This document discusses techniques for financial statement analysis, including vertical analysis and trend analysis. Vertical analysis expresses each financial statement item as a percentage of a base figure, such as total assets or sales, to allow comparison across periods. Trend analysis uses indexes and ratios to track changes over multiple years and identify patterns. Examples demonstrate calculating percentage changes and trend indexes using different years as a base. The purpose is to analyze and interpret a company's financial performance and position over time.
Management Accounting - Trend Analysis - Income Statementuma reur
Meaning of Trend Analysis:
Comparison of past data over a period of time with a base year is Trend Analysis.
It computes the changes in percentage for different variables over a long period and then makes a comparative study of them.
Each item in the base year is taken as 100 and on that basis, trend analysis for the corresponding items in the other years are calculated.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Management Accounting - Trend Analysis - Income Statementuma reur
Meaning of Trend Analysis:
Comparison of past data over a period of time with a base year is Trend Analysis.
It computes the changes in percentage for different variables over a long period and then makes a comparative study of them.
Each item in the base year is taken as 100 and on that basis, trend analysis for the corresponding items in the other years are calculated.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
Compute the trend percentage from the following data taking 2010 as the base year.
As a manager, discuss how you would use or have used the concepts .docxwraythallchan
As a manager, discuss how you would use or have used the concepts
1) Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
2) Importance of Profit- cost- volume analysis
3) Variable Costing in Planning
4) Importance of Variable costing
Instrcutions:
1) Original post for two different topics total 600 words
2) 3 Responses to classmates = 450 words total
3) 3 articles/peer reviewed references for one question and 3 Articles/Peer Reviewed references for other question.
4) Citation required in the body.
5) APA format
Response#1(Mahesh)
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis is observed as the employment of a model that helps in breaking down the complexity that exists between cost of production and operation, quality of goods produced, and the profits generated from the whole undertaking (Lulaj & Iseni, 2018). CVP takes into consideration the influence each aspect of operation or production unit has on the running of an organization. It stipulates the expenses that are to be incurred in a given operation by considering the fixed and variable costs that come with production of a good or a service or yet the sale of a product. This makes it an essential tool in the control of budgetary allocation in an organization as it provides the necessary information that gives direction on the combined activities that are likely to add value to an investor's capital (Serfling, 2016). A major example may be stipulated in the production of a food product, which seems to gain demand on weekends. In such a case, the business producing the product will commit its resources elsewhere during the weekday to optimize on the scarce resources and avoid drowning in expenses example fixed costs such as rent and utilize its production unit to meet the accruing demand on weekends.
Thus, it is without a doubt to state that CVP Analysis is a major tool of planning used in managing risks, optimizing on the scarce resources which are all essential in enhancing customer satisfaction (Lulaj & Iseni, 2018). Essentially, CVP provides information that is crucial in the control and planning of production, among other operational activities in an organization.
Variable Costing
Variable costing revolves around the assigning of the period and product costs in regards to a given kind of product. Researchers observe that it is an essential approach in internal reporting due to its ability to break the complexity that comes along with an organization’s operation and production (Creese, 2017). It addresses costs product costs related to manufacturing and specifically those that can be directly attributed to a product. In this case, it provides enough information that is crucial in controlling the production sector and makes plans through strategies such as budgetary allocation (Serfling, 2016). This is so in that it provides the relationship between the expected and actual costs and through this it becomes easier for the management to schedule their operations, which’s crucial in maximizing the .
Common Size Income Statement - Solved Problemsuma reur
Common Size Financial Statements
When the financial statement, financial data are shown in the shape of vertical percentage are known as Common Size Statements. In these statements, all figures are converted into a common unit by expressing them as percentage of a key figures in the statement.
The figures are shown as percentage of total assets, total liabilities and total sales. The analyst is able to assess the figures in relation to total values.
Cost Analysis ModelsUnit 3 Written AssignmentBUS .docxbobbywlane695641
Cost Analysis Models
Unit 3: Written Assignment
BUS 5110
Managerial Accounting
Unit 3
Introduction
Cost management is important for all businesses and is used to plan and control the budget. This is done by analysing business practices, predicting expenditures in advance and reducing the chance of over spending in relation to income. Using the client provided data for a business involved in the catering and events industry we can evaluate how productive and effective her business is.
Provide an accurate solution.
We can see from the data in the attached costing sheet that the company has a break even point of 3158 events. To come to this conclusion, we calculated the revenue per event (Current revenue / number of events) $22,500,000 / 5000 = $4,500. We also require our Contribution margin (Revenue per event - Variable cost per event) $4,500 - $2,600 = $1,900. To calculate the Breakeven point, we simply take the Fixed cost and divide that by the Contribution margin = 6,000,000 / 1,900 = 3157.89
Hypothetically, if the company decided they’d like to improve their revenue and increase their profits from $3,500,000 to $5,000,000 we can use the data to calculate the number of events required to reach that target. Using the Units to Achieve a Target Income formula (Total fixed costs + Target income) / Contribution margin per unit = (6,000,000 + 5,000,000) / 1,900 = 5789.47 = 5789 events (Walther, L. M. & Skousen, C.J., 2009).
Provide a narrative that defines and discusses the purpose of assigning cost categories of fixed and variable costs.
Operating a business incurs a range of costs. These can be defined as either fixed costs which don’t change in relation to activity and variable costs which do. These costing structures will likely differ between businesses and industries. Companies have even been known to use different costing structures between different internal departments. (CFI., n.d.)
Many fixed costs are going to be unavoidable and come from the simple operational side of your business. Costs such as depreciation, taxes and rent will likely remain unchanged however other fixed costs such as advertising budgets are more discretionary. Variable costs are also able to be altered depending on the size and scale of your business. For example, order quantities can be increased to bring unit costs down however before committing to such decisions forecasting your sales based on this should also be carried out to ensure you don’t end up grossly overstocked (Walther, L. M. & Skousen, C.J., 2009).
In order to maximise profits companies are required to minimise or eradicate unnecessary costs any way they can, ideally with no impact on the quality of the final product. A manager must understand both of these categories and the importance they play in the overall running of the business if they’re ever going to effectively improve the business model, reduce costs and remain profitable.
Provide a narrative that defines and discusses.
COMPANY ANALYSIS-HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LTDSaiLakshmi115
Introduction to company analysis# About the company in short # vision # mission # Standard of conduct # culture and value # business model of HUL # swot analysis of HUL # management and its structure # corporate culture and governance # Quantitative analysis of the company- HUL: Earnings, Leverages, competitive edge, production efficiency, financial analysis, cash flow, Ratio analysis # conclusion
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
As a manager, discuss how you would use or have used the concepts .docxwraythallchan
As a manager, discuss how you would use or have used the concepts
1) Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
2) Importance of Profit- cost- volume analysis
3) Variable Costing in Planning
4) Importance of Variable costing
Instrcutions:
1) Original post for two different topics total 600 words
2) 3 Responses to classmates = 450 words total
3) 3 articles/peer reviewed references for one question and 3 Articles/Peer Reviewed references for other question.
4) Citation required in the body.
5) APA format
Response#1(Mahesh)
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis is observed as the employment of a model that helps in breaking down the complexity that exists between cost of production and operation, quality of goods produced, and the profits generated from the whole undertaking (Lulaj & Iseni, 2018). CVP takes into consideration the influence each aspect of operation or production unit has on the running of an organization. It stipulates the expenses that are to be incurred in a given operation by considering the fixed and variable costs that come with production of a good or a service or yet the sale of a product. This makes it an essential tool in the control of budgetary allocation in an organization as it provides the necessary information that gives direction on the combined activities that are likely to add value to an investor's capital (Serfling, 2016). A major example may be stipulated in the production of a food product, which seems to gain demand on weekends. In such a case, the business producing the product will commit its resources elsewhere during the weekday to optimize on the scarce resources and avoid drowning in expenses example fixed costs such as rent and utilize its production unit to meet the accruing demand on weekends.
Thus, it is without a doubt to state that CVP Analysis is a major tool of planning used in managing risks, optimizing on the scarce resources which are all essential in enhancing customer satisfaction (Lulaj & Iseni, 2018). Essentially, CVP provides information that is crucial in the control and planning of production, among other operational activities in an organization.
Variable Costing
Variable costing revolves around the assigning of the period and product costs in regards to a given kind of product. Researchers observe that it is an essential approach in internal reporting due to its ability to break the complexity that comes along with an organization’s operation and production (Creese, 2017). It addresses costs product costs related to manufacturing and specifically those that can be directly attributed to a product. In this case, it provides enough information that is crucial in controlling the production sector and makes plans through strategies such as budgetary allocation (Serfling, 2016). This is so in that it provides the relationship between the expected and actual costs and through this it becomes easier for the management to schedule their operations, which’s crucial in maximizing the .
Common Size Income Statement - Solved Problemsuma reur
Common Size Financial Statements
When the financial statement, financial data are shown in the shape of vertical percentage are known as Common Size Statements. In these statements, all figures are converted into a common unit by expressing them as percentage of a key figures in the statement.
The figures are shown as percentage of total assets, total liabilities and total sales. The analyst is able to assess the figures in relation to total values.
Cost Analysis ModelsUnit 3 Written AssignmentBUS .docxbobbywlane695641
Cost Analysis Models
Unit 3: Written Assignment
BUS 5110
Managerial Accounting
Unit 3
Introduction
Cost management is important for all businesses and is used to plan and control the budget. This is done by analysing business practices, predicting expenditures in advance and reducing the chance of over spending in relation to income. Using the client provided data for a business involved in the catering and events industry we can evaluate how productive and effective her business is.
Provide an accurate solution.
We can see from the data in the attached costing sheet that the company has a break even point of 3158 events. To come to this conclusion, we calculated the revenue per event (Current revenue / number of events) $22,500,000 / 5000 = $4,500. We also require our Contribution margin (Revenue per event - Variable cost per event) $4,500 - $2,600 = $1,900. To calculate the Breakeven point, we simply take the Fixed cost and divide that by the Contribution margin = 6,000,000 / 1,900 = 3157.89
Hypothetically, if the company decided they’d like to improve their revenue and increase their profits from $3,500,000 to $5,000,000 we can use the data to calculate the number of events required to reach that target. Using the Units to Achieve a Target Income formula (Total fixed costs + Target income) / Contribution margin per unit = (6,000,000 + 5,000,000) / 1,900 = 5789.47 = 5789 events (Walther, L. M. & Skousen, C.J., 2009).
Provide a narrative that defines and discusses the purpose of assigning cost categories of fixed and variable costs.
Operating a business incurs a range of costs. These can be defined as either fixed costs which don’t change in relation to activity and variable costs which do. These costing structures will likely differ between businesses and industries. Companies have even been known to use different costing structures between different internal departments. (CFI., n.d.)
Many fixed costs are going to be unavoidable and come from the simple operational side of your business. Costs such as depreciation, taxes and rent will likely remain unchanged however other fixed costs such as advertising budgets are more discretionary. Variable costs are also able to be altered depending on the size and scale of your business. For example, order quantities can be increased to bring unit costs down however before committing to such decisions forecasting your sales based on this should also be carried out to ensure you don’t end up grossly overstocked (Walther, L. M. & Skousen, C.J., 2009).
In order to maximise profits companies are required to minimise or eradicate unnecessary costs any way they can, ideally with no impact on the quality of the final product. A manager must understand both of these categories and the importance they play in the overall running of the business if they’re ever going to effectively improve the business model, reduce costs and remain profitable.
Provide a narrative that defines and discusses.
COMPANY ANALYSIS-HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LTDSaiLakshmi115
Introduction to company analysis# About the company in short # vision # mission # Standard of conduct # culture and value # business model of HUL # swot analysis of HUL # management and its structure # corporate culture and governance # Quantitative analysis of the company- HUL: Earnings, Leverages, competitive edge, production efficiency, financial analysis, cash flow, Ratio analysis # conclusion
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Know and explain the how financial statements are
analyzed using the Vertical Analysis or Common-size and
Trend Analysis.
Perform the steps in financial statement analysis by
applying the different techniques, interpretations,
conclusions, and draw the implications based on the
results of the application
4. Vertical analysis (also known as common-size analysis) is
a popular method of financial statement analysis that
shows each item on a statement as a percentage of a base
figure within the statement.
To conduct a vertical analysis of balance sheet, the total of
assets and the total of liabilities and stockholders’ equity
are generally used as base figures. All individual assets (or
groups of assets if condensed form balance sheet is used)
are shown as a percentage of total assets. The current
liabilities, long term debts and equities are shown as a
percentage of the total liabilities and stockholders’ equity.
To conduct a vertical analysis of income statement, sales
figure is generally used as the base and all other
components of income statement like cost of sales, gross
profit, operating expenses, income tax, and net income etc.
are shown as a percentage of sales.
5. IN A VERTICAL ANALYSIS THE PERCENTAGE IS
COMPUTED BY USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULA:
A basic vertical analysis needs an
individual statement for a reporting period
but comparative statements may be
prepared to increase the usefulness of the
analysis.
10. Vertical analysis states financial statements in
a comparable common-size format (percentage
form). One of the advantages of common-size
analysis is that it can be used for inter-company
comparison of enterprises with different sizes
because all items are expressed as a percentage
of some common number. For example, suppose
company A and company B belong to same
industry. A is a small company and B is a large
company. Company A’s sales and gross profit are
P100,000 and P30,000 respectively whereas
company B’s sales and gross profit are
P1,000,000 and P300,000 respectively.
11. IF VERTICAL ANALYSIS IS CONDUCTED AND SALES FIGURE IS USED AS
BASE, IT WOULD SHOW A GROSS PROFIT PERCENTAGE OF 30% FOR
BOTH THE COMPANIES AS SHOWN BELOW:
Company A and B
Comparative Income Statement
For the year ended…….
Company A Company B
Sales 100,000 100% 1,000,000 100%
Cost of
goods sold
70,000 70% 700,000 70%
——— ———–
30,000 30% 300,000 30%
——— ———–
13. Horizontal analysis is normally applied to two-
year analysis. Trend analysis extends beyond
two years.
The purpose of trend analysis is to track down
what happened in past and provide a pattern on
what may happen in the coming years.
Trend analysis uses indexes and ratios to simplify
the visible complications and annoying
presentation of numbers contained in the financial
reports.
Financial data expressed in indexes and ratios are
easily readable than those presented in terms of
pesos in millions.
Indexes are expressed in hundreds while ratios
are expressed in normal decimal places.
14. PESO AND PERCENTAGE CHANGES ARE
COMPUTED BY USING THE FOLLOWING
FORMULAS:
1. Peso change = Amount of the item in comparison year –
Amount of the item in base year
2. Percentage change = Peso change x 100
Amount of the item in base year
15. TREND INDEXES
The following date were take from te recods of
CBA Company:
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Net
Sales
22,980,
000
23,600,
890
28,998,
879
22,766,
550
29,765,
875
16. TREND INDEXES
The net sales indexes and ratios using 2015 as
the base year would be:
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Net Sales
Index
100 103 126 99 130
Net Sales
Ratio
1.00 1.03 1.26 .99 1.30
17. TREND INDEXES
Articulating a general impression of the data,
using 2015 as the base year, the business has
been registering an upward trend in its sales
except in 2018 where there was a drop to 99%,
however, it was dramatically recovered in 2019
where it moved up to 130%.
In the stretch of 5 years, the business has
accumulated a 30% increase in sales.
18. AN EXAMPLE OF TREND ANALYSIS
12/31/2018 12/31/2019 12/31/2020
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and Cash Equilavents 100 209 211
Trading Securities 100 36 37
Trade and Other Receivable 100 76 87
Inventories 100 113 124
Prepaid Expenses 100 116 121
Total Current Assets 100 95 103
Non-Current Assets
Property, Plant and Equipment 100 152 164
Total Assets 100 115 124
Smart Ways International
Balance Sheet
