of the project as well as the objective of the project. It
begins with the outputs of the initiation phase (charter,
preliminary scope statement, and project manager). Finally, the
planning phase's production serves as the execution phase's
input (Martin, 2022).
One comparison factor is to include the introduction of a
project's baseline. The baseline helps level information with the
true left and proper limits inside a project. For example, how
much can be spent? Updating the info allows team members to
remain current with the project's progress and ensures a change
record. Before closing the project, project teams examine the
baseline document again (Staff Writer, 2020). The baseline is a
crucial indicator and is mentioned to showcase the function of

5. returning to the baseline several times throughout the project as
quality control and constraint measure ensuring synchronization
within the project. The inside of the project is not laid out, nor
is the intention of the text based on this passage. Although we
have titled this chapter "Executing Strategy: Project
Management," it should be clear that this is only one use among
many for project management (Meredith & Shafer, 2019, p. 43).
The key to understanding project management goals is defining
the project and the essential elements that would mean
completion. Discussing the five crucial aspects of project
management is key to a fulfilling understanding of project
management functions. The actual project management
processes can be classified under five headings: Initiating,
Planning, Executing, Monitoring and Controlling, and Closing
(Bhide, 2021). Who is responsible for what and why?
Accurately identifying the client's needs. Projects are
temporary, have a definite start and end dates, create a unique
product or service, and are completed when their goals and
objectives have been met and approved by shareholders (Bhide,
2021). This perspective stands out as it compares closely to the
definition outlined in the text.
Understanding what the client needs is not something taken
lightly a good project manager sits down with the client and
makes sure needs are met and wants that can be incorporated.
Project Planning is again one of the most critical steps in
project management key to remember are factors that can cause
issues or delays in the project, such as weather or market
conditions; all contingencies are not perfect, and planning for
those is one of the critical factors in the planning phase that can
not be missed (Meredith & Shafer, 2019, p. 43).
The last and final key is collaboration, how leveraging
knowledge and experience means everything to the project
managers and stakeholders; partnership allows people to get
tasks done quickly while keeping accurate scheduling and
working on completing the project.
Learned Perspective

6. Project Management is the application of knowledge and
sharing that knowledge that grows into communication and
overall project collaboration. The following function in project
management is the management of hard and soft skills; some
examples of skills are managed by the professionals executing
the workflow or function or building a product. Another
example of the application of craft is where someone or some
group has the skill to manage the time required per function but;
the talent to have a contingency plan in case something goes off
script. There is a skill needed to be prepared and another skill
to ensure communication expectations are met; whether in a
scrum meeting or a planning meeting, ensuring everyone knows
what they need to know is one of the primary roles of the
project manager.
The next is the tools required to get the jobs done and ensuring
that the employers or leaders are equipped with the tools to get
the project to be an overall success. Techniques go hand in hand
with compliance measures to help with designing. Some experts
with the know-how tend to utilize what is known for what is
best, and managing those nuances is both familiar and essential
for project management.
Lastly, project management is the most fundamental aspect of
ensuring project activities meet project goals and requirements.
Providing the right people are in the right place and have the
tools needed to do the job and communicating with confidence
aspects of quality, quantity, and timelines until completion and
monitoring are complete is the true essence of project
management.
Biblical Integration
The elements of a project lifecycle should define the work the
project will accomplish, the deliverables it will produce, the
team members involved, and how you will control and approve
each project phase (Eby, 2018). This serves as the overall
genesis for what the project life cycle will accomplish if
executed correctly and by the steps in which key factors are
communicated and delivered. Integrating the word from the

7. Holy Bible shows us the likes of these completed ideas. Luke
14:28-30 ESV, For which of you, desiring to build a tower does
not first sit down and count the cost whether he has enough to
complete it. One of the keys to project management is
understanding the overall cost for the project and laying out the
information in a manner to get the cost approved for spending,
but; an excellent way to further understanding is to build in
credible understanding of where cost versus time could be a
factor and factoring risk is a direct segway into the following
biblical passage. "Otherwise, when he has laid a foundation, and
it is not able to finish, all who see it begin to mock him, saying
"This man began to build and was not able to finish" (Bible,
ESV, 2019). Project Management reminds us of the past,
integrates the current, and shows projections for the future.
There will be a failure to the project and whether there will be
public mocking or not is questionable. God is an understanding
God for sure, but; he offers us the tools of understanding,
communication, and collaboration. "The Word of God," which is
"living and active" (Hebrews 4:12) (Bible, ESV, 2019).
Speaking the word with truth, understanding and conviction
should lead to ultimate success in the role of project
management and its application. That is the overall message
from the passage of scripture applied to project management
listening, understanding, communication, and evaluation.
An Example of Process
Take, for example, a project to incorporate a new car for a
known car company. The company could introduce a new car
design and blueprint to the board for approval, and the budget
to market, produce and monitor the progress for one year
becomes the framework for building. There is no issue
regarding the initial funding, but; supply issues will occur, and
the need for solid contingency in the plan is vital. A good
project team will have planned for this delay and work on
another task simultaneously when this occurs. When one
timeline has not been met, the ability to complete another job in
the project becomes apparent and meaningful when the project

8. team knows how to perform a significant adaptation with
minimal impact on the project budget or timeline. The role of a
Project Team takes constant communication, and every project
entity understanding what is required and communicating those
requirements laterally and strategically are all critical elements
to one of the most popular operations vehicles to date. Proper
project management execution is key to most business models'
success today. Project Management teaches us the business of
managing projects to a timeline that is not ongoing and allows
communication and monitoring along each path to ensure proper
enhancement within each element until any project or product is
completed.
Annotated Bibliography: Project Management Overview
Project Management Institute Project Management Institute.
(2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge
(PMBOK® guide) – and the standard for project
management (7th ed.). Project Management Institute.
The source is the most recognized guide in project management.
This particular guide is imperative to the validity of this entire
work. Every author uses the number one guide known as the
(PMBOK) to learn about the basics of project management. The
article discusses the actual definition of project management
based on experts. The Project Management Institute is the Gold

9. Standard in which Project Management is accredited and will be
used as a reference point in every clarifying moment I use for
this work. The latest edition of the PMBOK Guide is edition
seven and can be directly reached using the Liberty Library.
Unfortunately, the version used entails a fee; however, the
definition can be found by a simple google search mechanism.
Gillard, S. (2017). The human element of project
management. Contemporary Issues in Education Research
(CIER), 10(3), 185–188.
https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v10i3.9979
Links to an external site.
This article discusses the challenges of implementing new
factors from the CIER. At the same time, the information still
captures the PMBOK goals of proper understanding of project
management principles. The framework is used to guide the
development of systems for the human element to be
collaborative vice the rigid approach or time details and time
management. The authors studied the human factors to build on
some of the critical frameworks in Project Management. Other
factors, including concerns regarding the human factors, and the
"soft" skills, have typically focused on the "what is" and "why"
elements of communication and conduct appropriate to project
management. This article was also chosen to identify the "how
to" in subjection or missing. Finally, this article provides
additional practical applications to improve project management
success.
Martin, M. (2022, September 3). Project management life cycle
phases: What are the
stages? Guru99.
https://www.guru99.com/initiation-phase-project-
management-life-cycle.html
Links to an external site.
This website captures the outline of the initiation phase of
project management. What is critical about this website is the
fact that the initial life cycle phases are detailed with a
narrative and pictured scope. The work on the page walks the

10. typical reader through the initiation phase to further gain a
visual interpretation and a written picture of the points about
the essential step of project management, better known as the
planning phase. This academic source is helpful in research
because it provides insight into how motivational techniques
can be used to increase productivity and efficiency within an
organization or company setting.
Meredith, J. R., & Shafer, S. M. (2019). Operations and supply
chain management for MBAs.
John Wiley & Sons.
The source reviews the global value chains (GVCs) and how
they affect a country's economy. The authors discuss how
supply chain management can impact project management as a
part of the operations management of a business. The
requirement to utilize the text to compare and contrast was a
great learning experience. The text touched on plenty of the
factors within project management and completed a detailed
analysis of the planning phase of project management, which
includes project portfolio studies and the critical elements of
project management to learn and increase learning throughout
the class's journey. A project is an operation in some business
structures and remembering both sides of the description are
critics in developing a modern business mind.
Eby, K. (2018, May 29). Demystifying the 5 phases of project
management.
Smartsheet.
https://www.smartsheet.com/blog/demystifying-5-
phases-project-management
Links to an external site.
The source is an article published by smartsheet about the goal
of demystifying the five phases of project management. By
clicking on this abnormal source, you will quickly find that
while this source is a business known as smartsheet.com, the
company utilizes the most up-to-date information directly from
the PMBOK guide. The website shows exactly how each phase
can be interrelated and used to help understand the importance

11. of collaboration and quality checks in project management. This
is a good source of information and data; the reference point is
the bible of project management as a guide tool.
Staff Writer. (2020, March 25). What is a baseline in project
management? Reference.com.
https://www.reference.com/business-finance/baseline-
project-management-
9ba902cc996a92d7?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26a
d%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex&ueid=1edcaae7-917c-46b4-
8e72-f196e5f4f338
Links to an external site.
The baseline is better known as the starting point for a project.
This reference was chosen for the financial research
highlighting that larger companies use different indicators when
measuring their performance than smaller companies. The
author notes that this may be because larger companies are more
likely to access more resources and thus can use more detailed
metrics. Setting a project baseline consists of determining the
scope of your project. This can be accomplished by generating a
scope statement which serves as an exhaustive list of project
objectives and deliverables along the task that must be met.
Bhide, B. (2021, November 28). What are the essential elements
of project management? projectcubicle.
https://www.projectcubicle.com/what-are-the-basic-
elements-of-project-management/
Links to an external site.
The article explained the five essential elements of project
management. The author outlines a clear framework from
project initiation onward to project closing. The other elements
included in this article discuss the execution of the work once
the project is set in motion. The article also displays
illustrations where essential elements show the work in a format
that is easy to follow and comprehend through the pictures and
charts on the website. The page/article includes project planning
and the key roles and functions of the parts of the project.

12. Monitoring is completed to take a visual picture of how much
work is being carried out. Controlling also allows for time to
correct any problems that may have occurred. The article
provides a solid graphical representation for the casual recipient
to comprehend further.
References
Bhide, B. (2021, November 28). What are the essential elements
of project management? projectcubicle.
https://www.projectcubicle.com/what-are-the-basic-
elements-of-project-management/
Links to an external site.
Crossway. (2019). ESV gospel transformation study Bible:
Christ in all scripture, grace for all life. Crossway Books.
Eby, K. (2018, May 29). Demystifying the 5 phases of project
management. Smartsheet.
https://www.smartsheet.com/blog/demystifying-5-
phases-project-management
Links to an external site.
Gillard, S. (2017). The human element of project
management. Contemporary Issues in Education Research
(CIER), 10(3), 185–188.
https://doi.org/10.19030/cier.v10i3.9979
Links to an external site.
Martin, M. (2022, September 3). Project management life cycle
phases: What are the stages? Guru99.
https://www.guru99.com/initiation-phase-project-
management-life-cycle.html
Links to an external site.
Meredith, J. R., & Shafer, S. M. (2019). Operations and supply
chain management for MBAs. John Wiley & Sons.
Project Management Institute Project Management Institute.
(2021). A guide to the project management body of knowledge

13. (PMBOK® guide) – and the standard for project
management (7th ed.). Project Management Institute.
Staff Writer. (2020, March 25). What is a baseline in project
management? Reference.com.
https://www.reference.com/business-finance/baseline-
project-management-
9ba902cc996a92d7?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26a
d%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex&ueid=1edcaae7-917c-46b4-
8e72-f196e5f4f338
Key Concept Explanation
Mass customization (MC) is the process of providing a variation
of products to consumers at a similar cost of mass production
(Tiihonen, 2017). This allows for companies to be flexible to
the ever-changing needs of the consumer and meet the
customers individual needs. Within mass customization, there
are four different approaches; collaborative, adaptive, cosmetic,
and transparent (Gilmore, 1997). Each of these different
approaches allows for businesses to continue to meet the needs
of the customer. Collaborative customization allows for a
conversation to be had with the consumer about the individual
requirements of the customization (Shamsuzzoha, 2009).
Adaptive customizers occur when a business manufactures a
standard product that the consumer will then customize
themselves within limits to fit their needs (Kiangala, 2021).
Cosmetic customization refers to one product with different
appearance variations, such as cell phones (Seoyeon, 2015).
The final approach to customization is the transparent approach,
in which organizations do not disclose that a product has been
customized.
Mass customization is an interesting topic because of its
purposes. MC was originated to keep up with the consumers’
needs, but as time has gone on, it serves a greater purpose now
that technology and trends are changing so frequently. To keep
up with the changing trends without redesigning new products,

14. companies can implement customization to keep costs lower
than using innovation.
Comparison
The idea of mass customization (MC) was to keep up with the
increase of technology and the customer’s ever-changing needs.
MC can be very beneficial to companies in a sense it keeps them
current. Implementing mc into production allows for businesses
to retain loyal customers and create long term relationships with
the consumer (Park, 2018). According to research done on the
context of mass customization, mc increases a customer’s
perception on a company. This concept is a step deeper into the
benefits of mc than the concepts within the text. The customers
two types of perceived benefits come from the product itself as
well as the mass customization experience (Park, 2018). When
customers feel as if their needs are being met, they hold the
product to a higher value than they typically would with a
product that was not customized. Consumers want to feel
valued and appreciated by business and providing mass
customization for these consumers allows businesses to create a
deeper connection between the consumer and the product or the
consumer and the business. The mass customization experience
also gives the consumer a higher perceived benefit of the
company by allowing them to be engaged with the company on a
higher level than what is typical. Giving the consumer a role in
the customization gives the consumer enjoyment and can lead to
an emotional attachment to the product or service.
Article Summary
The article I have chosen to use within my discussion
board is Benefits of Mass Customized Products: Moderating
Role of Product Involvement and Fashion Innovativeness
written by Minjing Park and Jungmin Yoo published in 2018.
The objective of their study was to research and find the
benefits of mass customization, along with the emotional
product attachments it can elicit from the consumer. The
research was intended to find the links between mass

15. customization and attachment and attitudes of consumers. The
results of this study concluded that the perceived benefits of
mass customizations positively increased the emotional
attachment to the company and the program (Park, 2018). The
study completed was completed by giving a survey to 290
female online shoppers who were able to participate in a mass
customization program. The revelations showed there was a
higher emotional attachment and higher perceived benefit to
products that were customizable opposed to those that were
not. The study also showed that the companies that had higher
involved customers had a higher loyalty to the company than
companies whose consumers were not involved. In conclusion
with the results of the study, mass customization has many
benefits for both the company and the consumer, including
loyalty to the company and higher benefit perception.
Biblical Integration
The Bible calls us to do and work for others. Romans
15:2 states, “Let each of us please his neighbor for his good, to
build him up” (English Standard Version, 2017). As Christians,
doing things for others is a great way to show the love of Christ
to others. Galatians 6:10 says “So then, as we have
opportunity, let us do good to everyone, and especially to those
who are of the household of faith” (English Standard Version,
2017). Giving customers the opportunity to customize their
products goes above and beyond for the customer. This is also
applicable because as Christians we are called to do all things
as if unto the Lord. Philippians 2:14-15 says “Do all things
without grumbling or questioning, that you may be blameless
and innocent, children of God without blemish in the midst of a
crooked and twisted generation, among whom you shine as
lights in the world” (English Standard Version, 2017). Showing
a customer you care by tending to their needs and wishes can
show that you have a different light in you can could potentially
plant a seed in them.
Application
With the everchanging needs of the consumer and the increase

16. of time sensitive trends, mass customization is necessary to
keep customers content and loyal to the company. One way
mass customization is applicable in business, is through fast
food chains or restaurants. Businesses must be able to
customize made-to-order products to fit the customer’s needs
and wants. For example, if a consumer has an allergy to a
toping on a burger or sandwich, they must be able to customize
the item and remove the toping they are allergic to. Gluten
intolerances are more commonly diagnosed in today’s society,
allowing customers to customize the burger bun for a gluten
free option or lettuce makes the customer feel cared for and
attended to. When customers feel this way, they are more likely
to return and continue purchasing from the company. Mass
customization can lead to a higher customer retention rate.
Annotated Bibliography
Gilmore, J. H., & Pine, B. J. (1997). The four faces of mass
customization.
Harvard business review,
75(1), 91-102.
Though this article is outdated, the information is still useful
today. The Four Faces of Mass Customization written by James
H. Gilmore and B. Joseph Pine II was the first identification of
the 4 different approaches to mass customization: transparent,
collaborative, adaptive, and cosmetic. This article is quoted in
the text book showing how it is relevant to today’s businesses.
Managers must identify which approach is best for their
customers and on occasion mix the approaches to get the
consumer’s desired results. Managers also need to review each
option to see which best fits the company.
Kiangala, S. K., & Wang, Z. (2021). An effective adaptive
customization framework for small manufacturing plants using
extreme gradient boosting-XGBoost and random forest
ensemble learning algorithms in an Industry 4.0 environment.

17. Machine Learning with Applications, 4, 100024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100024Links to an
external site.
In order to sustain a business, organizations must be
competitive when it comes to the continuous customer
satisfaction. In order to provide the level of customer
satisfaction needed, companies must keep up with innovations
to do so. This strategy can help increase a company’s value in
the eyes of the customers. Simplifying the process of mass
customization allows for businesses to be more accessible to the
consumer and easier for them to find the products they require.
To keep up with the adaptive changes the customers require,
companies must be innovative to continue to keep up with the
consumer needs.
Seoyeon Lee & S. Shyam Sundar (2015). Cosmetic
Customization of Mobile Phones: Cultural Antecedents,
Psychological Correlates, Media Psychology, 18:1, 1-23, DOI:
10.1080/15213269.2013.853618
In this article, the authors explore why it is necessary
for individuals to customize their phones through cosmetic
customization. Customers see their cell phones as an extension
of their self therefore want the ability to change the
customization on their mobile phones. In today’s culture,
consumers feel the need to self-express through visible
accessories. This article dives into the psychological reasons
behind the need for adaptive customization using analyses of
consumer tendencies. Analyzing the psychological reasons,
managers can then predict customer tendencies for the future.
As time and technology progress, the need for innovation to fit
consumer needs will also increase.
Shamsuzzoha, A., Kyllönen, S., & Helo, P. (2009).
Collaborative customized product development framework.
Industrial Management & Data Systems,
109(5), 718-735.

18. The motive behind this article was to show the methods
of the collaborative customization approach and how it is
extremely valuable to the consumer and a competitive
advantage. The collaborative approach provides a bridge
between the manufacturers/ businesses and the consumer. This
approach allows for the consumer to have input into their
product and ensure satisfaction in the company and its product.
This article shows the different tools and methods of
collaborative customization. These guidelines help companies
continue making profit through customization. Increasing the
customer input in the customization process allows for the
company to ensure the consumer’s happiness with the product.
Tiihonen, J., Felfernig, A. An introduction to personalization
and mass customization.
J Intell Inf Syst49, 1–7 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-017-0465-4
This article touches on the generalization of mass
customization. It is primary duty is to introduce the topic of
mass customization. This article provides insight on why it
might be more beneficial to the consumer and business to
choose mass customization over personalization. When it
comes to personalization, the consumer has the chance to
choose too many options and ultimately not follow through with
the purchase due to being overwhelmed. When it comes to mass
customization, limited options for the consumer to choose from
helps give them direction with the product and decided easier.
This leads to a higher purchase rate rather than a high rate of
consumers walking away.
References
English Standard Version. (2017). Crossway. (Original work
published 2001)

19. Gilmore, J. H., & Pine, B. J. (1997). The four faces of mass
customization.
Harvard business review,
75(1), 91-102.
Kiangala, S. K., & Wang, Z. (2021). An effective adaptive
customization framework for small manufacturing plants using
extreme gradient boosting-XGBoost and random forest
ensemble learning algorithms in an Industry 4.0 environment.
Machine Learning with Applications, 4, 100024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2021.100024Links to an
external site.
Park, M., & Yoo, J. (2018). Benefits of mass customized
products: moderating role of product involvement and fashion
innovativeness.
Heliyon, 4(2), e00537.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00537Links to
an external site.
Seoyeon Lee & S. Shyam Sundar (2015). Cosmetic
Customization of Mobile Phones: Cultural Antecedents,
Psychological Correlates, Media Psychology, 18:1, 1-23, DOI:
10.1080/15213269.2013.853618
Shamsuzzoha, A., Kyllönen, S., & Helo, P. (2009).
Collaborative customized product development framework.
Industrial Management & Data Systems,
109(5), 718-735.
Tiihonen, J., Felfernig, A. An introduction to personalization
and mass customization.
J Intell Inf Syst49, 1–7 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10844-017-0465-4