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Digital Culture Industry: Writing a Digital History with Digital Documents (Part 1 of 2)
- 1. WRITING A DIGITAL HISTORY WITH DIGITAL DOCUMENTS
- 2. THIS WEEK NEXT WEEK 1.About the Project 2.About the Method 1.What is a Document? 2. Issues with Digital Documents
- 4. THE PROJECT • Focus: How piracy drove social change. • A detailed contemporary history of discs to downloads, 1996 - 2010 • Told via interlinking stories of key actors. • Each story is told within a context of wider social changes. • Stories are used to demonstrate how macro social change happened at a micro-level.
- 5. KEY ACTORS
- 6. THE STRUCTURE 1996 MP3.com Napster 20001998 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 GNUtella Kazaa & Grokster BitTorrent The Pirate Bay CH.3 CH.4 CH.5 CH.6
- 7. EACH STORY... • Individual actors • Background biography • Values • Motivations • Software Design • Affected legal interpretation • Affected user behaviour • Affected design of laws • Affected success • Wider Social Context • Law • Technology • Consumption Habits • Business mergers Contained Demonstrated • The appropriation of outsider innovation. • Conflict between illicit and legitimate spheres of society. • Conflict over conceptualisations of property. • Difficulties of law making • Software as a conduit for values and ideology. • Piracy as an economic matter • Piracy as a political matter • Piracy and a cultural matter }
- 8. ACROSS STORIES... • Overlapping narratives • Recurring characters • A single overall story of disruption and stabilisation in the creative industries. 1996 20001998 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 CH.3 CH.4 CH.5 CH.6
- 9. 1. Conflict between piracy and the media industries drove legitimate adoption of digital distribution. 2. Illicit outsider innovation has been appropriated into legitimate businesses. 3. The capacities and standards of these services were defined by the values of hacker subcultures. 4. This has resulted in greater media engagement, but also greater control over that engagement. 5. The conflict led to the politicisation of piracy, feeding into issues of surveillance, privacy and cultural freedom. THE FINDINGS
- 13. Follow the Story Illicit Activities Rarely covered by ‘authoritative’ sources Poor understanding by those outside the community History enacted primarily online
- 14. THE DOCUMENTS OFTHE INTERNET ARCHIVES Blogs Software Release Notes Social Media CommentsPodcasts Forums Podcasts Court Documents Business Registrars Newspaper Archives Videos
- 16. ...but it was necessary to [frame]it Identifying the topic What is the story you want to trace? Collecting the dataStoring tagging keywords Analysing the data names dates connections associations Plotting the data timelines diagrams interacting overlapping narratives or
- 17. Visualisation of Evernote Data • Shown: Notes tagged ‘Pirate Bay’ - 295 • Total Database for project - 1385
- 19. Justin Frankel Shawn Fanning Michael Robertson MP3.com My.MP3.com PressPlay Vivendi Napster Napster MK II Skype Gnutella Niklas Zennsstrom + Janus Friis Anthony Rose Kazaa FastTrack Gene Kan Wayne Rosso Grokster Roxio Roxio Sharman Networks http://digitalcultureindustry.com/resources/
- 20. ...but it was necessary to [frame]it Identifying the topic What is the story you want to trace? Collecting the dataStoring tagging keywords Analysing the data names dates connections associations Plotting the data timelines diagrams interacting overlapping narratives or
- 21. you produce... A Story descriptive, empirically grounded about Change Agency Power Disruption Structures
- 22. Instead of beginning with a grand statement about how social change unfolds, I sought to describe it, and in doing so inadvertently revealed the larger process of social change… [M]icro descriptive histories can reveal the complexity of social change:The messy inelegance, the ungraspable mass. “ ”(Allen-Robertson, 2013:195)
- 23. HOWTOPIC INFORMS RESEARCH DESIGN • History played out online, therefore look for documents online. • Internet as ‘Archive of Archives’ – Facilitates a focus on specific detail and pinpointing of time periods. • Linking and connectivity – facilitates browsing, find your own path through the narrative. • Accessible – high density of data • Illicit = purposeful obfuscation • Real-Time History – Blogs,Twitter • Specialist coverage from amateur reporters – professional reporters unfamiliar with the technical intricacies. • No Looking Back – interviews written at the time captured the sentiment and atmosphere of the time.Wanted viewpoints from then, not re-written histories from ‘now’. • Many types of document not kept offline – software release notes, comments in forums. • Follow the History - flexible framework of what constitutes a document. • All digital = easier cross-type document management in a single database. Assisted in the writing style and the interlinking narrative structure – actors turn up in strange places.