Discourse analysis studies how sentences and utterances combine to form texts and interactions, and how these fit into the social world. It looks at language use in context. There are four main assumptions of discourse analysis: 1) language is ambiguous, 2) language meaning depends on use, 3) language use reflects social identities and groups, 4) language is always combined with other communicative acts like tone and gestures. Discourse analysis understands how language promotes ideologies and constructs relationships between people.
Discourse analysis studies how sentences and utterances combine to form texts and interactions, and how these fit into the social world. It looks at language use in context. There are four main assumptions of discourse analysis: language is ambiguous, situated in context, inseparable from social identities, and never used alone but with other modalities. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs relationships and ideologies through genres, cultural models, and intertextuality.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and related concepts. It defines discourse as language longer than a sentence that is meaningful and communicates purpose. Discourse analysis examines patterns of language use across texts and their social/cultural contexts. Key areas discussed include the relationship between language and context, text cohesion/coherence, genre analysis involving text conventions and functions, and discourse communities sharing goals/practices. The objects of discourse analysis are defined as coherent sequences of language conveying information.
The document discusses discourse analysis and key concepts in analyzing language use and interpretation. It covers the Hallidayan model of language which analyzes context of culture, context of situation (including field, tenor, mode), genre, and register. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, implicatures, and approaches to discourse analysis including initial analysis, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
There are 4 levels of communication:
1) Intrapersonal communication is communication within oneself through thoughts, dreams, speaking aloud, writing, etc.
2) Interpersonal communication is communication between two or more people using both verbal and nonverbal channels like speech, body language, and indirect channels like intuition. It involves factors like context and is important for relationships and work.
3) Group communication refers to communication between 3-12 people in a context that mixes interpersonal interactions with social dynamics.
4) Public communication is used to promote products, policies, films, politics through strategic messaging and targeting the right audiences. There are also different models that describe the communication process like linear, interactive, and transaction
Using discourse analysis to fuel brand strategies by Ray PoynterMerlien Institute
Paper presented at the international conference on Qualitative Consumer Research & Insights 2011
7 & 8 April 2011, Malta
Organised by Merlien Institute
http://www.merlien.org
Discourse analysis studies how sentences and utterances combine to form texts and interactions, and how these fit into the social world. It looks at language use in context. There are four main assumptions of discourse analysis: language is ambiguous, situated in context, inseparable from social identities, and never used alone but with other modalities. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs relationships and ideologies through genres, cultural models, and intertextuality.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and related concepts. It defines discourse as language longer than a sentence that is meaningful and communicates purpose. Discourse analysis examines patterns of language use across texts and their social/cultural contexts. Key areas discussed include the relationship between language and context, text cohesion/coherence, genre analysis involving text conventions and functions, and discourse communities sharing goals/practices. The objects of discourse analysis are defined as coherent sequences of language conveying information.
The document discusses discourse analysis and key concepts in analyzing language use and interpretation. It covers the Hallidayan model of language which analyzes context of culture, context of situation (including field, tenor, mode), genre, and register. It also discusses Grice's cooperative principle and maxims of conversation, implicatures, and approaches to discourse analysis including initial analysis, conversation analysis, and critical discourse analysis.
Discourse analysis is the study of written and spoken language use beyond the sentence level. It examines how language is used in a social context and how it relates to other factors like culture. There are different types of discourse including narrative, descriptive, persuasive, argumentative, and expository. Oral discourse involves spoken communication while written discourse conveys meaning through written language. Some key differences between oral and written discourse are that oral discourse allows for nonverbal cues and can be more spontaneous while written discourse provides more structure and cannot be changed once published.
This guide for students and practitioners is introduced by Christopher J. Hall, Patrick H. Smith, and Rachel Wicaksono. This presentation talks about discourse analysis and its several definitions including the pervasive relevance of discourse (analysis), linguistic approaches to discourse analysis, social approaches to discourse analysis, and themes in contemporary discourse analysis. This will discuss the nature of discourse analysis in context significant to all PhD Language Studies students around the globe.
There are 4 levels of communication:
1) Intrapersonal communication is communication within oneself through thoughts, dreams, speaking aloud, writing, etc.
2) Interpersonal communication is communication between two or more people using both verbal and nonverbal channels like speech, body language, and indirect channels like intuition. It involves factors like context and is important for relationships and work.
3) Group communication refers to communication between 3-12 people in a context that mixes interpersonal interactions with social dynamics.
4) Public communication is used to promote products, policies, films, politics through strategic messaging and targeting the right audiences. There are also different models that describe the communication process like linear, interactive, and transaction
Using discourse analysis to fuel brand strategies by Ray PoynterMerlien Institute
Paper presented at the international conference on Qualitative Consumer Research & Insights 2011
7 & 8 April 2011, Malta
Organised by Merlien Institute
http://www.merlien.org
The document discusses two models of communication:
1) The message model, where the speaker encodes a message and the hearer decodes it. This model has problems with ambiguity, reference, intention, nonliteral meanings, and indirectness.
2) The inferential model, where communication relies on shared presumptions and inferential strategies. This model accounts for literal, nonliteral, and indirect language use through recognition of contextual appropriateness and inferences about the speaker's intention. Successful communication is recognizing the speaker's communicative intention.
Communication is essential for any job. Effective internal and external communication allows an organization to develop and grow. Large businesses rely on communication to maintain knowledge of branch office activities. Communication also promotes understanding and cooperation between employees. Possessing strong communication skills is important for both getting hired and being promoted within an organization. Effective communication is critical for any job or business to function successfully.
The document discusses communicative competence and its related concepts. It begins by defining communicative competence based on Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. Hymes later expanded on this idea by arguing that communicative competence involves sociocultural factors and the ability to convey and interpret messages within specific contexts. The document then discusses basic interpersonal communicative skills versus cognitive/academic language proficiency. It also covers the different components of communicative competence including grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic, and organizational competence. The document goes on to define language functions and pragmatic concepts such as locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses notions related to pragmatics, discourse analysis,
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and different approaches to analyzing discourse. It discusses how discourse analysis examines both spoken and written language in their social contexts. Several key approaches are described, including conversation analysis, variation theory, systemic functional linguistics, and critical discourse analysis. The document also compares differences between spoken and written language at the levels of grammar and vocabulary choice.
The document discusses pragmatic equivalence in translation. A translator's main goal is to convey the message of the source text with the same meaning and intention as the original producer. This can be achieved through pragmatic equivalence, which involves conveying the source language to the target language with the same intention and equivalent words/affect on the reader. Pragmatics studies speakers' intentions and the context surrounding utterances. A translator must consider implicit meanings that arise from what is literally said. Equivalence also plays an important role in achieving the translator's goal of conveying the intended message across languages.
Discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond words and sentences. It looks at patterns of language across texts and the relationship between language and its social/cultural context. Discourse analysis considers how language presents different views of the world and identities, and how language use is influenced by relationships between participants and affects social identities. It examines both spoken and written texts.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first introduced by Zelling Harris and defines it as the study of how stretches of language assume meaning and purpose. The document also distinguishes between the textual and interpersonal functions of language.
Discourse analysis refers to studying language use beyond the sentence level, including conversational exchanges and written texts. There are several approaches to discourse analysis from different disciplines. These include speech act theory (language as action), conversation analysis (structure of dialogue), interactional sociolinguistics (context and social identities), ethnography of communication (culture and communication), pragmatics (meaning based on context), and variation analysis (linguistic structures in texts). Each approach provides a distinct perspective for analyzing discourse in social contexts.
This document discusses various approaches to discourse analysis, including:
1) Speech act theory which views language as performing actions and analyzes utterances based on illocutionary force.
2) Interactional sociolinguistics which examines how context influences production and interpretation of discourse through cues like intonation.
3) Ethnography of communication which analyzes speech events within their social and cultural contexts using Hymes' SPEAKING framework.
4) Conversation analysis which identifies turn-taking and adjacency pairs as fundamental units and examines how conversation is achieved interactively.
The document discusses verbal messages and the communication process. It explains that encoding and decoding messages involves converting ideas into messages with the intent that receivers will understand them as intended. Communication models can examine how messages are transmitted between senders and receivers as well as how meaning is constructed. The nature of language involves patterns of phonology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Physiological and cognitive factors underlie language use and acquisition develops through social interaction and expressing meanings.
1. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors like age, gender, status, and setting influence language use.
2. This document provides an introduction to key concepts in sociolinguistics including domains of language use, diglossia, code-switching, language maintenance vs shift, and linguistic variation related to gender and age.
3. Several examples are given to illustrate these concepts, such as how a bilingual Tongan speaker uses different languages in different social contexts, and how social class can influence pronunciation patterns in British English.
This document provides tips for teaching culture and language. It discusses the relationship between culture, language and thought. Some key points made are that language expresses, embodies and symbolizes cultural reality. It also discusses identifying different speech communities, the influence of gender on language, differences between spoken and written language, understanding meaning in context, identifying speech acts, understanding the concept of "face", and recognizing communication styles and registers. The document provides research and suggestions for what teachers can do to help students understand these concepts.
Copy Of Discourse Analysis Presented To Miss RabiaDr. Cupid Lucid
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origins, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origins, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
Copy Of Discourse Analysis Presented To Miss RabiaDr. Cupid Lucid
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origins, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
The document discusses how language varies based on social context and relationships between speakers. It covers topics like speech accommodation theory, how speakers converge or diverge based on their audience, and the influence of social class and culture on language. The concept of communicative competence is also introduced, which includes grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence that allow people to communicate effectively in different situations.
Discourse analysis is the study of language use in context. It focuses on how spoken and written language is structured and how meaning is derived based on context. Key aspects of discourse analysis include cohesion, coherence, speech events, background knowledge, conversational interaction, and the cooperation principle. Cohesion refers to linguistic ties like anaphora that link parts of discourse. Coherence relies on background knowledge to interpret meaning. Speech events and interactions provide social context. The cooperation principle proposes conversational maxims like being relevant and clear that aid understanding. Overall, discourse analysis examines language patterns and pragmatics to interpret intended meanings in context.
Language Programs and Policies in Multilingual Societies.pptxSyedNadeemAbbas6
This document discusses various sociolinguistic concepts including what sociolinguistics is, bilingualism, language change, language shift, code switching, language death, language revival, standard languages, vernacular languages, national languages, official languages, pidgins, regional dialects, and social dialects. It defines each concept and provides examples to illustrate key aspects. The document is intended to serve as an overview of important sociolinguistic concepts for understanding language use within societies.
The document provides an overview of the key features of connected speech presented to an audience. It introduces assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions, and other features. It defines assimilation as the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds. It describes stress-timed and syllable-timed rhythm and gives examples. It defines juncture as the relationship between consecutive sounds and the types of junctures. It also discusses informal contractions commonly used in casual speech like "gonna" and "wanna".
The document discusses two models of communication:
1) The message model, where the speaker encodes a message and the hearer decodes it. This model has problems with ambiguity, reference, intention, nonliteral meanings, and indirectness.
2) The inferential model, where communication relies on shared presumptions and inferential strategies. This model accounts for literal, nonliteral, and indirect language use through recognition of contextual appropriateness and inferences about the speaker's intention. Successful communication is recognizing the speaker's communicative intention.
Communication is essential for any job. Effective internal and external communication allows an organization to develop and grow. Large businesses rely on communication to maintain knowledge of branch office activities. Communication also promotes understanding and cooperation between employees. Possessing strong communication skills is important for both getting hired and being promoted within an organization. Effective communication is critical for any job or business to function successfully.
The document discusses communicative competence and its related concepts. It begins by defining communicative competence based on Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. Hymes later expanded on this idea by arguing that communicative competence involves sociocultural factors and the ability to convey and interpret messages within specific contexts. The document then discusses basic interpersonal communicative skills versus cognitive/academic language proficiency. It also covers the different components of communicative competence including grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic, and organizational competence. The document goes on to define language functions and pragmatic concepts such as locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses notions related to pragmatics, discourse analysis,
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis and different approaches to analyzing discourse. It discusses how discourse analysis examines both spoken and written language in their social contexts. Several key approaches are described, including conversation analysis, variation theory, systemic functional linguistics, and critical discourse analysis. The document also compares differences between spoken and written language at the levels of grammar and vocabulary choice.
The document discusses pragmatic equivalence in translation. A translator's main goal is to convey the message of the source text with the same meaning and intention as the original producer. This can be achieved through pragmatic equivalence, which involves conveying the source language to the target language with the same intention and equivalent words/affect on the reader. Pragmatics studies speakers' intentions and the context surrounding utterances. A translator must consider implicit meanings that arise from what is literally said. Equivalence also plays an important role in achieving the translator's goal of conveying the intended message across languages.
Discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond words and sentences. It looks at patterns of language across texts and the relationship between language and its social/cultural context. Discourse analysis considers how language presents different views of the world and identities, and how language use is influenced by relationships between participants and affects social identities. It examines both spoken and written texts.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first introduced by Zelling Harris and defines it as the study of how stretches of language assume meaning and purpose. The document also distinguishes between the textual and interpersonal functions of language.
Discourse analysis refers to studying language use beyond the sentence level, including conversational exchanges and written texts. There are several approaches to discourse analysis from different disciplines. These include speech act theory (language as action), conversation analysis (structure of dialogue), interactional sociolinguistics (context and social identities), ethnography of communication (culture and communication), pragmatics (meaning based on context), and variation analysis (linguistic structures in texts). Each approach provides a distinct perspective for analyzing discourse in social contexts.
This document discusses various approaches to discourse analysis, including:
1) Speech act theory which views language as performing actions and analyzes utterances based on illocutionary force.
2) Interactional sociolinguistics which examines how context influences production and interpretation of discourse through cues like intonation.
3) Ethnography of communication which analyzes speech events within their social and cultural contexts using Hymes' SPEAKING framework.
4) Conversation analysis which identifies turn-taking and adjacency pairs as fundamental units and examines how conversation is achieved interactively.
The document discusses verbal messages and the communication process. It explains that encoding and decoding messages involves converting ideas into messages with the intent that receivers will understand them as intended. Communication models can examine how messages are transmitted between senders and receivers as well as how meaning is constructed. The nature of language involves patterns of phonology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Physiological and cognitive factors underlie language use and acquisition develops through social interaction and expressing meanings.
1. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. It examines how social factors like age, gender, status, and setting influence language use.
2. This document provides an introduction to key concepts in sociolinguistics including domains of language use, diglossia, code-switching, language maintenance vs shift, and linguistic variation related to gender and age.
3. Several examples are given to illustrate these concepts, such as how a bilingual Tongan speaker uses different languages in different social contexts, and how social class can influence pronunciation patterns in British English.
This document provides tips for teaching culture and language. It discusses the relationship between culture, language and thought. Some key points made are that language expresses, embodies and symbolizes cultural reality. It also discusses identifying different speech communities, the influence of gender on language, differences between spoken and written language, understanding meaning in context, identifying speech acts, understanding the concept of "face", and recognizing communication styles and registers. The document provides research and suggestions for what teachers can do to help students understand these concepts.
Copy Of Discourse Analysis Presented To Miss RabiaDr. Cupid Lucid
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origins, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origins, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
Copy Of Discourse Analysis Presented To Miss RabiaDr. Cupid Lucid
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origins, importance, and key concepts. It discusses how discourse analysis focuses on language use beyond the sentence level and how it examines both interpersonal and textual linguistic functions. Key aspects covered include the difference between text and discourse, coherence and cohesion, conversational interactions, and the cooperative principle underlying most conversations.
The document discusses how language varies based on social context and relationships between speakers. It covers topics like speech accommodation theory, how speakers converge or diverge based on their audience, and the influence of social class and culture on language. The concept of communicative competence is also introduced, which includes grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence that allow people to communicate effectively in different situations.
Discourse analysis is the study of language use in context. It focuses on how spoken and written language is structured and how meaning is derived based on context. Key aspects of discourse analysis include cohesion, coherence, speech events, background knowledge, conversational interaction, and the cooperation principle. Cohesion refers to linguistic ties like anaphora that link parts of discourse. Coherence relies on background knowledge to interpret meaning. Speech events and interactions provide social context. The cooperation principle proposes conversational maxims like being relevant and clear that aid understanding. Overall, discourse analysis examines language patterns and pragmatics to interpret intended meanings in context.
Similar to Discourse analysis presentation.pptx (20)
Language Programs and Policies in Multilingual Societies.pptxSyedNadeemAbbas6
This document discusses various sociolinguistic concepts including what sociolinguistics is, bilingualism, language change, language shift, code switching, language death, language revival, standard languages, vernacular languages, national languages, official languages, pidgins, regional dialects, and social dialects. It defines each concept and provides examples to illustrate key aspects. The document is intended to serve as an overview of important sociolinguistic concepts for understanding language use within societies.
The document provides an overview of the key features of connected speech presented to an audience. It introduces assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions, and other features. It defines assimilation as the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds. It describes stress-timed and syllable-timed rhythm and gives examples. It defines juncture as the relationship between consecutive sounds and the types of junctures. It also discusses informal contractions commonly used in casual speech like "gonna" and "wanna".
This document summarizes key differences between receptive skills like reading and listening, and productive skills like speaking and writing in language learning. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and different reading approaches. It also outlines techniques for developing speaking skills, including controlled, guided and free activities. Key points for teaching productive skills are emphasized, such as the differences between accuracy and fluency activities, encouraging student interaction, and providing feedback. Guidelines are provided for planning and implementing free speaking activities and developing writing skills with attention to spelling, layout, punctuation and creative writing.
The document discusses different approaches for representing the meaning of language, including first-order predicate calculus, semantic networks, and frames. It examines requirements for meaning representations such as representing ambiguity, vagueness, and different types of meaning like events, time, and beliefs. Various meaning representation schemes are evaluated for their ability to determine truth, support inference, and answer questions based on linguistic input and background knowledge.
This document discusses Ferdinand de Saussure's model of the linguistic sign. It explains that for Saussure, a sign is composed of a signifier, the form that the sign takes, and a signified, the concept it represents. Saussure argued that signs only have meaning as part of a larger system of relationships between signs. The document also discusses how later theorists have developed and critiqued aspects of Saussure's model, such as giving more emphasis to the materiality of the signifier or challenging the clear distinction between signifier and signified. It provides context on Saussure's views and influence in the development of semiotic theory.
This document discusses receptive and productive language skills, specifically reading and speaking.
It provides information on reading skills such as skimming, scanning, intensive and extensive reading. It discusses factors that make reading texts easy or difficult and strategies to help students with reading.
For speaking skills, it discusses the differences between accuracy and fluency activities. It provides examples of controlled, guided and free speaking activities teachers can use. It also offers tips for encouraging students to speak in the classroom.
The document concludes by briefly touching on writing skills and noting similarities between teaching writing and speaking, such as the importance of planning, layout, punctuation and creative activities.
Language comprehension involves 5 steps: 1) differentiating speech sounds, 2) recognizing words, 3) activating syntactic and semantic properties of words, 4) building a grammatical structure, and 5) interpreting the structure. Building grammatical structure is necessary because meaning depends on word arrangements. Parsing algorithms like wait-and-see, parallelism, and conservative guessing are used, and make initial attachment decisions based on principles like minimal attachment and late closure. Neurological evidence from event-related potentials supports the independence of syntactic and semantic processing, though their timing may overlap behaviorally.
Left hemisphere is language dominant for 90% of subjects. Damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe impairs speech production, causing difficulties finding words and grammatical errors in telegraphic speech. Damage to Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe or connections between these areas causes receptive aphasias like Wernicke's aphasia or conduction aphasia, impairing speech comprehension. Anomic aphasia from left temporal lobe damage causes difficulty recalling words but fluent speech.
This document discusses stress in English pronunciation. It defines stress as the degree of force used to pronounce a syllable. Stressed syllables are pronounced with more force than unstressed syllables. The key aspects that make a syllable prominent, or stressed, are loudness, length, pitch, and vowel sound. English words can have primary, secondary, or no stress on their syllables. The placement of stress in words is complex and depends on factors like the number of syllables, word class, affixes, and phonological structure. General rules are provided for stress patterns in two-syllable and three-syllable words of different word classes. Stress can also shift between related words of different classes, like nou
Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds, how they are produced, transmitted, and perceived, while phonology focuses on the sound system and rules of a particular language. There are three main branches of phonetics: articulatory phonetics examines speech production in the vocal tract, acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of sounds, and auditory phonetics investigates sound perception. Phonology deals with the organization and permissible combinations of sounds within a language's system. It has two types: segmental phonology considers individual speech sounds, and suprasegmental phonology examines features like stress, rhythm, and intonation that extend over multiple sounds.
This document discusses English diphthongs, including centering diphthongs like /iə/, /eə/, /uə/ and closing diphthongs like /ei/, /ai/, /ɔi/, /əʊ/, /aʊ/. It provides phonetic transcriptions and example words for each diphthong. It also includes pair work, sentences, and dialogues practicing the pronunciation of words containing these diphthongs.
This document discusses different types of syllabi in language teaching. It describes the differences between syllabi and curriculum, with syllabi being more limited in scope. There are two main types of syllabi: product-oriented and process-oriented. Product syllabi focus on the end knowledge and skills, while process syllabi focus on the learning experiences. Syllabi can also be synthetic or analytic - synthetic separate language into parts while analytic treat it holistically. Finally, there are Type A and Type B syllabi, with Type A being authority-driven and product focused, while Type B are needs-based and process focused. A good syllabus incorporates elements of both synthetic and analytic as well as Type A and B approaches.
This document discusses error analysis in second language acquisition. It defines error analysis as the investigation of errors made by second language learners. The document outlines Corder's model for error analysis, which includes collecting samples of learner language, identifying and classifying errors, explaining error sources, and evaluating errors. Sources of errors are categorized as interlingual or intralingual transfer. Interlingual errors stem from the influence of the learner's first language, while intralingual errors are developmental and reflect difficulties with the target language itself. Error analysis provides insights into the language acquisition process and helps teachers identify areas of difficulty for learners.
Ogden and Richards developed the semantic triangle model to explain the relationship between symbols, thoughts or references, and referents in communication. The semantic triangle illustrates that a symbol used in language evokes a thought or reference in the mind, which is then linked to a real-world referent. Misunderstandings can occur when the associations between symbols and referents are different for individuals. Ogden and Richards also developed definition theory to address ambiguity in language by providing context to clarify word meanings. Their theories aimed to understand how meaning is constructed and where miscommunications arise in the symbolic process of exchanging ideas through language.
Women's empowerment is a complex, multi-dimensional concept that involves economic, political, social, cultural, religious, personal, psychological and emotional elements. It is defined in many ways, but generally includes access to resources like land, money, credit, and employment, as well as representation in political bodies. Women's empowerment also involves freedom of choice, basic rights, education, health, mobility, and control over one's body and sexuality. The ultimate goals are gender equality and equity.
This document outlines Jazz's strategic pillars and programs for gender inclusion in information and communication technologies (ICT) in Pakistan. It discusses Jazz's initiatives to promote inclusive products, messaging, business operations and supply chains. It also describes Jazz's signature career development programs for women, including returnship and internship opportunities. Several of Jazz's partnership programs aimed at digital skills training, entrepreneurship and startups that target women are highlighted, such as their programs with TCF, UNDP, the National Incubation Center and others. Metrics on the reach and impact of these programs for women are provided. The document closes by outlining Jazz's new commitments to the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority to further promote gender inclusion in ICT through expanded training, events
This document discusses different types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. It provides examples of each type and explains their key characteristics. A simple sentence contains one subject and one predicate. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined with coordinating conjunctions. A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses joined by subordinating conjunctions. A compound-complex sentence is a combination of the previous types. Exercises are included for the reader to identify each sentence structure.
This document discusses the major processes by which new words are formed in the English language. It describes the main processes as affixation, compounding, reduplication, and suppletion. Affixation involves adding prefixes or suffixes to existing morphemes. Compounding combines two or more words to form a new word. Reduplication duplicates all or part of a word. Suppletion changes the form of a word irregularly. Some minor word formation processes mentioned include acronyms, blending, and clipping.
Chapter 6 Slides-Language & cultural identity (1).pptxSyedNadeemAbbas6
This document discusses the relationship between language and cultural identity. It explains that language is connected to a person's sense of self and their membership in social groups. However, defining cultural groups can be difficult, as identities are complex and overlapping. Stereotypes about cultural groups are socially constructed. The document also examines how standard languages become tied to national identity and how linguistic imperialism can threaten cultural diversity.
This professional development event focused on working with international students. It included presentations by international students on their experiences, an exercise on the stages of cultural acclimation, and a Q&A session. Attendees also learned about the five stages of culture shock (honeymoon period, culture shock, first adjustment, mental isolation, and acceptance), how to identify and address culture bumps, keys to good communication like pronouncing names correctly and using silence, and common adjustment issues for international students. Handouts provided additional resources on intercultural communication.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Discourse analysis presentation.pptx
1.
2. WHAT IS DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ?
Discourse analysis study the ways sentences
and utterances (speech) go together to
make texts and interactions and how those
texts and interactions fit into our social
world.
It should be noticed also that discourse
analysis is not just the study of language,
but a way of looking at language as well.
3. This way of looking at language is based on
four main assumptions:
1) Language is ambiguous. What things mean is never absolutely
clear.
2) Language is always ‘in the world’. That is, what language means is
always a matter of where and when it is used.
3) The way we use language is inseparable from who we are and
The different social groups to which we belong.
4) Language is never used all by itself. It is always combined with
other things such as our tone of voice, facial expressions and gestures
when we speak, and the fonts, layout and graphics we use in written
texts.
4. What is good in discourse analysis?
Understanding How Discourse Works We Will Be Able To
Understand People Better And Communicate More Effectively.
Texts and Texture
Discourse analysts analyze ‘texts’ and ‘conversations’.
Text
Text is everything that is meaningful in a particular situation; and
the basis for meaning is choice.
Texture
Texture is the quality that makes a particular set of words or
sentences a text, rather than a random collection of linguistic
items. So it is the relationship Between one set of choice and
another.
5. What are two important Things that make
a text a text?
1)Features inherent in the language itself (things,
For example, like grammatical ‘rules’),
2) These features that help you to figure out the
relationship between the various sets of choices.
6. TEXT AND THEIR SOCIAL FUNCTION
What is meant by a genre?
A genre is a recognizable communicative event
characterized by a set of communicative purposes
identified and mutually understood by members
of the community in which it occurs.
What is meant by genre analysis?
It is the study of the social functions of different kinds of
texts.
7. Genre Characterizations:
1) Genres are communicative events:
Most texts are not just trying to get only one thing done. The
Communicative purposes of texts are often multiple and complex.
2) Conventions And Constraints:
These Constraints govern not just what can be included, but also how it
should be included.
3) Creativity
That is not to say that all job application letters, or other genres like
newspaper articles and recipes, are always exactly the same. As The
directors of the often the most successful texts are those which break
the rules, defy conventions and push the boundaries of constraints.
4)Discourse communities:
Genres are always associated with certain groups of people that have
certain common goals and common ways of reaching these goals.
8. Discourse and ideology.
Ideology:
It is a specific set of beliefs and assumptions that people have about things
like what is good and bad, what is right and wrong, and what is normal and
abnormal.
How text promote ideology?
We Will focus on four things:
1)The ways authors create ’versions Of reality’ based on their choice of
words and how they combine words together.
2) The ways authors construct certain kinds of relationships between
themselves and their readers.
3)The ways authors appropriate the words of other people and how they
represent those words.
4)The ways authors of texts draw upon and reinforce the larger systems of
belief and knowledge that govern what counts as right or wrong, good or
bad, and normal or abnormal in a particular society.
9. Who Doing What
The Linguist Michael Halliday(1994) Pointed out that whenever we
use language we are always doing three things at once:
1) We are in some way representing the world, called ideational
function of language.
2) We are creating, ratifying or negotiating our relationships with the
people with whom we are communicating, called the interpersonal
function of language.
3) We are joining sentences and ideas together in particular ways to
form cohesive and coherent texts, called the textual function of
language.
All Of these functions play a role in the way a text promotes a
particular ideology or worldview.
11. Relationships
We construct relationships through words we choose to express things
like certainty and obligation (known as the system of modality in a
language). The traditional priest, for example, typically says “you
may now kiss the bride,” rather than “kiss the bride”.
Intertextuality
It is the relationship texts create with other texts.
*Intertextuality is another important way ideologies are promoted in
discourse.
* All texts involve some degree of intertextuality. We cannot speak or
write, he argues, without borrowing the words and ideas of other
people.
12. Cultural Models
Cultural models are sets of expectation that we have about how
different kinds of people should behave and communicate in
different situations. They serve an important role in helping us make
sense of the texts and the situations that we encounter in our lives.
“you may now kiss the bride,” then, does not just enforce a theory
about how brides and grooms are supposed to act during a marriage
ceremony, but also invokes broader theories about marriage gender
relations, love, sex, morality and economics. All of these theories are
part of a system of discourse which we might call the ‘Discourse of
marriage’.
Discourses
Discourses can exert a tremendous power over us by creating
constraints regarding how certain things can be talked about and
what counts as ‘knowledge’ in particular contexts.
13. Spoken Discourse
In many ways, speech is not so different from writing:
1- When people speak they also produce different kinds of genres.
2- use different kinds of ‘social languages.
3- also promote particular versions of reality or ideologies
But there are some ways in which speech is very different from
writing:
1- Speech is more interactive.
2- Speech tends to be more transient and spontaneous than writing.
3- While some genres like formal speeches and lectures are planned,
most casual conversation is just made up as we go along.
4- Speech tends to be less explicit than writing.
5- Speech also usually takes place in some kind of physical context.
14. Pragmatics
The study of how people use words to accomplish actions in their
conversations: actions like requesting, threatening and apologizing.
Conversation Analysis
This one comes out of a tradition in sociology called
Ethnomethodology, which focuses on the ‘methods’ ordinary
members of a society use to interact with one another and interpret
their experience.
Kinds of speech (spoken discourse) that have
distinguish features:
1) Telephone conversations.
2) Television and cinema.
3) Instant messaging and text-based computer chats.
15. STRATEGIC INTERACTION
Conversation
Conversations happen when multiple actions are put
together to form activities: we chat, we debate, we flirt,
we counsel, we gossip, we commiserate, and we do many
other things in our conversations.
conversational strategies
The methods we use to engage in the former negotiations
(debating, flirting, commiserating, etc).
16. *Two basic kinds of conversational strategies:
Face Strategies: have to do primarily with
showing who we are and what kind of
relationship we have with the people with whom
we are talking.
Framing Strategies: have more to do with
showing what we are doing in the conversation,
whether we are, for example, arguing, teasing,
flirting or gossiping.
17. Face Strategies
We define face as ‘the negotiated public image mutually
granted to each other by participants in a communicative
event’
There are three important aspects to this definition:
1-is that one's face is one's public image rather than one's
true self.
2-is result of a kind of give and take with the person or people
with whom we are interaction.
3-is successfully presenting a certain face in interaction
depends on the people with whom we are interaction
cooperation with us.
18. There are two kinds of face strategies:
1-Involvement strategies: strategies we use to establish or
maintain ‘closeness’ with the people to show them that we
consider them our friends.
*Like calling people by their first names or using nicknames.
2-Independence strategies: strategies we use to establish
or maintain distance from the people with whom we are
Interacting either because we are not their friends or we
wish to show them respect.
*Like using more formal language and terms of address.’
19. Independence
Involvement
Using tiles ( mr. , professor,
good morning)
Using formal language( excuse
me, can you help me)
Being indirect( I wonder if I
can borrow your pen)
Talking about things other
than (us)
Being taciturn( not talking a
lot)
Using first names or
nicknames( hi , Nono)
Using informal language(
Gotta, minute)
Being direct( let’s go to
cinema)
Talking about ( us)
Being voluble ( talking a lot)
20. Framing strategies:
Sets of expectations about what kinds of things will be said and how
those things ought to be interpreted for different kinds of activities.
Primary framework:
It is a Set of expectations about the overall activity in which we will be
engaged.
Example:
When we are a patient in a medical examination, we expect that the
doctor will touch us, and we interpret this behavior as a method for
diagnosing our particular Medical problem.
*however, hardly ever involves just one activity. We often engage in a
variety of different activities within the primary framework.
Example:
While lecturing, a lecturer might give explanations, tell jokes, or even
rebuke members of the audience if they are not paying attention.
21. Context can be divided into three components:
1. The relevant features of participants, persons,
personalities
2. The relevant objects in the situation
3. The effect of the verbal action
4. Sitting and time
5. The field or the social where the action take place
CONTEXT, CULTURE AND COMMUNICATION
Context
It Could mean practically anything from the place and time
of day of an utterance, to speakers’ political views or
religious beliefs.
22. The relationship between context and competence:
Knowledge or mastery of the linguistic system alone is not
sufficient for successful communication. People also need
to know and master various rules, norms and conventions
regarding what to say to whom, when, where, and how —
which is called communicative competence.
*There may be persons whose English I can grammatically
identify but whose messages escape me.
23. Corpus-assisted Discourse Analysis
In fact, the focus of most discourse analysis is on looking very
closely at one or a small number of texts or conversations of a
particular type, trying to uncover things like how the text or
conversation is structured.
Corpus
A collection of texts in digital format that it is possible to search
through and manipulate using a computer program.
There are a number of large corpora:
1- British National Corpus, which is a very general collection of
written and spoken texts in English.
2- Specialized corpora available, that is, collections of texts of
one particular genre
3- Multimodal corpora in which not just verbal data but also
visual data are collected and tagged