The document discusses best practices for collecting and preserving born-digital photographs, emphasizing the importance of file formats and technical specifications. It compares jpeg and camera raw formats, highlighting the trade-offs in preservation and access. The approach to acquisition must be tailored to individual situations, considering factors related to the artist's intent and workflow.

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Digital preservation at the point of acquisition
Collecting born-digital photographs
Matthew Burgess, Digital Collections Analyst

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Born-digital photographs
• The prevalence of digital cameras makes this one of the fastest
growing forms of born-digital content
• Custodial emphasis should be placed on appropriate file formats and
storage
• Care needs to be taken with technical specifications that affect the
integrity of the photographs
• Acquisitions must be approached on a case-by-case basis, where
specifications and standards do not apply to all situations

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File formats for digital cameras
• Low-end cameras and most smartphones will create JPEG, a
compressed file format
• Some cameras (not many) create TIFF, a file format that can be either
compressed or uncompressed
• High-end cameras (and some smart phone apps) will create camera
raw file formats (often proprietary, eg CR2 for Canon or ARW for Sony)
• All cameras that shoot camera raw will also shoot JPEG

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File formats: JPEG vs camera raw
• There are advantages and disadvantages for both
• JPEG is a compressed file format
• Every time you save a JPEG, information is lost
• Small file size, low bit depth
• Widely supported, doesn’t require specialist software to view or create copies
• Suitable for access
• Camera raw contains all of the unprocessed data from the camera sensor
• No matter how many times the file is processed, the raw data is never changed
• Larger file size, high bit depth
• Requires processing by specialist software for access derivatives
• Suitable for preservation

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Digital Negative (DNG) camera raw file format
Benefits
• Open standard, based on TIFF 6.0
format
• Contains raw data from camera
sensor
• Can have smaller file size
compared to TIFF
• Self-documenting with embedded
XMP and other metadata
• Embedded checksum for raw data
Risks
• Limited support for
processing/creating derivatives
• Possible corruption when
converting from proprietary
camera raw file formats
• Concerns regarding conversion of
hidden (encrypted), proprietary
metadata
• Still under consideration as an ISO
standard

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What file format should I collect?
This depends on various factors:
• Does the camera raw file format show the artist’s intent?
• Do you want to record the process?
• Will the photographer give you the camera raw file?

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What file format should I collect?
• There are different processes that photographers use based on the
file format and their own workflows
• Their process and workflow determines what you should collect
• Questions you might ask:
• “Do you only apply your process to the camera raw file?”
• “Do you export from camera raw and make adjustments in Photoshop or
other programs?”

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Terminology: bit depth
• Bit depth is determined by the number of bits used to define each
pixel
• The greater the bit depth the greater the number of tones that can be
represented
• The greater the bit depth, the larger the file size

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Terminology: bit depth
Source: http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/bit-depth.htm

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Terminology: resolution
• Resolution = information
• Can refer to Dots Per Inch (DPI) or Pixels Per Inch (PPI)
• Can refer to the dimensions of an image measured in pixels
• The more pixels you have in your image, the larger that image can be
reproduced
• Pixel dimensions are determined by the camera sensor (megapixels)
• Pixel dimensions can be increased in post-production at the cost of
image quality

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Terminology: colour mode & colour profile
• Colour mode sets the colour space –eg RGB, CMYK, grayscale
• Colour profiles determine how colours/tones are rendered on
computer screens and in print
• Different colour profiles can represent smaller or larger amounts of
colour (eg. sRGB is a smaller profile often used for web, Adobe RGB
(1998) is often recommended for preservation)
• Camera raw files do not have a colour profile – this is assigned for
derivatives (eg JPEG or TIFF)

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