DIOXIN AND POP-CONTAMINATED SITES • SERIES • RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exposure assessment at a PCDD/F contaminated site
in Sweden—field measurements of exposure media
and blood serum analysis
Annika Åberg & Mats Tysklind & Tohr Nilsson & Matthew MacLeod & Annika Hanberg &
Rolf Andersson & Sture Bergek & Richard Lindberg & Karin Wiberg
Received: 25 March 2009 /Accepted: 19 June 2009 /Published online: 30 July 2009
# Springer-Verlag 2009
Abstract
Background, aim, and scope The main pathway for human
exposure to the highly toxic polychlorinated-p-dioxins and
polychlorinated furans [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)] is via dietary intake. Other
exposure pathways may, however, be important in close
proximity to point sources, such as wood preservation sites,
where PCDD/F contaminated chlorophenols (CP) were
previously used. In this study, a heavily PCDD/F contam-
inated CP saw mill site in Sweden was investigated. Human
exposure through a broad spectrum of exposure pathways was
assessed. Such studies are in demand since the question
whether contaminated sites represent a current or future risk
can only be answered by detailed site-specific risk assessments.
Materials and methods Sampling of exposure media (soil,
air, groundwater, raspberries, carrots, potatoes, grass, milk,
eggs, and chicken fodder) was made. Exposure media
concentrations and congener distribution patterns were used
to investigate the mobilization of PCDD/Fs from soil to the
environment and to calculate exposure levels for adults.
Blood serum levels from site-exposed and control individ-
uals were also analyzed.
Results Congener distribution patterns at the site were
generally dominated by a specific marker congener
(1234678-HpCDF), which is highly abundant in the
polluted soil. The dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) concen-
trations were notably elevated as compared to national
reference samples for most exposure media, and the marker
congener was a major contributor to increased TEQ levels.
There were also indications of soil-to-air volatilization of
tetra- and penta-CDD/Fs. People who participated in the
restoration of a contaminated building showed higher levels
of 1234678-HpCDF compared to controls, and calculated
exposure levels suggest that several site-specific exposure
routes may be of importance for the daily intake of PCDD/F.
Conclusions, recommendations, and perspectives Despite
low mobility of higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs, these con-
taminants were transferred from the polluted soil to the
surroundings and into human tissue. The extent of
increased exposure from contaminated sites depends on
the PCDD/F source strength of the soil, composition of the
pollution, human activities, and dietary patterns of the
residents. Impact from the contaminated soil on other
exposure media was seen also for areas with low to
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article
(doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0223-4) contains supplementary material,
which i.
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Assignment User FrustrationThe quality of the user experience i.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment: User Frustration
The quality of the user experience is very important to the success of an application. In the early days of computing, users often experienced long delays since computing power was poor and networks had comparatively slow throughput. Modern systems have largely eliminated these delays due to increased network and computing power, yet users still report a high level of frustration.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
Describe three (3) reasons users are still frustrated with modern applications.
Suggest one (1) method for reducing the frustrations for each of the reasons you supplied in Question one (1).
Describe methods for determining if user frustration is caused by poor system design or from the natural frustration associated with learning a new software product.
Suggest at least three (3) methods to reduce the frustrations among the disabled population and how this population can be better served.
Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Describe the inherent design issues across HCI environments.
Explain the use of interaction devices.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in human-computer interaction.
Write clearly and concisely about HCI topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
.
Assignment Upstream Approaches to Canadian Population HealthAlt.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment: Upstream Approaches to Canadian Population Health
Although Canada is contiguous to the United States and has some cultural and historical similarities, Canada’s population enjoys a vastly superior health status. Reasons are many, can be traced historically, and are related to a different view of the role of government. The experience of Canada demonstrates that neither a heterogeneous population, nor a health system that has waiting lines for services, are reasons for poor health. By looking critically at what produces good health in Canada, much can be learned about steps the U.S. might need to take if population health is its goal.
The Canadian Best Practices Portal challenges Canadian public health practitioners and researchers to create upstream interventions aimed at the source of a population health problem or benefit. What is being done to address the influences on population health in Canada?
To prepare
for this Assignment, review your Learning Resources. Search the Internet and scholarly research for examples of Canadian “upstream interventions” that can be put forth as examples of either effective or ineffective efforts to improve population health.
The Assignment (2–4 pages):
Provide a description of an existing intervention in Canada, intended to improve health inequities. Include an explanation of the inequity and how the intervention targets upstream determinants of health.
Describe the organizations involved and/or social policies enacted in the implementation of the intervention.
Explain whether or not the intervention was/is successful and what lessons public health practitioners can learn from that experience that might improve population health in the United States.
Expand on your insights utilizing the Learning Resources.
Use APA formatting for your Assignment and to cite your resources.
.
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Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
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Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
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Fosfor
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Pesticium
A promising chitosan/fluorapatite composite for efficient removal of lead (II...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Lead (II) is one of the most important metal ion pollutants commonly found in industrial wastewater. It is harmful to animal kingdom and prolong exposure can cause severe health trouble including cancer. Therefore, its removal to a permissible level is warranted for an eco-friendly and sustainable environment. The use of low-cost chitisan based composite material as an adsorbent can be a promising approach for Pb(II) decontamination. In this study, a novel chitosan/fluorapatite (Cs-Fap) composite has been prepared from chitosan (Cs) and fluorapatite (Fap) for the efficient removal of Pb(II) from water. Exploration of the effect of contact time, solution pH, initial Pb(II) concentration, adsorbent dosage, and the temperature was performed to understand the adsorption process. Pb(II) adsorption performance was compared among Cs, Fap and Cs-Fap composite. Pb(II) adsorption was fast and approched equlibrium in 30 min. Maximum Pb(II) adsorption was achieved at pH 4.0 for an optimum dose of 2g/L. Pb(II) adsorption kinetics data followed a pseudo-second order (PSO) model, while equilibrium isotherm data best described by Langmuir equation nicely. The maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) follows the order: Cs-Fap (60.24) > Fap (48.31) > Cs (43.29) at pH 4.0. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption process was a feasible, endothermic and spontaneous in nature. The proposed mechanism of Pb(II) uptake involved physisorption, ion-exchange, electrostatic attraction, and surface complexation. Cs-Fap composite showed excellent regeneration capacity. After 4 (four) subsequent regeneration cycles, there was no notable loss of its adsorption capacity. The results of this study showed that the Cs-Fap composite is promising for the removal of Pb(II) and it can be used as an adsorbent for the removal of other metal ions from real environmental samples.
DNAPL Remediation with ClO2_UV-published paperDarcy Bye
This study investigated the sorption of PAHs, PCBs, phenols, and BTEX hydrocarbons from groundwater onto a subsoil core sample. It also examined the destruction of these contaminants in ClO2/UV solution systems using methanol as the carrier solvent. Sorption experiments showed the contaminants formed S-type isotherms and could be modeled using the Freundlich equation. Off-site travel times for the contaminants in groundwater ranged from 145 to 80,817 years based on sorption. Treatment with ClO2/UV destroyed 76-98% of the contaminants and produced no dioxins or furans as byproducts, demonstrating this method's potential for remediating recal
This presentation is about Soil Pollution. This presentation contains all Necessary details about Soil Pollution Like its causes, Health Effects, Ecosystem Effects, Cleanup Options by different countries like China, United Kingdom, and our Country "India"
Hope You Like it
- Slides_Maker4u
This study evaluated PCDD/F and PCB intake and body burdens in the Finnish population. The average adult Finnish intake of PCDD/Fs and PCBs was found to be 1.5 pg WHO-TEq/kg bw/day, below the suggested tolerable daily intake. Fish and fish products contributed most to intake due to contamination of Baltic Sea fish. Adipose tissue concentrations in the general Finnish population were comparable to European levels. Concentrations declined from coastal to inland areas likely due to differences in fish consumption. Breast milk concentrations showed a similar decline to other countries of about 5-6% annually. Professional fishermen had concentrations 2-4 times higher than other men, showing they represent a
Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil U...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissionsIvan Vera Montenegro
This document discusses the potential for biofuel crops to decrease fossil fuel emissions from agriculture and help meet climate change targets in the UK and EU. It finds that:
1) If 80% of current UK set-aside land was used to grow biomass crops for electricity, about 3% of current UK electricity demand could be met. With increased yields and land area over decades, this could rise to 12%.
2) Perennial crops like miscanthus, switchgrass and willow provide environmental benefits over annual crops like reduced cultivation and increased soil carbon. They require less pesticides and fertilizer than many agricultural crops.
3) Liquid biofuels produced from oilseed rape and sugar beet can help
Presented by Rupesh Bhomia, Scientist, CIFOR at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, 20-22 September 2021
Effects of a raised water table on greenhouse gas emissions and celery yield ...ExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 3.1, Managing SOC in: Soils with high SOC – peatlands, permafrost, and black soils, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Magdalena J. Matysek, from University of Sheffield - UK, in FAO Hq, Rome
Cd cr y pb on growth and uptake in typha annotatedRenato Oquendo
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chromium, cadmium, and lead on the growth, metal uptake, and antioxidant capacity of Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaved cattail). The study found that T. angustifolia showed high tolerance to 1 mM concentrations of Cr, Cd, and Pb with no visible toxicity symptoms. Exposure to Cd and Pb increased plant height and biomass, especially in Pb treatment. Cr, Cd, and Pb uptake increased along with increased uptake of nutrients like Ca and Fe. Antioxidant enzyme activities like SOD, POD, CAT, APX, and GPX increased in response to Cr, Cd, and Pb stress
This publication is meant to provide insight in the global greenhouse gas emissions from peatlands and formulates some UN-FCCC policy approaches to addressing these issues.
Methane in Coastal Blue Carbon EcosystemCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Judith A. Rosentreter
(Postdoctoral Researcher Centre for Coastal Biogeochemistry Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia) on 25 September 2019 at Blue Carbon Regional Workshop, Merida, Yucatan.
Dr. Marja Tuomela and her research team are developing more sustainable and eco-efficient methods for bioremediating contaminated soils using lignin-degrading fungi. Their key objectives are to create a method that destroys organic contaminants without forming toxic byproducts, and that is less expensive and energy-intensive than traditional approaches. Through field and laboratory experiments, they have identified fungal strains like Phanerochaete velutina that can effectively degrade recalcitrant pollutants like dioxins in soil. Scaling up treatment and evaluating eco-efficiency indicators could enable the widespread adoption of this fungal bioremediation technique by soil remediation industries.
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Dioxins & Dioxin Like PCBs - A Health Risk Appr...v2zq
Evaluation of the Toxicity of Dioxins & Dioxin Like PCBs - A Health Risk Appraisal - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Assignment User FrustrationThe quality of the user experience i.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment: User Frustration
The quality of the user experience is very important to the success of an application. In the early days of computing, users often experienced long delays since computing power was poor and networks had comparatively slow throughput. Modern systems have largely eliminated these delays due to increased network and computing power, yet users still report a high level of frustration.
Write a four to five (4-5) page paper in which you:
Describe three (3) reasons users are still frustrated with modern applications.
Suggest one (1) method for reducing the frustrations for each of the reasons you supplied in Question one (1).
Describe methods for determining if user frustration is caused by poor system design or from the natural frustration associated with learning a new software product.
Suggest at least three (3) methods to reduce the frustrations among the disabled population and how this population can be better served.
Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Describe the inherent design issues across HCI environments.
Explain the use of interaction devices.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in human-computer interaction.
Write clearly and concisely about HCI topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
.
Assignment Upstream Approaches to Canadian Population HealthAlt.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment: Upstream Approaches to Canadian Population Health
Although Canada is contiguous to the United States and has some cultural and historical similarities, Canada’s population enjoys a vastly superior health status. Reasons are many, can be traced historically, and are related to a different view of the role of government. The experience of Canada demonstrates that neither a heterogeneous population, nor a health system that has waiting lines for services, are reasons for poor health. By looking critically at what produces good health in Canada, much can be learned about steps the U.S. might need to take if population health is its goal.
The Canadian Best Practices Portal challenges Canadian public health practitioners and researchers to create upstream interventions aimed at the source of a population health problem or benefit. What is being done to address the influences on population health in Canada?
To prepare
for this Assignment, review your Learning Resources. Search the Internet and scholarly research for examples of Canadian “upstream interventions” that can be put forth as examples of either effective or ineffective efforts to improve population health.
The Assignment (2–4 pages):
Provide a description of an existing intervention in Canada, intended to improve health inequities. Include an explanation of the inequity and how the intervention targets upstream determinants of health.
Describe the organizations involved and/or social policies enacted in the implementation of the intervention.
Explain whether or not the intervention was/is successful and what lessons public health practitioners can learn from that experience that might improve population health in the United States.
Expand on your insights utilizing the Learning Resources.
Use APA formatting for your Assignment and to cite your resources.
.
Assignment Type up an essay on one of two prompts and submit the .docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment:
Type up an essay on one of two prompts and submit the final draft online.
Choose
only
one
topic:
1.
Symbols are important in Fahrenheit 451. Identify 3 symbols and analyze their references and meanings throughout the novel.
2.
Illustrate how each of Montag's three mentors - a new mentor for each part of the novel - help to spur Montag's ideological progression.
This is the final draft of your individual research paper essay.
1.
Essay must be 7-8 pages typed, not including the works cited page.
2.
Essay must follow MLA format.
3.
Research must include a minimum of 8 sources, 4 of which must be from Library Databases: Proquest, CQ Researcher, Infotrac, Opposing Viewpoints, etc.
4.
Essay must have a complete Works Cited page that cross references correctly to all in-text citations.
Note:
Please submit your document with YOUR last name first. (Example:
Schilf-Research-Paper-Final-Draft.pdf
)
Format:
Follow the BASIC OUTLINE TEMPLATE ( i have already done this part and attached pictures)
A.
Introduction
: Type up an Introduction with an opening strategy (OS) that grabs the readers attention using a story based example (PE, OPE, HYPO, CS, or HYPO/COMBO) that also supports your chosen topic. End the Intro with the Thesis Statement. (Limit 1 to 2 paragraphs)
B.
Body
: Present the analysis position through 3 topic points. Type up the topic sentence and bullet point the evidence (in this case, only quotes from the primary source material). A minimum of 3 quotes for support are needed for each topic point. Ideally, you provide 4 or 5 supporting quotes
C.
Quoting
: Avoid long quotes. Instead, be concise with quoting. You want quotes that are short, dynamic, and memorable. You will still need to set up quotes with a signal phrase that sets up the context of the quote.
D.
Analysis
: Never assume that the quote itself is self-explanatory. You must respond to each quote with your Original Voice (ROV) to illustrate, explain, compare, contrast, identify, analyze, etc. Do not simply restate the quote in your own words. Your response needs to go deeper.
F.
Conclusion
: Type up a Conclusion that revisits the opening strategy story based example. (Limit to 1 paragraph)
G.
Format
: Essay must follow MLA format with a Works Cited page that cross references correctly to all in-text citations.
H.
Length
: Essay should be 3 to 4 pages typed.
Note:
Please submit your document with YOUR last name first. (Example:
Schilf-Fahrenheit-451-Final-Essay.pdf
)
.
Assignment Type:
Individual Project
Deliverable Length:
8–10 slides
Points Possible:
150
Management utilities can be vendor-specific or vendor-neutral. There are many utilities that are
available to provide a proactive approach to monitoring each node of the cluster.
Submit a PowerPoint presentation of 8–10 slides that includes the following:
• Identify 1 vendor-specific server-monitoring utility.
• Identify 1 vendor-neutral monitoring utility.
• In your presentation, list advantages and disadvantages of using one or the other.
Your answer should clearly identify what notification and management interfaces each utility has
available (i.e., e-mail enabled, management console, Web-based)
.
Assignment Type Individual discussion Board; 450 – 550 word.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Type
: Individual d
iscussion Board;
450 – 550 words
Leadership varies widely by culture and personality. An international organization with locations in several countries must balance the local customs and cultures with those of the primary culture of the organizations’ headquarters. Using the USA as the headquarters, pick two other countries that might be part of a international internet retail organization and research and discuss the differences that leaders would have to navigate in approach and adapting to different standards of behavior and culture within the countries.
Grading criteria: students are graded on the quality and originality of their posts and responses, not the quantity. Responses should indicate the dilemma that leaders will face in working in cultures where values and leadership styles vary widely from those of the US. Examples may include the use of payments for access, the difficulty that women might experience in dealing with a patriarchal country or other theoretically sound differences in leadership
.
Assignment Two UNIT 2Student Name _______________________.docxlynettearnold46882
This document provides instructions for Assignment Two in Unit 2 of an art history course. Students are asked to answer 11 questions about important artists and artworks from the time period covered in Unit 2 of their textbook. They must cite sources and submit their written answers through the online learning platform. The questions cover major figures like Giotto, Vermeer, Bruegel, da Vinci, Michelangelo, Goya, Pollock, van Gogh, and others. Students are instructed to draw from the textbook, online resources, and their own opinions in crafting their responses.
Assignment Two Select a college or university and provide th.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Two
Select a college or university and provide the information listed below for the university.
History of the Institution
Mission Statement
Accreditation Status of the Institution
Institutions Goals and Objectives
.
Assignment Two
Objectives
• Understand how the AVL tree works
• Give you further practice with C and data structures
Admin
Marks 10 marks, excluding bonus marks. Marking is based on the correctness and
efficiency of your code. Your code must be well commented.
Group? This assignment is completed individually.
Due Time 23:59:59 pm on Sunday 31 March 2019. 23:59:59 pm on Wed 3 April 2019
Late Submissions Late submissions will not be accepted!
In this assignment, you will implement AVL tree and a set of functions associated with AVL
tree. For simplicity, we make the following assumptions:
1. Each item of an AVL tree contains an integer key and an integer value.
2. No AVL tree contains duplicate items. Two items (k1, v1) and (k2, v2) are duplicates
iff k1=k2 and v1=v2 hold.
3. An AVL tree may contains multiple items with the same key and the number of
duplicate keys is a constant.
A template file named MyAVLTree.c is provided. MyAVLTree.c contains the type definitions of
AVL tree and AVL tree node as well as some basic functions. You can add your own helper
functions and auxiliary data structures for better performance in terms of time complexity.
You need to implement the following functions:
1. AVLTree *CreateAVLTree(const char *filename). This function creates an AVL tree by
reading all the items from a text file or from the standard input (keyboard)
depending on the argument filename. If filename is “stdin”, this function will read all
the items from the standard input. Otherwise, it will read all the items from a text
file with filename as its full path name. (2 marks)
An input text file contains zero or more items where each item is of the form (key,
value). Any characters such as white space between two adjacent items are ignored.
For example, the following sample file contains 10 items:
(2, 50) (4, 30) (9, 30) (10, 400) (-5, -40)
(7, 20) (19, 200) (20, 50) (-18, -200) (-2, 29)
Similarly, when reading from the standard input, each input line may have zero or
more items, separated by one or more white space characters. An empty line
indicates the end of input.
In case of an error in the input, this function will print the error and your program
terminates.
You may assume that the input does not contain duplicate items and thus this
function does not need to check for duplicate items.
The time complexity of this function cannot be higher than O(n logn), where n is the
size of the resulting AVL tree. If your time complexity is higher, you will get 0 mark
for this function. You may assume that each call to a C built-in function takes O(1)
time.
2. AVLTree *CloneAVLTree(AVLTree *T). This function creates an identical copy (clone)
of the input AVL tree T, and returns a pointer to the clone tree. (1 mark)
The time complexity of this function cannot be higher than O(n), where n is the size
of T. If your time complexity is high.
Assignment Topic Exploration and Analysis (Proposal)In Week 6 o.docxlynettearnold46882
This document provides guidelines for a topic exploration and analysis proposal assignment. Students must select and research two social change movements - one from the pre-modern era (pre-1945) and one from the modern era (post-1945). They must analyze and compare the leadership structure, success in promoting social change, and how the movements paralleled each other. The proposal assignment requires identifying the two topics, outlining the planned paper sections, summarizing initial research findings, and including an initial bibliography.
Assignment To consider three sources about the Fall of Rome and w.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment:
To consider three sources about the Fall of Rome and write an analytical essay.
Purpose:
To demonstrate proficiency in integrating historical sources and producing a well-informed analytical essay.
Part 1:
Research
Examine three sources:
1.
The textbook explanation concerning the decline and fall of Rome (chapter 7).
2.
The class presentation lecture on the Roman Empire.
3.
An article on the subject (“Friends, Romans, Countrymen” – see the Reading & Study link).
Write a 1,000–1,300-word essay concerning the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
The paper should have a clear thesis statement, located at the end of the introduction.
The paper should cover the following:
1.
The various viewpoints given in the three sources (focus on the viewpoints you agree with)
2.
The variables involved (social, economic, military, etc.).
3.
Lessons the United States (our people and our government) can learn from Rome’s decline and fall.
4.
Similarities between the actions and attitudes of ancient Rome in their decline and fall and our American society today
Be careful that you use only the three sources provided. Use of other sources will be penalized.Textbook:
Perry, M., Chase, M., Jacob, J. R., Jacob, M. C., & Von Laue, T. H. (2013).
Western civilization: Ideas, politics, and society
(10th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. ISBN: 9781111831707.
Williams, S., & Friell, G. (1994). Friends, romans or countrymen? barbarians in the empire.
History Today,
44
(7), 34.
http://bb7.liberty.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-22815357-dt-content-rid-159718173_1/xid-159718173_1
.
Assignment topic Rapid Influenza Testing in Children and Adult.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment topic : Rapid Influenza Testing in Children and Adults.
When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.
Not only do these diagnostic tests affect adults, body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.
For this Assignment, you will consider the
validity
and
reliability
of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as
sensitivity,
specificity,
and
positive
and
negative predictive values
. You will also consider examples of children with various weight issues. You will explore how you could effectively gather information and encourage parents and caregivers to be proactive about their children’s health and weight.
To Prepare
· Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
· Search the Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
· Also, as you search the library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.
Assignment
(3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages)
:
For the Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:
· A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
o What is its purpose?
o How is it conducted?
o What information does it gather?
· Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.
For the Child :
Include the following:
· An explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you were assigned.
· Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health.
· Identify and describe any risks and consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this infor.
Assignment Topic 1Choose a contemporary painting, sculpture, o.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Topic 1
Choose a contemporary painting, sculpture, or piece of art that captures your interest. This should be a piece created between the end of World War II (about 1945) and today. You may choose one of the illustrations or color inserts in the textbook, or try a virtual museum (check the links in this week's My Humanities Kit).
Before you begin writing your post, view the “Closer Look” art critiques from the unit My Humanities Kit resources. Consider what features are discussed in the piece you select. Aim for an evaluation that notes small details in a work, considers the purpose of various elements, and perhaps investigates the artist’s life.
In the post, begin by introducing the piece of contemporary art created between 1945 and present. What is the title? Who created it and when? What is the style? How would you describe it to someone who had not seen it? Finally, explain why viewing this work is a valuable experience. Connect the Unit 5 reading material in your response; include APA formatting.
Student 1
Hello Class and Professor,
For my piece of Art I have chosen Andy Warhol’s painting “Diamond Dust Shoes 1980”. I not only love the colors that are presented in the piece but the meaning to me signifies how many shoes women fill in our daily lives such as a mother, a friend, a lover, a daughter and etc. I fell a since of gratitude when I look at this colorful piece.
Andy Warhol was born in 1928; he left a huge legacy behind when he passed away in 1987 (Janaro & Altshuler, 2012, p. 142). From drawings, paintings and prints to videography, publishing and performance, he produced more than art -- he was essentially his own brand. From haunting black and white self-portraits to Polaroid snapshots of celebrities, many of the photos in the collection later became the inspiration for Warhol's most well-known Pop Art pieces (Janaro & Altshuler, 2012, p. 142).
Warhol's focus on consumer goods and pop-culture icons, as well as his own taste for money and fame, suggest a life in celebration of the very aspects of American culture that his work criticized (A & E Television Networks, 1996-2013). When looking at this piece of work you have a sense of what life is everyday!
Please look at the link provided below to take a look at this peice of Art. (The last reference below)
Margaret
A & E Television Networks, L. (1996-2013). bio.true story. Retrieved from Andy Warhol Biography: http://www.biography.com/people/andy-warhol-9523875?page=2
Student 2
Hello Class and Professor,
For some reason many of the illustrations in our text I cannot view. So I decided to search for contemporary art photos. There were quite a few interesting images but I found a sculpture or performance piece by Rook Floro that really caught my eye. Oddly, there is no title; at least I have not been able to locate one. Parts of this three-dimensional art look like it has some kind of wiry texture. The piece seems to be an imitation of human emotion. .
Assignment TitleAssessment Item 03 Case Study Analysis – Engagi.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Title
Assessment Item 03: Case Study Analysis – Engaging and Motivating staff
Length
3000-3500 wordsLearning outcomes
1. Knowledge - Describe and critically discuss key principles and theories of Human Resource Management.
2. Problem Solving Skills - Critically evaluate and synthesize relevant information to solve real world issues associated with Human Resource Management.
3. Change Management - Analyse the role of Human Resource Management in implementing change within a global context.
4. Global Environment - Identify and critically discuss local, global and international workforce trends and assess the implications for human resource managementLecturer Discretion
Lecturers may, at their discretion, ask students to verbally present their assignment submission or rewrite some selected part/s of their answer in a controlled setting.Task Details
Engaging and motivating employees is at the centre of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) practices. It is therefore important to identify the organisational practices that can be used to foster the cognitive, emotional and behavioural qualities that will positively impact on employees and enhance their motivation.
To understand what motivates people to work is essential to this assignment. The focus of the assignment is to identify the motivational theories, the characteristics of a positive work environment and the HR practices that positively influence affective processes (e.g. motivation, commitment, job satisfaction, wellbeing) and behavioural processes (e.g. effort, reduced turnover and absenteeism).
To complete this assignment successfully students at a minimum should:
· Identify the key motivational theories and discuss which of the theories strongly influences employees’ affective processes and behavioural processes.
· Describe the characteristics of a positive work environment and discuss how HR designs jobs to motivate employees.
· Discuss the synthesis of Hackman and Oldham’s (1976) job characteristics and employees’ psychological states in relation to work outcomes, such as intrinsic work motivation, job satisfaction, and high quality work performance.
International Human Resource Management
· Discuss the possible relationship between Maslow’s general components and job characteristics in view of engaging and motivating employees in organisations.
Your assignment must be formatted with heading.
Harvard referencing style must be used.
References
Gallup Consulting 2010, The state of the global workplace: A worldwide study of employee engagement and wellbeing, viewed 20 February 2015
<http://www.gallup.com/services/176300/state-global-workplace.aspx>
Jackson, S & Schuler, R 1995, Understanding Human Resource Management in the context of organisations and their environments, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 46, pp. 237-264.
Pfeffer, J & Veiga, F 1999, Putting people first for organisational success, Academy of
Management Executive, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.37-48.
Runni.
Assignment Title Knowledge management cycle process in or.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Title:
Knowledge management cycle process in organizations and significance communities of practice
Note:
Each question/concept/ topic must be supported with peer reviewed journal references.
Assignment Structure:
Part A.
1.
Provide brief description about knowledge management processes in organizations. (
1 Mark
)
2. Explain the concept of organizational learning and describe the link between individual and organizational leaning. (
2 Marks
)
3. Describe role of organizational culture in knowledge management. (
2 Marks
)
Part B.
1. Describe the concept of community. Describe its key components. (
1 Mark
)
2. Discuss how communities can be linked to organizational memory in order to foster organizational learning and innovation. (
2 Marks
)
3. Highlight some of the key steps you would need to carry out in order to conduct social network analysis of an organization. What sort of questions could the social network analysis answer? (
2 Marks
)
NO plagiarism/ 700 WORDS
.
Assignment Three Technical Descriptions Due March 2 (1155 PM .docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Three: Technical Descriptions
Due: March 2 (11:55 PM on Moodle)Peer:Feb 29
For this assignment you will either be creating a technical description or an extended technical definition. Officially, an extended technical definition is a microgenre of a technical description, but there are some differences worth noting. Technical descriptions are “longer explanation[s] . . . of the physical or operational features of an object, mechanism, or process”(Markel 534). While technical descriptions include technical definitions, an extended technical definition is slightly different.
An extended definition includes the three parts of a basic sentence definition, “[1] the term being defined, [2] the category in which the term belongs, and [3] the distinguishing features that differentiate it from its category” (Johnson Sheehan 155). It also expands the definition by adding more details of an object, process, or idea (Markel 534). It is divided by adding some (all) of the following: examples, partition, principle of operation, analogy, negation, and etymology (Markel 538 – 541).
Technical descriptions need a title/indication of the nature/scope of what the description will accomplish; an introduction that answers the questions in table 20.1 on page 545; a body with appropriate detail that discusses each step or section with detail, creativity, and clarity; and a conclusion that usually explains how the steps work together or summarizes the main steps. Look at the guidelines on page 547 for writing tips and additional help.
What you choose to do this on is up to you. You are free to choose any object, place, or process (and the definition of these can be pretty loose—think about my spider example). If you want to choose something that interests you, something you currently work with, something from your future workplace, or something else entirely—go for it. If you want to do something out of the ordinary you can always ask me if it’s okay.
Requirements
· The description/definition should be between 600 to 1000 words.
· It should be typed in a serif font.
· It must focus on clear writing that uses creative and technical writing techniques.
· It should be written for an audience similar to Wikipedia.
· It should follow checklist on page 571 – 572.
Green Hospitality: Green Hospitality:
Saving the EnvironmentSaving the Environment
A student Webzine from the International Council
on Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Education
for Future Hospitality & Tourism Professionals
Vol. 17 No. 1 • ISSN: 1095-7898 Spring 2008
HOSTEUR
INTERNATIONAL
CHRIE
The Hospitality &
Tourism Educators
Volume 17, No. 1 | Spring/Summer 2008 Issue2 HOSTEURTM
Sustainability Standards for the Hotel Industry............5
by Andrew Moreo
Destination “Green”land - a Look at the Sustainable
Efforts of the Air Travel Industry......................9
by Katie Fontaine
Green Hotels..................................................
Assignment ThreeUNIT 3 – ON LINE CLASSStudent Name __________.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Three
UNIT 3 – ON LINE CLASS
Student Name: ______________________________________________
(Name must be exactly as it is on the e campus roll and the same in WEBCOM 2) Turn in assignment through WEBCOM 2 to Professor on time
Your Section Number _____________ (you must enter your section number)
The Unit 3 Assignment 3: Unit Three in the Textbook.
DIRECTIONS: The assignment is in WORD. Save the document to your computer and write your answers in the spaces given. You may change the spacing as needed.
NOTE: Turn in assignments to me through WEBCOM 2 see the place where you send me the assignment. You may either attach your Word file or copy and paste your entire submission. Be thorough in your answers. You should use the Textbook, Essential Humanitiesthird edition and/or the Study Guide. The Study Guide is not mandatory; however, it is there for your enrichment and it is helpful. The Study Guide is in WEBCOM 2 in the tab labeled Student Resources. You may also want to use additional information for any assignments from the Internet. If you do, please remember to cite your source at the end of your answer. If you add additional information from the Internet, this is great, but then be sure to cite your source at the end of your paragraph. You must cite sources. This applies to photos as well.
DIRECTIONS FOR FULL CREDIT: You will need to show how the architectural structure is significant (importance in history and explain its legacy). You should explain how it fits into the historical period and what it reflects about its time and place. Include names of important individuals connected to the construction and especially the name of the architect, if known. Mention the materials used in the construction and include information about how it was built. Also include location. Use full sentences in your answers and be sure to site your answers if you use photos and the internet if you use google. Do not just write in your site that you used google. You must place exact address. Google is too broad of a site for a reference. Thank you
1. List the major time periods in sequential order. The first period is Prehistoric. Then comes Mesopotamia, and then Egypt etc. Under each period, list the minimum of 3 major accomplishments or achievements of that period. See the WEBCOM 2 Resources tab that has the heading timeline and the Textbook Index in front of the textbook for Unit III which lists the periods of time in order
1. Discuss in written statements at least 2 major differences between the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) and the Neolithic Era (New Stone) found during the Prehistoric Period? (Unit 3, Chapter 3). (SLO 3: ULO 3.4).
EXPLAIN ANSWER FULLY USING THE CHART THAT YOU WILL SEE ON A PAGE IN YOUR TEXT
1. Explain how the Sumerian marble statuettes, sculptures, and Queen Puabi’s Harp that were excavated in modern times help us understand how the Sumerian people’s lived and what their beliefs were during the anc.
Assignment title An Evaluation of the Business Strategy at Mc D.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment title: An Evaluation of the Business Strategy at Mc Donald’s.
Word count: 4242
Student name: Shane Sunil Mohan
Student number: A001753898
Subject name: 9050PROJ
AQF Level: 9
Discipline: Strategic Management
Theme: Critical Evaluation of a Business Strategy
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This paper was fundamentally about conducting a research and analyzing the findings on an evaluation of the business strategy at Mc Donald’s. Mc Donald’s establishment is a centralized, international organization which competes in the fast food industry by supplying hamburgers, french fries, and other consumable items using standardization. Substantial expansion and branding as the main driving force. As mentioned previously, operating in an open market in the food chain sector, one of Mc Donald’s major competition would be Wendy’s. These two establishments offer the exact same service which tends to make it difficult for Mc Donald’s to gain market share. With this being said, this report outlines different strategic strategies in which Mc Donald’s can gain competitive advantage against Wendy’s by providing substantial evidence on Mc Donald’s weaknesses and how it can be improved by using the case study method to help assist presenting its findings.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 4
2.0 Literature Review: 5
2.1 Application of the literature to Mc Donald’s 6
2.2 Analysis with respect to Neoclassical microeconomics: 7
2.3 Analysis with respect to Evolutionary economics: 8
3.0 Research Methodology: 9
3.1 Case study method: 9
3.2 Data Collection: 10
3.3 Presentation of findings: 10
3.4 Analyzing the data: 11
4.0 Data Analysis and Reflections 11
4.1 Presentation of data 11
4.2 Reflection on findings and implications: 12
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations: 14
5.1 Addressing social changes with differentiation strategy: 15
5.2 Recommendation: Improved Promotional Strategy: 16
5.3 Conclusion 16
References 18
1.0 Introduction
With the increase in the trend of globalization and the increasing competition in global markets, companies work day and night to come with effective strategies. Some of the multinational companies are known for the strategies they use and practice. In this paper, two of the companies operating in the United States of America will be discussed and compared along with the suggestion of a competitive strategy for McDonald’s. One of the companies that was researched in this paper name is McDonald's. This company operates internationally while the opposition organization which is Wendy’s also known as a fast food restaurant operates in the United States of America. As far as McDonald's is concerned, McDonald's was established in the year 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. The organization's business structure depends on three basic axes: representatives, franchisees, and suppliers. This business structure made by the founder of the organization, Ray Kroc, is known as "the three-legged sto.
ASSIGNMENT The student will submit a research project that compares.docxlynettearnold46882
ASSIGNMENT: The student will submit a research project that compares and contrasts two organizations in the same sector (Career Education Corporation and the Apollo Group Inc. or any other that you prefer), including analysis of the following criteria: legal, social, and economic environments; management structure; operational and financial issues; and impact of potential change factors.
1) Student should analyze the basic legal, social, and economic environments of the organization
2) Student should analyze the managerial, operational and financial issues of the organization
3) Student will analyze the impact of potential change factors as they related to the organization.
4) Student should apply appropriate college level writing standard.
the submission should be in APA Format. LENGTH of Paper: 5 Body Pages
.
Assignment Three Case study report – mixed mediaValue 40 .docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment Three: Case study report – mixed media
Value: 40% of the total marks for the unit
Length: 2000 words, or 5-6 minute video, or audio-narrated powerpoint of 10-15 slides, or photo essay supported with 500 words
Due: Week 12
Task description
Attend the event nominated in Assignment 2.
Briefly describe the event – name, date, location and venue, and attendance numbers and demographics.
Describe and critically analyse the positive and negative impacts of the event utilising the principles of sustainability and the triple bottom line approach.
Describe and discuss how the event’s program elements related to the aims and objectives identified in Assignment Two.
Describe and discuss the marketing of the event and how the promoted experience related to the actualisation and attainment of its aims and objectives (include actual audience details – numbers, demographic composition).
Provide recommendations for future activities which clearly identify issues relevant to event management.
The task is a report on the event nominated in Assignment Two that uses the triple bottom line approach to identify and critically analyse - the attainment of the events aims and objectives; the positive and negative economic, environmental, sociocultural impacts of the event; and recommendations which clearly identify issues relevant to the event management.
The evaluation report should use creativity in the approach to the task style.
The assignment may be presented as a 2000 word essay, or a 5-6 minute video, or an audio-narrated powerpoint of 10-15 slides, or a photo essay supported with 500 words. The process for submission of this assessment will depend upon the format chosen and prior negotiation with the tutor is required.
.
Assignment The Nurse Leader as Knowledge WorkerThe term kn.docxlynettearnold46882
Assignment: The Nurse Leader as Knowledge Worker
The term “knowledge worker” was first coined by management consultant and author Peter Drucker in his book,
The Landmarks of Tomorrow
(1959). Drucker defined knowledge workers as high-level workers who apply theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal training, to develop products and services. Does this sound familiar?
Nurses are very much knowledge workers. What has changed since Drucker’s time are the ways that knowledge can be acquired. The volume of data that can now be generated and the tools used to access this data have evolved significantly in recent years and helped healthcare professionals (among many others) to assume the role of knowledge worker in new and powerful ways.
In this Assignment, you will consider the evolving role of the nurse leader and how this evolution has led nurse leaders to assume the role of knowledge worker. You will prepare a PowerPoint presentation with an infographic (graphic that visually represents information, data, or knowledge. Infographics are intended to present information quickly and clearly.) to educate others on the role of nurse as knowledge worker.
Reference: Drucker, P. (1959).
The landmarks of tomorrow. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.
To Prepare:
Review the concepts of informatics as presented in the Resources.
Reflect on the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.
Consider how knowledge may be informed by data that is collected/accessed.
The Assignment:
Explain the concept of a knowledge worker.
Define and explain nursing informatics and highlight the role of a nurse leader as a knowledge worker.
Develop a simple infographic to help explain these concepts.
Your PowerPoint should Include the hypothetical scenario you originally shared in the Discussion Forum. Include your examination of the data that you could use, how the data might be accessed/collected, and what knowledge might be derived from that data. Be sure to incorporate feedback received from your colleagues’ responses.
.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
DIOXIN AND POP-CONTAMINATED SITES • SERIES • RESEARCH ARTICLE.docx
1. DIOXIN AND POP-CONTAMINATED SITES • SERIES •
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Exposure assessment at a PCDD/F contaminated site
in Sweden—field measurements of exposure media
and blood serum analysis
Annika Åberg & Mats Tysklind & Tohr Nilsson & Matthew
MacLeod & Annika Hanberg &
Rolf Andersson & Sture Bergek & Richard Lindberg & Karin
Wiberg
Received: 25 March 2009 /Accepted: 19 June 2009 /Published
online: 30 July 2009
# Springer-Verlag 2009
Abstract
Background, aim, and scope The main pathway for human
exposure to the highly toxic polychlorinated-p-dioxins and
polychlorinated furans [polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)] is via dietary intake. Other
exposure pathways may, however, be important in close
proximity to point sources, such as wood preservation sites,
where PCDD/F contaminated chlorophenols (CP) were
previously used. In this study, a heavily PCDD/F contam-
inated CP saw mill site in Sweden was investigated. Human
exposure through a broad spectrum of exposure pathways was
assessed. Such studies are in demand since the question
whether contaminated sites represent a current or future risk
can only be answered by detailed site-specific risk assessments.
Materials and methods Sampling of exposure media (soil,
2. air, groundwater, raspberries, carrots, potatoes, grass, milk,
eggs, and chicken fodder) was made. Exposure media
concentrations and congener distribution patterns were used
to investigate the mobilization of PCDD/Fs from soil to the
environment and to calculate exposure levels for adults.
Blood serum levels from site-exposed and control individ-
uals were also analyzed.
Results Congener distribution patterns at the site were
generally dominated by a specific marker congener
(1234678-HpCDF), which is highly abundant in the
polluted soil. The dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) concen-
trations were notably elevated as compared to national
reference samples for most exposure media, and the marker
congener was a major contributor to increased TEQ levels.
There were also indications of soil-to-air volatilization of
tetra- and penta-CDD/Fs. People who participated in the
restoration of a contaminated building showed higher levels
of 1234678-HpCDF compared to controls, and calculated
exposure levels suggest that several site-specific exposure
routes may be of importance for the daily intake of PCDD/F.
Conclusions, recommendations, and perspectives Despite
low mobility of higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs, these con-
taminants were transferred from the polluted soil to the
surroundings and into human tissue. The extent of
increased exposure from contaminated sites depends on
the PCDD/F source strength of the soil, composition of the
pollution, human activities, and dietary patterns of the
residents. Impact from the contaminated soil on other
exposure media was seen also for areas with low to
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this
article
(doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0223-4) contains supplementary
material,
which is available to authorised users.
3. Responsible editor: Peter Luthardt
A. Åberg: M. Tysklind : R. Andersson : S. Bergek:
R. Lindberg: K. Wiberg (*)
Department of Chemistry, Umeå University,
SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Åberg
Geo Innova and Umeå University,
Teknikringen 1,
SE-583 30 Linköping, Sweden
T. Nilsson
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine,
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University,
SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
M. MacLeod
Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering,
Safety and Environmental Technology Group,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
ETH Zurich,
CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
A. Hanberg
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
PO Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39
DOI 10.1007/s11356-009-0223-4
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0223-4
moderate soil contamination. In the future, not only the
levels of PCDD/F soil pollution but also the composition
4. must be considered in risk assessments of contaminated
sites.
Keywords Ambient air. Biotransfer. Chlorophenol .
Contaminated soil . Cow’s milk . Dioxins . Exposure .
Food chain . Grass . Groundwater. Human exposure .
Indoor air. PCDD/F. Root-crops . Serum . Soil
1 Background, aim, and scope
The main exposure pathway for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) is generally through
dietary intake (European Commission 1999), and consump-
tion of fatty foods (e.g., fish, meat, and dairy products) is of
particular relevance. Other exposure pathways such as
ingestion of soil or inhalation may, however, become
important in close proximity to point sources, such as
contaminated sites. In this context, it is important to
recognize that historic emissions are highly relevant for
contemporary exposure and that some of the recent food
scandals were caused by dioxin/dioxin-like contamination
in connection to contaminated sites (Weber et al. 2008a,b).
Land can become contaminated with PCDD/Fs from a
variety of primary sources (Weber et al. 2008a). Depending
on the original source, the PCDD/F composition in soil
varies and can often be characterized by marker congeners
that define a “fingerprint” of the source. The former use of
chlorophenol (CP) wood preservatives has resulted in
PCDD/F contamination of a large number of sites in
Sweden (Persson et al. 2007). Although the use of CP
was severely restricted in the 1970s, PCDD/Fs are still
present at former wood treatment plants at typical levels of
100–1,000 ng kg−1 dw (Tysklind et al. 2006).
5. The toxic level of a mixture of 2378-substituted PCDD/F
congeners and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-
PCBs) is commonly expressed as toxic equivalents (TEQ;
van den Berg et al. 1998, 2006). The European Commission
(EC) has recommended a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of
14 pg TEQ kg−1 body weight (bw) week–1 (European
Commission 2001a), which often is expressed as a tolerable
daily intake (TDI) of 2 pg TEQ kg−1 bw day−1. The average
intake of dioxins and dl-PCBs exceeds the TWI for a
large proportion of the European population (European
Commission 1999). The EC has also introduced maximum
residue limit values (MRLs) for food and feed (European
Commission 2003, 2006), with the intention to lower the
general exposure of the EU population (European Commis-
sion 2001b).
PCDD/F contaminated soil has been shown to affect
congener composition and increase levels above back-
ground levels for food and feed at both local and regional
scales (Pirard et al. 2005; Turrio-Baldassarri et al. 2007;
Costera et al. 2006; Alcock et al. 2002; Harnly et al. 2000;
Lindström et al. 2005; Riss et al. 1990). In several of these
cases, MRLs for food and feed set by the EC were
exceeded (e.g., Pirard et al. 2005; Turrio-Baldassarri et al.
2007), and unacceptably high daily intakes of PCDD/Fs for
local residents are anticipated. Other studies have shown
evidence of site-specific human exposure in the form of
incrementally higher TEQ levels and altered PCDD/F
congener distributions for residents and workers connected
to contaminated sites (Dahlgren et al. 2003; Karouna-
Renier et al. 2007; Riss et al. 1990; Pirard et al. 2005).
However, most case studies related to contaminated sites
have so far focused on a limited number of exposure media
or exposure routes, while more comprehensive approaches
6. including multiple exposure pathways are rare. Such studies
are in demand, since the question whether contaminated
sites represent a current or future risk can only be answered
by detailed site-specific risk assessments (Weber et al.
2008a,b). This can be done either by site-specific modeling
complemented by a few measurement data (Schuhmacher
et al. 2004; Wiberg et al. 2007a) or by extensive field
measurements.
The aim of the present study was to assess a broad
spectrum of exposure routes at a selected CP-contaminated
site in Sweden on the basis of extensive field measurement
data. A variety of exposure media from the site, including
locally produced vegetable and animal food products were
analyzed for PCDD/F levels and congener distribution
patterns. Exposure levels for ten pathways were calculated
and compared to TDI and to exposure from consumption of
fatty fish from the Baltic Sea. In parallel, a blood serum
study of individuals potentially exposed to PCDD/Fs at the
contaminated site and matched control individuals was
conducted. The congener composition of the soil at the site
suggests that it has been contaminated by a tetrachlorophenol
(TeCP) agent, such as Ky-5, and to our best knowledge, no
such site has been assessed as an exposure case study before.
This paper is one in a series of articles addressing challenges
and future relevance of dioxin and POP-contaminated sites
(Weber et al. 2008a,b).
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Site description
The former saw mill site studied in this work is situated in
northern Sweden (Fig. 1). The saw mill was active during
1862–1970 and used CP preservatives from the mid-1940s
until closure. The site is recognized as one of the most
7. PCDD/F polluted sites in Sweden, both in terms of
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39 27
magnitude and spatial extent of the contamination. The saw
mill area covered a 1,500-m long and 100–200-m broad
stretch on the shore of a deep bay (see Fig. 1). Sawing and
impregnation were carried out in area A, while other areas
were used for storage (C and G). The former drying house
(D) was restored and transformed into an art gallery in the
early 2000s but was closed in 2004 due to findings of
severe indoor PCDD/F contamination. In area B, there is a
permanent resident house with a small garden. Across the
small county road, there are pastures for dairy cows (E) and
a farm (approximately 700 m east of the road, not shown in
Fig. 1). On a small hill south of the pastures, some of the
former workmen’s dwellings remain (F), and one of these is
today used as a hostel. At the end of the former timber yard,
there is a camping area (H). Some campers live in trailers
the whole summer, and several of them have returned to the
camping area for decades.
Previously measured and interpolated PCDD/F concen-
trations in surface soil and groundwater from the area are
presented in Table 1. Area A, hereafter designated as the
hot spot, is the most polluted area, but significantly elevated
concentrations in soil are also found around the resident
house, at the camping area, the former timber storage, and
at the former timber yard. In comparison, soil from a rural
Swedish site was found to contain 1 ng WHO-TEQ/kg dw
(Matscheko et al. 2002), and a reference groundwater
sample taken outside the industrial area contained less than
0.00004 ng WHO-TEQ L−1 (Kramfors community, unpub-
8. lished data). The national soil guide line values for
residential areas is 20 ng WHO-TEQ/kg dw (including the
A
B
C
D
E
F
NS
G
H
I
A
B
C
D
E
F
NS
9. G
H
I
500 m0
Fig. 1 Map of Scandinavia showing the location of the saw mill
site
together with an aerial photograph of the industrial area during
its
active period (1862–1970) (photo: National Land Survey of
Sweden,
Gävle, Sweden; with permission). A–I refer to the following
subareas:
A former saw mill and impregnation (the hot spot), B resident
house,
C former wood storage, D former drying house, E pastures and
farm,
F culture area with resident houses and hostel, G former timber
yard,
H cutter shaving tip and present-day camping, I village
Table 1 Previously measured concentrations in surface soil (0–
0.25 m) and groundwater from different subareas within the
former sawmill site
Area Site description Surface soil range (median)
(ng WHO-TEQ kg−1 dw)
Groundwater range (median)
(ng WHO-TEQ L−1)
10. A Hot spot 0.5–110,000 (130)c <LOD-0.8 (0.1)d
B Resident house 10–1,000a –
C Former timber storage 10–4,000a 0.003–0.7 (0.4)d
E Pasture 25b –
F Culture area 17b –
G Former timber yard <LOD-4,900 (78)c –
H Camping/cutter shaving tip 2.2–810 (68)c 0.3/1.1d
LOD limit of detection
a Interpolated concentration range in surface layers, Kemakta
Konsult AB (2007)
b Pooled surface soil sample, SWECO VIAK AB (2008)
c Kemakta Konsult AB (2007)
d SWECO VIAK AB (2005)
28 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39
dl-PCBs), while the corresponding value for Germany and
Japan is 1,000 ng TEQ/kg dw. Considering this, most areas
at the study site can be considered as affected by the point
source, generally at a moderate level, and risk for elevated
PCDD/F levels in the human food chain at a local scale
cannot be excluded.
2.2 Sampling and chemical analysis
Exposure media from different parts of the polluted area
were sampled according to Table 2. The sampling of air,
11. groundwater, raspberries, eggs, milk, soil, and carrots were
carried out during August–October 2006, while potatoes
and grass were sampled in the summer of 2007. The air
sampling was conducted during 5 days in October 2006
when the temperature ranged from +2 to +15°C. Details of
the sampling, sample pretreatment, clean up and chemical
analyses are given in Supporting information (SI).
In addition, blood serum from 16 individuals was sampled
in 2006. Among them, eight individuals were potentially
exposed at the study site via three exposure scenarios: (1)
people that had been working at least 6 months with indoor
renovation of the drying house (area D), (2) regularly
returning camping residents (at least a total of 60 months of
camping; area H) and (3) permanent residents from the
village (40–60 years of residence, intake of locally produced
food every day; area I). The first exposure scenario was
particularly interesting, since it lasted for 6 months and all of
the workers performed activities known to enhance particle
exposure (i.e., drilling and sweeping) in highly contaminated
areas. For each of the eight case individuals, control
individuals were selected so that gender and age were
matched. However, one of the control individuals had later
to be excluded from the study due to medicolegal reasons.
Carrots and potatoes were washed prior to analysis, and
soil samples were dried in a fume hood and then
homogenized. The collected water was passed through
glass fiber filter and polyurethane foam (PUF) plugs. Prior
to extraction, all samples were fortified with 13C-labeled
internal standards. The analytical procedures for milk,
egg, grass, carrots, and potatoes were described by
Danielsson et al. (2005) and Wiberg et al. (2006).
Extraction of filters, PUF plugs, and soil was carried out
by toluene Soxhlet–Dean–Stark extraction, and then the
extracts were purified and fractionated using multilayer
12. silica columns and activated carbon. The serum samples
were analyzed at a contracted lab (ALS Czech Republic
s.r.o., HRMS Laboratory, Pardubice, Czech Republic). In
short, serum was mixed with ammonium sulfate, deminer-
alized water, and methanol. The mixture was extracted by
using hexane/diethylether mixture, and the extract was then
dried by using anhydrous sodium sulfate. The raw extract
was purified by liquid–liquid extraction using concentrated
sulfuric acid, and then clean-up and fractionation was
carried out using multilayer silica and Florisil columns. All
instrumental analyses were performed by using gas chro-
matography–high-resolution mass spectrometry, and ana-
lytical conditions for all samples except serum are given in
Wiberg et al. (2007b).
2.3 Quantification, quality assurance, and quality control
The details for quantification, quality assurance, and quality
control are given in SI. In short, the quantification was
made according to the isotope dilution method and by using
calibration standards of all of the 17 2378-PCDD/Fs. TEQ
levels were calculated using the WHO-TEFs from van den
Berg et al. (2006) (WHO-TEF2005). The TEQ values
Table 2 Type of exposure media, number of samples per area
and amount or volume analyzed per sample
Exposure media Area Number of samples Amount/Volume
analyzed
Groundwater A, C 1 13–17 m3
Raspberries A, Reference area 1 110 g
Milk E 3 160–170 g
13. Egg yolk E 3 22–23 g
Potatoes B 2 160 g
Carrots B 2 100 g
Grass B, E 3 47–123 g
Soil B, E 1–3 15–25 g
Ambient air A, C, E, F, H 1 660–880 m3
Indoor/ambient aira C 1 940 m3
Indoor air D 3 22–222 m3
a Sampled inside a storage building that allows extensive air
exchange from the outside
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39 29
reported in this study include half of the limit of detection
(LOD) for congeners that were below LOD (medium-
bound value), unless other is given. Average recoveries
ranged from 75% to 96%.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Concentrations of exposure media
The dioxin TEQ concentrations were elevated as compared
to national reference samples for all exposure media except
raspberries and cow’s milk (Tables 3 and 4). Despite the
fact that the raspberries were collected directly at the hot
14. spot at the contaminated area, the TEQ level (0.013 pg g−1
ww) was similar to the value of the reference sample and to
the Swedish reference data for strawberries. In contrast,
although the concentration in the pasture soil did not
indicate extensive soil pollution (1–25 pg g–1 dw; area E in
Tables 1 and 5), grass sampled in that area showed higher
concentrations (0.26–0.61 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 ww) than
Swedish reference data (0.04–0.13 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 ww;
hay and silage fodder from different places in Sweden;
Swedish Board of Agriculture, unpublished data). Grass
sampled at area B, with significantly higher soil concen-
trations (see Table 4) but with no cows grazing, contained
0.18–0.21 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 ww, which is somewhat
lower than the pasture levels (area E) but higher as
compared to the reference data. Although clearly elevated,
none of the grass samples exceeded the legislated MRL
value of 0.75 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 ww. Generally, atmo-
spheric particle deposition and uptake of gaseous PCDD/F
are believed to be the most important sources to PCDD/F
contamination for aboveground plants (Welsch-Pausch et
al. 1995; Welsch-Pausch and McLachlan 1998; Thomas et
al. 2002). In this case, however, adsorption of contaminated
soil particles, e.g., via rain splash, and deposition of dust
particles from the area likely constitute additional major
sources. Our results clearly indicate that the grass, which in
contrast to the raspberries grows next to the ground, is
affected by the soil contamination. There were also signs of
PCDD/F soil-to-air volatilization and gaseous uptake of
lower chlorinated congeners (2378-TCDD, 2378-TCDF,
and 23478-PeCDF). The grass that grew on highly
contaminated soil (area B) showed distinctly higher relative
abundance of low-chlorinated PCDD/Fs than the grass from
the pasture (area E). The “area B/area E ratio” of
concentrations in grass were 1.2–1.6 for the low chlorinated
15. Table 3 Concentrations (medium-bound WHO-TEQ2005; mean
± standard deviation if n≥3) of biotic exposure media from the
study site together
with national food and feed control data and maximum residue
limits (MRL) for foodstuffs and feed (upper-bound WHO-
TEQ1998)
Exposure media Area Number of
samples
Concentration
(pg WHO-TEQ g−1)
Maximum residue limit
(pg WHO-TEQ1998 g
−1)
Raspberries, hot spot A 1 0.013 –
Raspberries, local reference area – 1 0.011 –
Strawberries, national food control data – 2 0.0085/0.0087a –
Cow’s milk E 3 0.32±0.09 (0.38±0.06) 3e
Cow’s milk, national food control data – 12 0.34±0.20a
Egg E 3 3.53±0.86 (3.91±0.95) 3e
Egg, national food control data – 12 0.70±0.36b
Potatoes B 2 0.097/0.098 –
Potatoes, national food control data – 1 0.014a –
16. Carrots B 2 0.23/0.27 –
Carrots, national food control data – 3 0.011±0.003a –
Grass, resident garden B 3 0.19±0.02d (0.21±0.06)d
Grass, pasture E 3 0.45±0.18d (0.46±0.18)d 0.75f
Ensilage and hay, national food control data – 5 0.089±0.031c,d
Concentrations are given as medium-bound levels and expressed
as pg g−1 wet weight (ww) for berries, root vegetables, grass,
ensilage and hay
and in pg g−1 lipid weight (lw) for cow’s milk and eggs. Values
in parenthesis represent upper-bound WHO-TEQ1998 levels
a Swedish National Food Administration (2007)
b Eggs from organic bred chickens sampled in 2005
c The Swedish Board of Agriculture (unpublished data)
d Adjusted to 12% water content
e MRL for foodstuffs (European Commission 2006)
f MRL for feed (European Commission 2003)
30 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39
congeners (2378-TCDD, 2378-TCDF, and 23478-PeCDF),
and 0.3–0.7 for higher chlorinated congeners. Modeling has
suggested that 2378-TCDD may readily volatilize from soil
(Trapp and Matthies 1997), and it can be assumed that other
PCDD/F congeners with similar physical–chemical proper-
ties, such as 2378-TCDF and 23478-PeCDF (Åberg et al.
2008), exhibit the same behavior. The observed difference
is therefore likely due to gaseous uptake from the highly
contaminated soil in the resident garden.
17. Local PCDD/F sources, such as municipal solid waste
incinerators, contaminated river systems, and contaminated
soils have been shown to affect PCDD/F concentration and
composition of cow’s milk and other animal products (Lake
et al. 2005; Lindström et al. 2005; Pirard et al. 2003, 2005;
Schmid et al. 2003; Riss et al. 1990). If the PCDD/F
concentrations in grass are elevated, the milk from cows
that graze this grass may also exhibit elevated concen-
trations, particularly if the contamination is dominated by
readily bioavailable congeners. A compilation of feed-to-
milk bioconcentration factors (BCFs) show that there is an
inverse relation between bioconcentration and chlorination
number with higher BCFs for low chlorinated congeners
(Huwe and Smith 2005). The concentrations in cow’s milk
found in this study (0.26–0.42 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw) are
not elevated in comparison to national food control data
(0.34 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw, see Table 3) and are
significantly lower than the MRL. Thus, although the
pasture where the cows graze showed elevated PCDD/F
concentrations of both soil and grass, these circumstances
did not affect the cow’s milk quality under current
conditions, which likely is related to low bioavailability of
the highly abundant congeners and also to the fact that the
pasture grass is not the only feed for these cows (see SI).
In contrast, the TEQ concentrations of the eggs (3.91±
0.95 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw) were significantly higher than
the reference data (0.70±0.36 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw, see
Table 3), although the farm soil contained low levels of
PCDD/Fs (area E, farm yard in Table 4). The egg levels
Table 4 Concentrations (WHO-TEQ2005; mean ± standard
deviation if n≥3) and loss on ignition (LOI) of soil and
groundwater from various
18. areas of the study site together with Swedish reference
concentrations
Sample Area Number of samples Concentration LOI (%)
Soil, pasture E 2 2.0/4.4 15.3/3.7
Soil, farm yard E 3 3.1±2.1 4.6
Soil, garden/cultivation spot B 1 580 4.5
Background soil, national reference data – 4 0.6–1.4a –
Groundwater, industrial area A/C 2 24/1.0 NA
Groundwater, control area – 1 0.04b NA
The concentrations are expressed as pg g−1 dw for soil and as
pg L−1 for groundwater
NA Not applicable
a Matscheko et al. (2002)
b Kramfors community (unpublished data)
Table 5 Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in air (lower bound; fg
WHO-TEQ2005 m
−3; mean ± standard deviation if n≥3) at the study site together
with air concentrations from other rural environments in
Sweden
Sample Area Number of
samples
Concentration (fg
WHO-TEQ2005 m
19. −3)
Fraction of
PCDD/Fs on filtere
Ambient air at farm E 1 13a 72%
Ambient air at industrial area A, F, H 1 25±15a 20–27%
Mixed indoor/ambient air in former timber storage building C 1
13a 41%
Ambient air, Råö (EMEP station, Swedish west coast) – 7
5.7±3.5b –
Ambient air, Aspvreten (south of Stockholm, central-southern
Baltic Sea)
– 40 0.6–29c 91%d
Indoor air, former drying building D 3 3,300±4,500a 58–96%
a Lower bound values
b The Swedish Environmental Research Institute (2006)
c Sellström et al. 2009
d Calculated from data presented in Sellström et al. 2009
e Calculated on detected levels (not TEQ levels)
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39 31
also exceeded or were close to the legislated EU limit value
of 3 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw. It should, however, be noted
that the reference values were obtained from large-scale
organic breed production, and these are not necessarily
20. comparable to levels in eggs from small-scale free-range
breeding. Chicken fodder containing fish residues have
earlier been identified as a major contributor to PCDD/Fs in
eggs from free-range organic chickens. The fodder used at
the study site contained low levels of PCDD/Fs (mean,
0.12 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 ww, adjusted to 12% water
content), and most of the congeners were below the LOD.
Several investigations have pointed out that chickens and
eggs are sensitive receptors to PCDD/F (Schuler et al.
1997; Stephens et al. 1995; Harnly et al. 2000), and this is
primarily related to ingestion of soil and insects (Harnly et
al. 2000; Schuler et al. 1997) and the bioaccumulative
properties of PCDD/Fs. It is particularly the tetra- and
penta-substituted congeners that show high soil-to-egg
transfer efficiency (Schuler et al. 1997). This means that
free range chickens are subjected to relatively high
exposure even at background concentrations. It has been
shown that PCDD/Fs levels in eggs from free range
chickens are generally higher than eggs from chickens that
were bred indoors (Schuler et al. 1997). However, the
extension of the biotransfer from soil to eggs varies
considerably. Pirard et al. (2003) found that the PCDD/F
content in eggs from free range chickens held on soil
containing 11–13 pg TEQ g−1 dw contained 24–121 pg
TEQ g−1 lw, while Air et al. (2003) reported somewhat
lower egg concentrations (16–21 pg I-TEQ g−1 lw),
although the soil levels were significantly higher (41–
148 pg I-TEQ g−1 dw).
The PCDD/F concentrations in root crops from the
resident garden were up to 20 times higher than Swedish
reference concentrations for carrots (see Table 3). It is well
known that carrots hyperaccumulate PCDD/Fs (Schroll and
Schneuert 1993; Müller et al. 1994; Engwall and Hjelm
2000). On the other hand, several studies have pointed out
that hydrophobic compounds are mainly accumulated in the
21. peel of root crops (Hülster and Marschner 1993; Müller et
al. 1994; Zohair et al. 2006). The root crops in the current
study were not peeled before analysis, and it is likely that
peeled carrots and potatoes contain lower levels of
PCDD/Fs than those reported in Table 3.
The groundwater concentrations found in this study were
within the range of those reported earlier from the study
area (see Tables 1 and 4) but significantly higher (three
orders of magnitude) than the reference sample taken
outside the study area (<0.04 pg WHO-TEQ L−1, Kramfors
community, unpublished data). Considering this, the
groundwater at the study site must be considered as
seriously polluted, probably as a result of co-transported
contaminated colloids (Persson et al. 2008b).
Results from the air sampling at the study site are
presented in Table 5. Since a majority of the PCDD/F
congeners were present at levels below LOD in the ambient
air samples, lower bound TEQ levels were calculated using
detected levels only. One of the ambient air samples from
area C was severely affected by diesel smoke and showed
clearly deviating concentration values and congener pattern
as compared to other ambient air samples. This sample was
therefore excluded from the evaluation. The ambient air
concentrations measured at the highly contaminated indus-
trial area were not significantly different from the air
concentration at the farm at the time of the sampling. Air
concentrations of environmental pollutants fluctuate greatly
over time primarily depending on air mass origin (Tysklind
et al. 1993; Oehme et al. 1996; Sellström et al. 2009).
Recently reported rural air data from Sweden include
measurements from Råö at the Swedish west coast (fall–
winter 2004 and summer 2005–2006; Swedish Environ-
mental Research Institute 2006) and from Aspvreten
located south of Stockholm (winter 2006/2007; Sellström
22. et al. 2009), and the concentration range spanned from 0.6
to 29 fg TEQ m−3. The air levels in the current study
overlapped these data but were in the high end and in some
cases even exceeding.
Despite the fact that the drying house was not in use for
several decades, indoor air contained highly elevated
concentrations of PCDD/Fs (510–8,600 fg WHO-TEQ
m−3, see Table 5). The large variation in the indoor data is
likely due to various ventilation conditions since the highest
value was obtained in a small closet. These values can be
compared to PCDD/F levels in indoor air at a daycare
center with pentachlorophenol (PCP) treated home interiors
where concentrations ranged from 10 to 1,700 fg TEQ m−3
(Sagunski et al. 1989). For the indoor air samples, most of
the PCDD/Fs were associated with the particle fraction
(58–96% on the filter, see Table 5). In contrast, for the
ambient air sampled at the industrial area, a majority of the
PCDD/Fs were associated to the gaseous fraction, with only
20–27% on the filters (see Table 5). The farm reference
sample and other rural Swedish air showed significantly
higher values (see Table 5). The mixed indoor/ambient air
sample exhibited an intermediate value of 41% of the
PCDD/Fs in the particulate fraction. These findings may
reflect variations in air particle abundance, with higher
indoor values and possibly also higher at the farm, where
human activity is higher than at the industrial area. The
finding of high gaseous fractions of the industrial air in
contrast to other Swedish rural air may further support a net
volatilization in the air–soil gas exchange. Such net soil-to-
air net volatilization has been shown for other organo-
chlorines with similar physical–chemical properties as the
PCDD/Fs in cases with high source soil source strengths
(Bidleman et al. 2006).
23. 32 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39
3.2 Congener distribution patterns
In pollutant fate and source-to-receptor studies, it is often
advantageous to study the composition of mixtures of
contaminants together with concentration data. While
environmental levels generally show large variation, the
composition is normally less variable within a limited
space. Similarities in congener patterns or homologue
profiles indicate a close relationship between environmental
matrices. Distribution patterns for 2378-substituted tetra-
through octa-CDD/F congener concentrations and for TEQ
concentrations of the samples from the polluted site and
from reference samples are illustrated in Fig. 2.
All matrices from the study site, except the ambient air,
were characterized by a large fraction of hepta-CDFs
(HpCDFs) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) (see
Fig. 2a), which together contributed 36–94% of the total
PCDD/F abundance in the various media. The sum
concentration of HpCDF congeners consisted mainly of
1234678-HpCDF, while 1234789-HpCDF was of less
importance. A contamination pattern with a large fraction
of 1234678-HpCDF and OCDF is typical for the PCDD/F
pattern in TeCP agents, such as Ky-5 (Persson et al. 2007;
congener pattern available in Table 1 in SI). Although not
always apparent in the TEQ levels reported in Tables 3, 4,
and 5, there is no doubt that the soil contamination at the
study site has affected all exposure matrices with the
possible exception of ambient air. There was a striking
difference in the distribution patterns between the samples
from the study site as compared to Swedish reference data
24. (see Fig. 2c), which generally showed large fractions of
OCDD and a much lower fraction of HpCDFs and OCDF
(on average 12–33%). The reference samples were collected
in rural areas, and the dominance of OCDD is therefore likely
related to diffuse pollution via atmospheric deposition, rather
than to other typical OCDD contamination such as PCP
contaminated soil.
The congener distribution of indoor and ambient air
from the study site was dominated by furans (PCDFs). High
fractions of HpCDF and OCDF in the indoor air demon-
strated major impact from the contaminated building. In
ambient air, there was a higher fraction of tetra- and penta-
CDFs, as compared to the reference air. This suggests that
the ambient air is affected by volatilization of tetra- and
penta-CDFs from the contaminated soil, again supporting
the hypothesis of net volatilization of PCDD/F from soil-to-
Congener distribution: Study site
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Groundwater
Soil
Grass
Potatoes
Carrots
Egg
Milk
29. a
b
c
d
Fig. 2 Relative distribution patterns for 2378-substituted
CDD/Fs in various media from the study site (a, b) and in
Swedish reference samples (c,
d). For references, see Tables 3, 4, and 5
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39 33
grass. It is further an indication on that, although tetra- and
penta-CDFs constitute a minor fraction of the PCDD/F
contamination in the soil (and in Ky-5; Table 1 in SI)
and the concentration elevation of these congeners therefore
is modest, their relatively high solubility in air can result in
a change of the atmospheric PCDD/F composition of the air
at a local scale. The reason for the difference between the
ambient air from the study site and the reference air is,
however, uncertain since air mass PCDD/F composition
fluctuates greatly over time. Figure 2a and c also
demonstrates that the contribution from tetra- through
hexa-CDD/Fs was higher in milk and egg samples as
compared to abiotic and plant matrices. This illustrates the
higher biotransfer of these congeners compared to the
higher chlorinated congeners.
Before evaluation of the TEQ patterns (see Fig. 2c, d), it
should be noted that half of the LODs are included for
congeners that were found to be below LOD. We used
30. state-of the-art analytical methods and thus our LODs are
low; nevertheless, this approach means that, in some cases,
congeners that were not detected contribute significantly to
the calculated TEQ value. In the EU legislation, the MRLs
are given as upper-bound values, and the whole LOD is
included in the calculation of TEQ values. Thus, the
approach we have chosen (medium-bound values) is a
compromise between only showing detected levels
(lower-bound) and levels used in an EU risk assessment
(upper-bound).
In the reference data, the tetra- through hexa-CDDs were
generally large contributors to the TEQ levels in biota,
together summing up to 49–74% to the total TEQ value.
The corresponding fractions for the biotic matrices at the
study site were lower (15–60%). Instead, the hexa- to
HpCDFs were the major contributors, adding up to 20–81%
of the total TEQ with the lowest fractions for milk and egg
(20% and 56%, respectively). These observations reflect the
impact of the soil contamination and also the limited
biotransfer of higher chlorinated congeners. Despite that the
distribution patterns in soil and groundwater were quite
similar, the furans (PCDFs) contributed to as much as 89%
of the TEQ in groundwater compared to approximately
56% in soil. This was mostly attributed to higher fractions
of penta- and hexa-CDFs in the groundwater. Persson et al.
(2008a) found that PCDFs are more highly associated to
colloids than PCDDs and are therefore more mobile than
the PCDDs. Our findings further support these observations
and similarly suggest a relatively high soil-to-groundwater
mobility of lower chlorinated PCDFs.
3.3 Concentrations in serum
Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in serum found in this study
31. varied largely (Table 6). However, no clear trend of the
eight case individuals vs. the seven controls was seen. For
several of the case individuals, their respective control
individuals showed significantly higher TEQ serum levels.
Considering the low number of samples and the limited
information on dietary habits, care should be taken in
interpreting these data. However, the average congener
distribution patterns of each category provided evidence of
a site-specific exposure (Fig. 3). The serum concentrations of
HpCDF were clearly elevated for workers who participated
in the renovation of the drying house. Despite a low TEF for
HpCDF (WHO-TEF2005=0.01), this marker congener con-
tributed 18% to the total serum TEQ for the worker category,
compared to only 1.1% in the control individuals (see
Fig. 2b). However, a higher TEQ value as compared to the
control individual was only seen for two of the four workers
(see Table 6). Neither village residents nor campers showed
higher fractions of HpCDF as compared to the controls (see
Fig. 3a), indicating that a long residence time at the study
site area did not result in elevated exposure.
Since the indoor air was shown to be heavily contam-
inated by PCDD/Fs (see Table 5), the most likely exposure
Table 6 Serum concentrations (pg WHO-TEQ2005 g
−1 lw) for case and control individuals
Case individuals Control individuals
Exposure category Age pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw Age pg WHO-
TEQ g−1 lw
Worker (M) 30 2.4 30 0.6
Worker (M) 36 5.1 – –
32. Worker (M) 48 16 51 26
Worker (M) 62 39 61 16
Camping resident (M) 69 23 68 22
Camping resident (M) 74 29 73 85
Village resident (F) 72 25 71 79
Village resident (F) 85 23 79 46
M males, F females
34 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39
pathway for the indoor workers was inhalation of gas and
particles and possibly also ingestion of air particles.
Incremental PCDD/F exposure as a result of indoor work
has been shown before. Shih et al. (2006) investigated the
exposure to PCDD/F for temporary workers who were
hired for maintenance of a municipal waste incinerator. The
serum levels were analyzed before and after maintenance,
and already after 1 month of work, they found a significant
increase in TEQ serum PCDD/F levels (p<0.05). Elevated
PCDD/F serum levels as a result of residence near PCP-
contaminated sites have also been reported. The mean
serum level for people living close to a former PCP
production plant in Pensacola (Florida, USA) was 45 pg
WHO-TEQ g−1 lw (range, 8.4–710 WHO-TEQ g−1 lw), and
the levels of these residents were shown to be higher than
selected reference values (15–21 pg TEQ g−1 lw; Karouna-
Renier et al. 2007).
33. A large variety of factors, such as diet (Tsukino et al.
2006; University of Michigan 2006; Chen et al. 2003), age
(Tsukino et al. 2006; University of Michigan 2006), and
body mass index (Collins et al. 2007), determine the blood
serum PCDD/F levels of humans. The serum levels of
Swedish men of various ages and feed habits were shown
to vary from 3 to 66 pg WHO-TEQ g−1 lw (n=26; 34–
71 years of age; Rylander et al. 2009). The factors
considered when choosing control individuals in the current
study were age, gender, and to some extent dietary habits.
Although limited information can be extracted from this
survey because of the small number of individuals studies,
the results clearly indicate that activities at or near a CP-
contaminated site may affect the serum PCDD/F congener
composition, but it does not necessarily result in increased
serum TEQ levels.
4 Significance of exposure pathways related
to PCDD/F-contaminated sites
Daily exposure doses were calculated for ten different
exposure pathways related to the study site by using
exposure media concentrations from Tables 3, 4, and 5
and by assuming a body weight of 70 kg. When applicable,
average values were used. If only two values were
available, the highest value was chosen. The average daily
food intake rates for adults were taken from a Swedish food
intake survey (Swedish National Food Administration
2002), and it was assumed that all of the ingested food
types were of local origin, e.g., the average intake of fruit
and berries of 126 g day−1 was here represented by 126 g of
raspberries from the study area. The soil ingestion value
(50 mg day−1) is recommended by US EPA for adult soil
ingestion exposure (US Environmental Protection Agency
1996). The calculated doses were compared to the TDI of
37. TEQ distribution: Cases
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Workers
Village
resident
Campers
TEQ distribution: Controls
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Control
Workers
Control
Village
resident
Control
Campers
c
a b
d
Fig. 3 Relative distribution patterns for the mean concentrations
of 2378-substituted tetra-octa CDD/Fs in blood serum from a
cases and b
controls and relative TEQ distribution for c cases and d
38. controls. Non-detected congeners are represented by half of the
LOD
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39 35
to consumption of fatty fish (herring) from the Baltic Sea
(Table 7).
Although interpretation of results from this kind of dose
calculation is inevitably complicated by large variability,
particularly in soil ingestion rates (US Environmental
protection Agency 1996) and soil and groundwater con-
centrations (see Tables 1 and 5), it can be used to indicate
whether exposure routes for an average adult person at a
PCDD/F-contaminated site appears to pose a risk. The
results show that several of the studied exposure pathways
may contribute significantly to TDI. Ingestion of contam-
inated soil, groundwater, and potatoes contributed each
10% or more to the TDI and so did also inhalation of
contaminated indoor air. It should also be noted that the
TEQ contributions from the site-specific exposure routes to
the total TDI are somewhat higher in reality, since the
contribution from dl-PCBs were note measured and
therefore not included in the comparison.
Despite that both egg and milk were produced on soil with
relatively low levels of PCDD/Fs, these exposure pathways
each made up approximately 4% of the TDI. Thus, as soon as
the soil concentrations are elevated, these exposure pathways
may rapidly become more important. Despite high cultivation
soil concentrations (580 pg WHO-TEQ kg−1 dw), the carrot
ingestion exposure pathway was of less importance in this
scenario. The risk from ingestion of contaminated root crops
in this scenario is probably even lower since peeled carrots
39. and potatoes usually are consumed. The data also indicate
that ingestion of berries grown on bushes pose very low risk
even at high soil concentrations.
Since TDI refers to an external dose, no consideration is
taken to the availability of the contaminants after ingestion/
inhalation (i.e., the internal dose). It is conceivable that the
intestinal tract availability of PCDD/Fs from a particulate
matrix (e.g., soil and groundwater particles) is lower than
for, e.g., fatty food (Budinsky et al. 2008; Ruby et al.
2002), and the real risk associated to soil and groundwater
ingestion is possibly lower than indicated in Table 7. The
pulmonary availability of 2378-TCDD was found to be
high (95%; Diliberto et al. 1996), and thus, the inhalation
exposure pathway may be critical for the total internal dose.
To be able to relate the contaminated site exposure to the
ingestion of fish, the amount of Baltic herring (in gram) that
would yield the same exposure dose as the actual exposure
route was calculated. A portion of fish is approximately
120 g, and the average daily intake of fish and sea shells in
Sweden is ~34 g (Swedish National Food Administration
2002). As illustrated in Table 7, only small amounts of
Baltic Sea herring can be ingested before the site-specific
exposure doses are exceeded, and each of the site-related
exposure pathways constitutes <10% of a normal portion of
Baltic herring.
The sum of the individual exposure routes in Table 7
makes up to 1.7 pg PCDD/F-WHO-TEQ kg−1 day−1
(corresponding to ~85% of TDI), where intake of food
and drinking water constitutes approximately half of the
dose, and the rest is mainly from indoor inhalation and
unintentional soil ingestion. On top of this value, the PCB-
40. TEQs should be added (not measured). In comparison, the
average daily PCDD/F and dl-PCB exposure of an adult
Swedish individual has been estimated to 1.3 pg WHO-
TEQ kg−1 day−1 in a study based on concentration data
from 1999 to 2004 and food intake data from 1997 to 1998
(Swedish National Food Administration 2002). It can thus be
concluded that there are circumstances where living and
working at or near a CP-contaminated site may pose a health
Table 7 Calculated daily exposure doses (pg WHO-TEQ2005 kg
bw
−1 day−1) via ten different exposure pathways related to the
study site
assuming a body weight of 70 kg together with the
corresponding fractions of TDI and corresponding intake of
Baltic Sea herring
Exposure pathway Calculated dose
(PCDD/F-TEQ)
Fraction of
TDIa (%)
Corresponding intake of Baltic
Sea herringb (g)
Inhalation indoor drying house (8 h, 10 m3) 0.48 24 13
Ingestion of garden soil (50 mg) 0.41 21 11
Ingestion of groundwater (1.1 L) 0.38 19 10
Ingestion of potatoes (142 g) 0.20 10 5.3
Ingestion of eggs (15 g) 0.076 3.8 2.1
41. Ingestion of milk (344 g) 0.079 3.9 2.1
Ingestion of carrots (13 g) 0.043 2.1 1.2
Ingestion of raspberries (126 g) 0.023 1.2 0.63
Inhalation ambient air (16 h, 10 m3) 0.0036 0.18 0.099
Ingestion of farmyard soil (50 mg) 0.0022 0.11 0.060
a Two picogram WHO-TEQ PCDD/F and dl-PCB kg–1 bw–1
day–1 (European Commission 2001a)
b Calculated from a median concentration in Baltic herring of
2.6 pg PCDD/F WHO-TEQ g−1 (Swedish National Food
Administration 2007).
Note that one adult portion corresponds to approximately 120 g
and that dl-PCB WHO-TEQ (2.5 pg g−1 ) is not included
36 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39
risk due to elevated PCDD/F exposure. However, also
considering that the exposure scenario depicted above
approaches a worst case scenario and that drinking water in
this area origins from elsewhere (provided by the munici-
pality), a broad majority of the individuals at the site will
likely not be at elevated risk, as also was indicated by the
serum study (although the serum study does not reflect the
external dose but the internal dose). This means that a
conscious selection of food and a conscious human behavior
(peeling of locally produced root crops, avoiding ingestion
and indoor inhalation of particles) most likely eliminates risk
for incremental PCDD/F exposure at this site. In this context,
it is, however, important to stress that children ingest higher
42. amounts of soil compared to adults and that children with
pica behavior (deliberate soil ingestion) may ingest as much
as several grams of soil per (US Environmental Protection
Agency 1996). Considering this and the much lower body
weight of children, it is evident that PCDD/F ingestion via
soil may result in seriously high exposure for small children
at PCDD/F-contaminated sites.
5 Conclusions, Recommendations and Perspectives
High abundance of a marker congener (1234678-HpCDF)
in almost all of the exposure media demonstrates that
PCDD/F-contaminated soils may constitute point sources
affecting local food-chain contamination. Most exposure
media also showed higher TEQ concentrations as compared
to Swedish reference samples, and 1234678-HpCDF
contributed to a large fraction of the TEQ. Since biota-soil
accumulation factors vary considerably between PCDD/F
congeners, the composition of the source must be consid-
ered when assessing the risks. In this case, the soil was
dominated by 1234678-HpCDF and OCDF, which have
relatively low bioaccumulation factors and are less avail-
able compared to lower chlorinated congeners. Despite this,
the high source strength of 1234678-HpCDF in the soil
(relative to the other congeners) made 1234678-HpCDF
one of the most abundant congener in all the exposure
media except in ambient air. A similar pollution pattern is
found in the sediments of River Kymijoki, Southeastern
Finland and in the coastal region of the Gulf of Finland,
together constituting a mega-site that has been severely
polluted by previous manufacturing of Ky-5 (Salo et al.
2008). In this case, the aquatic food chain was shown to be
affected by the contamination as shown by slightly elevated
PCDD/F levels in fish muscle and orders of magnitude
higher in the liver compared with reference freshwater sites
and the Baltic Sea. The concentrations in human fat did,
43. however, not reveal generally high human exposure for the
residents of the area, and levels were lower than in sea
fishermen (Verta et al. 2009).
In the current study area, there were also indications of
soil-to-air vaporization of tetra-to-penta CDD/Fs. Thus,
contaminated soil with a higher abundance of lower
chlorinated congeners (e.g., from a chloralkali source) will
probably be of even higher importance as a point source.
From a toxicological point of view, contamination of tetra–
penta CDD/Fs poses the highest risk, since these congeners
have both relatively high bioavailability and high toxic
potency (high TEFs).
Site-related PCDD/F exposure was evident in the blood
serum levels only for a few case individuals. Workers in the
severely contaminated building appear to have been
exposed since their fraction of HpCDFs to total PCDD/F
levels in serum were notably higher as compared to the
control individuals, although total TEQs for workers and
controls were in the same range.
Exposure dose calculations showed that several of the
studied exposure pathways may contribute significantly to
TDI, especially ingestion of contaminated soil, groundwa-
ter, potatoes, and egg and inhalation of contaminated indoor
air. Although none of the exposure routes resulted in daily
exposure levels that exceed the TDI, the calculations
showed that production of animal food products at or close
PCDD/F-contaminated sites is potentially important for the
soil-to-human exposure, and ingestion of eggs and milk
may result in high exposure levels already at slightly
elevated soil concentrations. For most residents living at or
near PCDD/F contaminated sites, however, it is likely that
their dietary habits and food preparation routines (peeling
root crops, rinsing of vegetables, etc.) are more important
44. for the internal body burden of PCDD/F rather than the
magnitude of the measured soil concentrations at the site. It
should, however, be noted that for small children and
particularly those showing the pica behavior (i.e., deliberate
soil ingestion), the intake of soil at a CP-contaminated site will
probably be the major exposure pathway, and unacceptably
high daily intake may occur for children. It is also worth to
highlight that, in addition to CPs, also other types of wood
protection agents were normally used at sawmills, e.g., heavy
metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing
formulations. Therefore, in comprehensive site-specific risk
assessments of former saw mill sites, the risk for elevated
exposure of other wood preservation contaminants than
PCDD/Fs must also be considered.
Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank residents of the
study site who gave us permission to establish a garden plot on
private
land, allowed sampling at private land, and assisted in exposure
media
sampling. Kramfors community and contracted environmental
con-
sultant agencies are acknowledged for guidance of the area and
data
sharing. Katarina Stenman and Viktor Sjöblom (Umeå
University) are
acknowledged for plant identification and for grass and soil
sampling,
respectively. We also wish to thank Jaruslav Jurenka (ALS
Czech
Republic), who provided details about the blood serum analyses.
This
Environ Sci Pollut Res (2010) 17:26–39 37
45. work was a part of a project financed by the Swedish
Environmental
Protection Agency; contract numbers E-92-05 and E-5-06.
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c.11356_2009_Article_223.pdfExposure assessment at a
PCDD/F contaminated site in Sweden—field measurements of
exposure media and blood serum
analysisAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractBackground,
aim, and scopeMaterials and methodsSite descriptionSampling
and chemical analysisQuantification, quality assurance, and
quality controlResults and discussionConcentrations of
exposure mediaCongener distribution patternsConcentrations in
serumSignificance of exposure pathways related to PCDD/F-
contaminated sitesConclusions, Recommendations and
PerspectivesReferences