Different Types Of Soils In Odisha And What Type Of Organic Farming Can Be Done In That Soil
Contains brief knowledge regarding soils of Odisha and their management practices organically to promote organic farming in odisha
Also mentions about different crop suitable for the particular type of soil
Sustainable agriculture land management wan mianaAkhuwat
The document discusses issues with conventional agriculture in Pakistan such as high input costs, low productivity, and environmental impacts. It proposes adopting sustainable agriculture practices like using organic fertilizers and biopesticides to increase yields while reducing costs and environmental damage. The document also describes a potential carbon credit project at Ranjha Farms which uses biogas from animal waste and other sustainable techniques, estimating it could generate over $33,000 per year in revenue from carbon offsets. Adopting such projects could help address Pakistan's energy and environmental challenges while improving livelihoods.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on conservation agriculture given to the Department of Agronomy at PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The presentation covers the basic principles and global practice of conservation agriculture, techniques for water and soil conservation, and the impacts of conservation agriculture on sustainable agriculture. Key points discussed include minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, diversified crop rotations, various water harvesting and irrigation methods, and benefits such as improved soil quality, reduced erosion, higher water use efficiency, and increased crop yields.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
The document discusses the roles of various organizations in promoting organic farming in India and Karnataka. It outlines that NGOs, central and state governments, ICAR, KVKs, and other organizations conduct training programs, provide financial assistance and inputs, help with certification, and create market linkages to support farmers in adopting organic practices. The central and Karnataka state governments have also introduced various schemes to encourage organic farming.
INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT FOR PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMINGSmarak Das
The document outlines various initiatives taken by the Indian government to promote organic farming. It discusses schemes run by different government organizations that provide financial assistance for organic production units, certification, and adoption of organic practices. These include the National Horticulture Mission, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, and National Project on Organic Farming. The government also promotes the use of biofertilizers through various programs. NGOs have also supported organic farming in India through conferences, recommendations to policymakers, and promoting traditional knowledge.
- Tima Miniyaka is a farmer from Kutinga village in Koraput district of Odisha, India who practices agroforestry.
- He initially grew only eucalyptus trees but now has diversified his farm to include teak, Gmelina arborea, and other trees intercropped with turmeric, banana, pineapple and vegetables.
- In 2015, his annual income from agroforestry sources like eucalyptus wood and leaves, lemon grass, and various intercrops was Rs. 122,500. Adding income from other crops like paddy, ragi, and suam, his total annual income was around Rs. 186,500
This document discusses degraded land and wastelands in India and Madhya Pradesh. It provides statistics on the types and amounts of degraded land across India, including land affected by water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, acidity, mining and other physical degradation. Specific data is given for Madhya Pradesh and the district of Balaghat, including over 151,000 hectares of degraded land in Balaghat. The document also shares information on salt affected soils across India and in various districts in Madhya Pradesh, with over 33,000 hectares affected in the listed districts.
Sustainable agriculture land management wan mianaAkhuwat
The document discusses issues with conventional agriculture in Pakistan such as high input costs, low productivity, and environmental impacts. It proposes adopting sustainable agriculture practices like using organic fertilizers and biopesticides to increase yields while reducing costs and environmental damage. The document also describes a potential carbon credit project at Ranjha Farms which uses biogas from animal waste and other sustainable techniques, estimating it could generate over $33,000 per year in revenue from carbon offsets. Adopting such projects could help address Pakistan's energy and environmental challenges while improving livelihoods.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on conservation agriculture given to the Department of Agronomy at PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The presentation covers the basic principles and global practice of conservation agriculture, techniques for water and soil conservation, and the impacts of conservation agriculture on sustainable agriculture. Key points discussed include minimum soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover, diversified crop rotations, various water harvesting and irrigation methods, and benefits such as improved soil quality, reduced erosion, higher water use efficiency, and increased crop yields.
Resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field ...Nikhil Kumar
This document provides a summary of a credit seminar presentation on resource conservation technologies for enhancing water productivity in field crop production. The presentation covers topics like the definition of water productivity and resource conservation technologies. It discusses various resource conservation technologies that can help improve water productivity, such as laser land leveling, bed planting systems, zero tillage, system of rice intensification, mulching, and crop diversification. It provides examples and research findings on the benefits of these technologies in saving water and increasing crop yields and productivity. The overall aim of the presentation is to promote the adoption of resource conservation technologies for optimizing water use and enhancing agricultural productivity.
Crop residue management in rice based cropping systemP.K. Mani
Crop residue has important effects on soil quality in rice-based cropping systems. When crop residues are removed, it leads to decreased soil fertility and lower crop production. Incorporating crop residue into the soil improves various indicators of soil quality, including physical properties like aggregation and porosity, chemical properties like soil organic matter and nutrient levels, and biological properties like microbial population and enzyme activity. Proper crop residue management can help sustain soil quality and fertility in rice fields over the long term.
The document discusses the roles of various organizations in promoting organic farming in India and Karnataka. It outlines that NGOs, central and state governments, ICAR, KVKs, and other organizations conduct training programs, provide financial assistance and inputs, help with certification, and create market linkages to support farmers in adopting organic practices. The central and Karnataka state governments have also introduced various schemes to encourage organic farming.
INITIATIVES TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT FOR PROMOTING ORGANIC FARMINGSmarak Das
The document outlines various initiatives taken by the Indian government to promote organic farming. It discusses schemes run by different government organizations that provide financial assistance for organic production units, certification, and adoption of organic practices. These include the National Horticulture Mission, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, and National Project on Organic Farming. The government also promotes the use of biofertilizers through various programs. NGOs have also supported organic farming in India through conferences, recommendations to policymakers, and promoting traditional knowledge.
- Tima Miniyaka is a farmer from Kutinga village in Koraput district of Odisha, India who practices agroforestry.
- He initially grew only eucalyptus trees but now has diversified his farm to include teak, Gmelina arborea, and other trees intercropped with turmeric, banana, pineapple and vegetables.
- In 2015, his annual income from agroforestry sources like eucalyptus wood and leaves, lemon grass, and various intercrops was Rs. 122,500. Adding income from other crops like paddy, ragi, and suam, his total annual income was around Rs. 186,500
This document discusses degraded land and wastelands in India and Madhya Pradesh. It provides statistics on the types and amounts of degraded land across India, including land affected by water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, acidity, mining and other physical degradation. Specific data is given for Madhya Pradesh and the district of Balaghat, including over 151,000 hectares of degraded land in Balaghat. The document also shares information on salt affected soils across India and in various districts in Madhya Pradesh, with over 33,000 hectares affected in the listed districts.
Kuttanad below sea level farming system (KBSFS)_Dr Anilkumar (The Kerala Envi...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Anilkumar, Scientist in Charge, Community Agro Bio Diversity Centre, MSSRF, Wayanad made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development describes their experiences on the sustainable management of the Kuttanad farming system
This document discusses farm yard manure (FYM), including its definition, chemical composition, and methods of collection and storage. It provides the average percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the fresh excreta of common farm animals. It also lists factors that influence the composition of FYM and potential losses during handling and storage of FYM, such as loss of liquid/urine, loss of solids/dung, leaching, and volatilization.
The first introductory lecture of the course on traditional agriculture delivered for students of Faculty of Agriculture , Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm family which provide year round income to the farmers.
Plantation in nepal and in the tropics prakash thapasahl_2fast
This document outlines a presentation on plantations. It includes an introduction defining plantations and their objectives. The methodology section describes the literature review process. The results and discussion section covers plantations in Nepal and the tropics, detailing their history and management techniques. It concludes that plantations have provided benefits since being established in Nepal after the first five-year plan and have contributed to aesthetics and livelihoods.
Weed indices are used to study the effect of weed density, growth, and suppression on crop plants. Common indices include weed infestation, weed index, weed control efficiency, and smothering efficiency. The document defines each of these indices and provides examples of how to calculate them. Higher values of weed control efficiency and smothering efficiency indicate better control of weeds. The weed index compares yields between treated and untreated plots, with lower values showing more effective herbicide treatment.
The document discusses the topic of organic farming, providing a history and definitions of organic farming. It outlines various forms of organic agriculture like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming. The principles, components, advantages, and status of organic farming in India and globally are also summarized.
Zero tillage, also known as no-tillage, involves direct seeding of crops into untilled soil with minimal soil disturbance. It provides benefits such as conserving soil moisture, reducing erosion, and allowing timely sowing of crops. However, it also poses some challenges like increased soil compaction and potentially lower yields for some crops compared to conventional tillage. Overall, zero tillage is seen as an important conservation agriculture practice for improving the sustainability of cropping systems.
This document provides information on various types of agroforestry systems including agrisilviculture, shifting cultivation, taungya system, and intercropping. It defines agroforestry as a land management system involving trees and agricultural crops grown together. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are agrisilviculture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral, and hortisilviculture. Shifting cultivation and taungya systems integrate trees with annual crops but require farmers to periodically clear new plots of land. Intercropping involves growing tree and crop components simultaneously in arrangements like border planting, alternate rows, or strips.
This document discusses different methods of composting. It begins by defining composting as the biochemical process by which microorganisms decompose organic matter into a final product known as compost. It then describes the Indore method as the first aerobic method developed by A.Howard and Y.D.Yard. It also describes the Bangalore method developed by L.N.Acharya at IISc Bangalore as an anaerobic method that does not require turning materials. Finally, it summarizes the NADEP method as involving composting through minimum cattle dung over 90-120 days through an aerobic decomposition process.
1. The document discusses the importance of sulphur for oilseed crops like groundnuts as it is essential for protein synthesis, oil content and yield.
2. Sulphur deficiency is common in Indian soils due to the use of sulphur-free fertilizers and decrease in organic matter. Application of sulphur through various sources like elemental sulphur, gypsum increases the yield, oil content and quality of groundnuts.
3. Studies have shown groundnut yield increases up to 45% with application of 40kg sulphur/ha along with fertilizers compared to no sulphur application. Different sulphur sources and their levels affect growth and yield parameters of groundnuts.
Economics aspects of conservation agricultureKrishna Singh
Conservation agriculture seeks to conserve and improve soil and water resources through practices like minimum tillage, organic soil cover from crop residues, and crop rotations. This document discusses the economic benefits of conservation agriculture for farmers and society. For farmers, it can reduce costs while increasing yields. For society, it provides benefits like reduced soil erosion, carbon sequestration, and more sustainable land use. The document also provides specific examples of conservation practices used in India like zero tillage wheat planting, laser land leveling, and bed planting, as well as their impacts on resources, costs, yields and incomes.
Moringa oleifera is known to have allelopathic effects. A study investigated its impact on mungbean growth and productivity. Moringa leaf extracts were applied at different concentrations to mungbean plants. Higher concentrations significantly reduced mungbean plant height, number of branches, leaves, pods and seeds. The highest concentration reduced mungbean yield by 48% compared to the control, demonstrating Moringa's allelopathic effects can inhibit mungbean growth and productivity in a dose-dependent manner.
This document provides information about organic farming in India. It discusses the emergence and growth of organic agriculture in India. The area under certified organic farming in India has grown nearly 29-fold in the last 5 years, reaching over 4.48 million hectares by 2010, including 1.08 million hectares of cultivated area and 3.4 million hectares of wild harvest collection. The growth includes farmers adopting organic practices for traditional reasons, to address issues with conventional farming, and commercially to access premium markets.
This document discusses plantation forests, specifically teak plantations. It provides background on silviculture and plantation forestry. Plantation forests are important for supplementing natural resources, replacing natural regeneration, and reforesting degraded lands. The history of plantations is discussed, including early examples in various countries in Asia and Africa. Major plantation programs in Nepal are also outlined. The document gives statistics on the extent of plantation forests established in various tropical countries up through 2000.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
The document compares the yield and soil properties of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and traditionally transplanted rice. SRI resulted in 49% higher grain yield compared to traditional farming across several studies. SRI also improved water productivity by saving 30-40% irrigation water. Soil properties like nitrogen use efficiency, microbial activity, and root growth were significantly better under SRI. In conclusion, SRI outperformed traditional rice farming in terms of yield, water productivity, nutrient use efficiency and soil health.
Zero budget farming is the best method of chemical-free farming drawing from conventional Indian methods. ZBNF reduces farming expenses and promotes the use of natural fertilizers and local seeds.
This document discusses conservation agriculture in India. It notes that over 120 million hectares of land in India is degraded, including from water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity and acidity. Conservation agriculture is presented as an alternative that can conserve natural resources by minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crop species. The three principles of conservation agriculture are identified as minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include improved soil structure, organic matter, and reduced erosion. Techniques discussed include zero-tillage, use of crop residues and cover crops, and machinery like the happy seeder.
An integrated farming system approach aims to increase farm yield and manage resources sustainably by addressing economic, environmental and social aspects. Seven integrated farming system models were evaluated that integrated crops with fish, poultry, ducks, goats and/or cattle. The model with crops, fish, ducks and goats had the highest sustainability index and net returns. Integrating crop and livestock production along with aquaculture improved resource use efficiency, farm productivity and income through nutrient recycling within the system. Adopting integrated farming systems can help promote agricultural sustainability at the household or farm level.
Regional Initiatives and Priorities of Soil Health for Research and Developmentapaari
The document discusses soil health issues in Bangladesh and priorities for soil research. It notes that Bangladesh has many problem soils covering 24.5 million hectares that impact agriculture. These include saline soils, acid sulphate soils, and soils deficient in organic matter, sulfur, or zinc. Major constraints on soils include depletion of fertility, erosion, acidification, salinity, and pollution. Priorities for soil research include improving physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soils. Research goals include conserving soils, improving nutrient management, sequestering carbon, and developing management for problem soils and those impacted by climate change and degradation. Regional cooperation is needed to address soil challenges.
India has various types of soil formed by weathering of rocks under different climates and deposition by denudation agents. The six main types are alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert, and mountainous soils. Alluvial soil covers over 7.7 million square km in areas like Uttar Pradesh and covers the most extensive areas. Black soil is best for cotton and found in states like Maharashtra. Red soil covers over 5.18 lakh km2 across central and southern India. Soil erosion due to deforestation, overgrazing, and unscientific farming methods affects soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Conservation methods like terracing, afforestation, check dams, and planned grazing help
Kuttanad below sea level farming system (KBSFS)_Dr Anilkumar (The Kerala Envi...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Anilkumar, Scientist in Charge, Community Agro Bio Diversity Centre, MSSRF, Wayanad made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Environment and Development describes their experiences on the sustainable management of the Kuttanad farming system
This document discusses farm yard manure (FYM), including its definition, chemical composition, and methods of collection and storage. It provides the average percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the fresh excreta of common farm animals. It also lists factors that influence the composition of FYM and potential losses during handling and storage of FYM, such as loss of liquid/urine, loss of solids/dung, leaching, and volatilization.
The first introductory lecture of the course on traditional agriculture delivered for students of Faculty of Agriculture , Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Farming system is the scientific integration of different interdependent and interacting farm enterprises for the efficient use of land, labour and other resources of a farm family which provide year round income to the farmers.
Plantation in nepal and in the tropics prakash thapasahl_2fast
This document outlines a presentation on plantations. It includes an introduction defining plantations and their objectives. The methodology section describes the literature review process. The results and discussion section covers plantations in Nepal and the tropics, detailing their history and management techniques. It concludes that plantations have provided benefits since being established in Nepal after the first five-year plan and have contributed to aesthetics and livelihoods.
Weed indices are used to study the effect of weed density, growth, and suppression on crop plants. Common indices include weed infestation, weed index, weed control efficiency, and smothering efficiency. The document defines each of these indices and provides examples of how to calculate them. Higher values of weed control efficiency and smothering efficiency indicate better control of weeds. The weed index compares yields between treated and untreated plots, with lower values showing more effective herbicide treatment.
The document discusses the topic of organic farming, providing a history and definitions of organic farming. It outlines various forms of organic agriculture like Rishi Krishi, Panchgavya Krishi, and Natural Farming. The principles, components, advantages, and status of organic farming in India and globally are also summarized.
Zero tillage, also known as no-tillage, involves direct seeding of crops into untilled soil with minimal soil disturbance. It provides benefits such as conserving soil moisture, reducing erosion, and allowing timely sowing of crops. However, it also poses some challenges like increased soil compaction and potentially lower yields for some crops compared to conventional tillage. Overall, zero tillage is seen as an important conservation agriculture practice for improving the sustainability of cropping systems.
This document provides information on various types of agroforestry systems including agrisilviculture, shifting cultivation, taungya system, and intercropping. It defines agroforestry as a land management system involving trees and agricultural crops grown together. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are agrisilviculture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral, and hortisilviculture. Shifting cultivation and taungya systems integrate trees with annual crops but require farmers to periodically clear new plots of land. Intercropping involves growing tree and crop components simultaneously in arrangements like border planting, alternate rows, or strips.
This document discusses different methods of composting. It begins by defining composting as the biochemical process by which microorganisms decompose organic matter into a final product known as compost. It then describes the Indore method as the first aerobic method developed by A.Howard and Y.D.Yard. It also describes the Bangalore method developed by L.N.Acharya at IISc Bangalore as an anaerobic method that does not require turning materials. Finally, it summarizes the NADEP method as involving composting through minimum cattle dung over 90-120 days through an aerobic decomposition process.
1. The document discusses the importance of sulphur for oilseed crops like groundnuts as it is essential for protein synthesis, oil content and yield.
2. Sulphur deficiency is common in Indian soils due to the use of sulphur-free fertilizers and decrease in organic matter. Application of sulphur through various sources like elemental sulphur, gypsum increases the yield, oil content and quality of groundnuts.
3. Studies have shown groundnut yield increases up to 45% with application of 40kg sulphur/ha along with fertilizers compared to no sulphur application. Different sulphur sources and their levels affect growth and yield parameters of groundnuts.
Economics aspects of conservation agricultureKrishna Singh
Conservation agriculture seeks to conserve and improve soil and water resources through practices like minimum tillage, organic soil cover from crop residues, and crop rotations. This document discusses the economic benefits of conservation agriculture for farmers and society. For farmers, it can reduce costs while increasing yields. For society, it provides benefits like reduced soil erosion, carbon sequestration, and more sustainable land use. The document also provides specific examples of conservation practices used in India like zero tillage wheat planting, laser land leveling, and bed planting, as well as their impacts on resources, costs, yields and incomes.
Moringa oleifera is known to have allelopathic effects. A study investigated its impact on mungbean growth and productivity. Moringa leaf extracts were applied at different concentrations to mungbean plants. Higher concentrations significantly reduced mungbean plant height, number of branches, leaves, pods and seeds. The highest concentration reduced mungbean yield by 48% compared to the control, demonstrating Moringa's allelopathic effects can inhibit mungbean growth and productivity in a dose-dependent manner.
This document provides information about organic farming in India. It discusses the emergence and growth of organic agriculture in India. The area under certified organic farming in India has grown nearly 29-fold in the last 5 years, reaching over 4.48 million hectares by 2010, including 1.08 million hectares of cultivated area and 3.4 million hectares of wild harvest collection. The growth includes farmers adopting organic practices for traditional reasons, to address issues with conventional farming, and commercially to access premium markets.
This document discusses plantation forests, specifically teak plantations. It provides background on silviculture and plantation forestry. Plantation forests are important for supplementing natural resources, replacing natural regeneration, and reforesting degraded lands. The history of plantations is discussed, including early examples in various countries in Asia and Africa. Major plantation programs in Nepal are also outlined. The document gives statistics on the extent of plantation forests established in various tropical countries up through 2000.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE OF SRI OVER TRANSPLANTED RICE IN TERMS OF YIELD A...P.K. Mani
The document compares the yield and soil properties of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and traditionally transplanted rice. SRI resulted in 49% higher grain yield compared to traditional farming across several studies. SRI also improved water productivity by saving 30-40% irrigation water. Soil properties like nitrogen use efficiency, microbial activity, and root growth were significantly better under SRI. In conclusion, SRI outperformed traditional rice farming in terms of yield, water productivity, nutrient use efficiency and soil health.
Zero budget farming is the best method of chemical-free farming drawing from conventional Indian methods. ZBNF reduces farming expenses and promotes the use of natural fertilizers and local seeds.
This document discusses conservation agriculture in India. It notes that over 120 million hectares of land in India is degraded, including from water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, alkalinity and acidity. Conservation agriculture is presented as an alternative that can conserve natural resources by minimizing soil disturbance, maintaining soil cover, and diversifying crop species. The three principles of conservation agriculture are identified as minimum soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and crop rotations. Benefits include improved soil structure, organic matter, and reduced erosion. Techniques discussed include zero-tillage, use of crop residues and cover crops, and machinery like the happy seeder.
An integrated farming system approach aims to increase farm yield and manage resources sustainably by addressing economic, environmental and social aspects. Seven integrated farming system models were evaluated that integrated crops with fish, poultry, ducks, goats and/or cattle. The model with crops, fish, ducks and goats had the highest sustainability index and net returns. Integrating crop and livestock production along with aquaculture improved resource use efficiency, farm productivity and income through nutrient recycling within the system. Adopting integrated farming systems can help promote agricultural sustainability at the household or farm level.
Regional Initiatives and Priorities of Soil Health for Research and Developmentapaari
The document discusses soil health issues in Bangladesh and priorities for soil research. It notes that Bangladesh has many problem soils covering 24.5 million hectares that impact agriculture. These include saline soils, acid sulphate soils, and soils deficient in organic matter, sulfur, or zinc. Major constraints on soils include depletion of fertility, erosion, acidification, salinity, and pollution. Priorities for soil research include improving physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects of soils. Research goals include conserving soils, improving nutrient management, sequestering carbon, and developing management for problem soils and those impacted by climate change and degradation. Regional cooperation is needed to address soil challenges.
India has various types of soil formed by weathering of rocks under different climates and deposition by denudation agents. The six main types are alluvial, black, red, laterite, desert, and mountainous soils. Alluvial soil covers over 7.7 million square km in areas like Uttar Pradesh and covers the most extensive areas. Black soil is best for cotton and found in states like Maharashtra. Red soil covers over 5.18 lakh km2 across central and southern India. Soil erosion due to deforestation, overgrazing, and unscientific farming methods affects soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Conservation methods like terracing, afforestation, check dams, and planned grazing help
This document provides information about the different types of soils found in India. It discusses 7 major soil types - alluvial soil, black soil, red and yellow soil, laterite soil, arid soil, mountain and forest soil, and desert soil. For each soil type, it provides details on characteristics, regions found, and crops that are best suited for that soil. The overall document emphasizes the importance of understanding soil types for effective agricultural practices and crop cultivation in India.
Wasteland reclamation involves reclaiming degraded or unused land to make it suitable for agriculture, habitation, or cultivation. India has significant areas of wasteland that can be reclaimed. Wastelands can be classified based on difficulty of reclamation - easily reclaimable for agriculture; reclaimable with some difficulty for agroforestry; and reclaimable with extreme difficulty only for forestry. Methods of reclamation include afforestation, reforestation, contour ploughing, and changing crop practices. A case study highlights Jatropha plantation on wastelands in Rajasthan as a promising crop that provides income while reclaiming land.
This document provides an overview of land and soil resources in India. It discusses the different types of resources including biotic, abiotic, renewable and non-renewable resources. It outlines India's approach to resource planning and conservation. It describes the different types of land resources in India and the current land use pattern. It also discusses issues of land degradation and conservation measures. Finally, it covers the different types of soils found in India including alluvial, black, laterite, arid and forest soils and issues of soil erosion and conservation techniques.
Social science Geography Chapter 1- Resources and Development ManthanJhamb
This document provides an overview of land and soil resources in India. It discusses the different types of resources including biotic, abiotic, renewable and non-renewable resources. It outlines India's approach to resource planning and conservation. It describes the different types of land resources in India and the current land use pattern. It also discusses issues of land degradation and conservation measures. Finally, it covers the different types of soils found in India including alluvial, black, laterite, arid and forest soils and issues of soil erosion and conservation techniques.
This document summarizes a study on the soil fertility status of three villages in Chilika Block, Odisha, India. Soil samples were collected from uplands, medium lands, and low lands in each village. Testing found that organic carbon and available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur were generally highest in low land soils, while potassium levels varied. Specifically:
- Organic carbon levels ranged from low to very high, and were highest in Vellery village due to black soil.
- Nitrogen levels were low and positively correlated with organic carbon. Levels were highest in Chasangara village low lands.
- Phosphorus levels were moderate overall, but highest in V
Organic farming involves holistic management practices that promote ecosystem health. It focuses on biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil health while avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The document outlines principles, tools, and management practices for organic farming, including crop selection and rotations, pest and disease control using cultural and biological methods, and marketing of organic produce. It also discusses initiatives by the Odisha government to promote organic farming through schemes and policies aimed at developing sustainable agriculture.
The document summarizes the negative effects of chemical fertilizers on soil health and the environment. It states that earthworms died within 24 hours when exposed to a dose of urea fertilizer, and that they exhibited lesions on their skin. Meanwhile, earthworms in soil with organic fertilizer remained healthy. It also mentions that chemical fertilizers can contaminate groundwater and cause health issues in humans, and that they contain acids that can harm microorganisms and destroy soil structure.
Land, water, and soil are important natural resources. Land covers 30% of the Earth's surface but supports 90% of the human population. Water is essential for all life but only 1% is available for human use. Soil formation depends on local factors and supports plant growth. Maintaining ecological balance through sustainable land and resource use is important.
this presentation focuses on the different types of land and soils found in India along with attractive images and graphs and has a short questionnaire at the end.
An exploratory study on farmer’s vernacular knowledge about the land characte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Local people and small scale farmer had a broad understanding of their land characteristics and soil quality to choose crop. Though Maximum farmers in our country are illiterate and little educated; they have no enough scientific knowledge about land type, soil quality and crop suitability. But they possess vast indigenous knowledge by living in a same environment for a long period of time. They have developed some strategies that helped them to attain a higher degree of satisfaction in farming. So therefore it is very important to explore the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability. To address this indigenous knowledge this study investigates the farmer's vernacular knowledge about the land type, soil quality and crop suitability in Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. The information was collected from one Mouza in Nagarkanda upazila, Faridpur district Lower Ganga Flood Plain in Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative both data were used in this study. The data were collected from primary sources (such as questionnaire survey, FGD) and secondary data sources (such as books, journals, and published and unpublished research reports). Data were analyzed by exploratory statistics. Graphs and graph tables were created by MS excel. By analyzing the Field data it was investigated that farmers of the study area recognized four elevation levels of land; i). High Land (Vitta) ii). Medium Land (Taner Jomi) iii). Low Land (Nall/Dhop) iv).Very Low (Beel) based on its elevation, flood depth, land use, and crop suitability. The farmers of the study area possess considerable knowledge of the soils quality, moisture conditions of that area. The farmers of the study area distinguish soil into three categories primarily on the basis of color, texture, organic matter content, drainage, and fertility of soils. They use indigenous methods such as visual observation while color, tasting by tongue, feeling, vegetation cover and rubbing with fingers to determine various soil properties. Thus Farmers' knowledge of soils is, therefore, a vast resource we summarized in this paper.
Land is a basic natural resource, significantly contributing to a nation’s economy. Balances the Ecological and environmental factors to sustain all life. Economic resource-has a value as property. Most of the human activities are on lands. Land supports agriculture, transport, urbanization, etc. Encompasses all other natural resources, like water, oil, rocks, plants, animals and minerals. Land is a valuable natural resource utilized for cultivation of crops, settlements of population, creation of Dams and reservoirs, development of industries and maintaining forests and the Wildlife. India has divers range of landforms. They vary from the rainforest of Kerala in the south to the alpine pastures of Ladakh hills in the north, from the deserts of Rajasthan in the west to the evergreen forests in the north-east. Any kind of permanent or cyclic intervention of a land is called as landuse. It is the surface utilization of a vacant land or a developed land for a clear purpose, at a given time.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has transcends traditional boundaries by embracing a multi-disciplinary approach. The journal serves as a melting pot for diverse research areas within agricultural science and technology, ensuring a holistic exploration of the subject.
This file contains details on hydroponics system- a hi-tech farming method. It comprises of its history, advantages and disadvantages, types and some success stories which will help you to have a general idea on this topic
This document provides images of the larvae and adult forms of several types of Chilo moths, including Chilo suppressalis, Chilo polychrysus, Chilo partellus, Chilo infuscatellus, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus, and Chilo auricillus. For each type of moth, there is a picture of the larva and adult stages presented on the page.
PHEROMONE LURES AND TRAPS USED TO MANAGE CROP PESTJAY KUMAR
Pheromone lures and traps are used to manage crop pests. The document was prepared by Jay Kumar and discusses how pheromone lures and traps work to control insect populations that damage crops. Pheromones are chemicals released by insects to communicate and attract mates, which traps exploit to capture and reduce pest numbers.
Banana plants are susceptible to several pests including the banana aphid, banana rhizome weevil, and banana pseudostem weevil. These pests each have distinct lifecycle stages where they damage banana plants, from the grub stage that feeds within the plant to the adult stage above ground.
This file contains images of major pest of coconut with their nymph/larva, adult and nature and symptom of damage on thr crop. Files are verified by the professor of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, SOA, Bhubneshwar.
This file contains images of larva, adult and damage symptoms caused by pests of some major and minor pests of citrus fruit. This will not only help in educational purposes but also in identification in field.
The file is verified by professors of institute of Agricultural Sciences, SOADU.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of mango. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
Jasmine plants are affected by several pests including the jasmine thrips, whose nymphs and adults feed on the leaves; the jasmine leaf web worm, whose larvae and adults cause damage by webbing leaves together; and the jasmine budworm, whose larvae and adults feed within flower buds damaging blooms.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of rose. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of sweet potato. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of cucurbit. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of black pepper and turmeric . It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
Cardamom is affected by several pests including the banana aphid, cardamom thrips, and cardamom capsule borer. The banana aphid and cardamom thrips go through nymph and adult stages that can damage cardamom plants. The cardamom capsule borer also has larva and adult stages that are harmful to cardamom.
This document discusses several major pests that affect cashew trees, including the tea mosquito bug, cashew mealy bug, cashew thrips, cashew leaf miner, and cashew tree borer. For each pest, brief descriptions are provided of the nymph and adult forms, as well as the type of damage they cause to cashew trees.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of coffee. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of tea. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of onion. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of potato. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of pea. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
This file contains the images of larva, adult and damage symptoms of pests of brinjal. It will help you not only in yours Agriculture profession but also in identifying the pest in field condition.
This file is verified by professors of institute of Agriculture Sciences, SOA, Odisha.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Different Types Of Soils In Odisha And What Type Of Organic Farming Can Be Done In That Soil
1. ASSIGNMENT
ON
Different Types Of Soils In Odisha And What Type Of Organic
Farming Can Be Done In That Soil
Assignment submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Coursework of
SMALL ORGANIC CULTIVATOR
National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)
Submitted By
JAY KUMAR
Candidate ID: CAN_23031188
Submitted to:
Dr. BISHNUPRIYA PATRA
Dr. MD RITON CHOWDHURY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN
(Deemed to be University)
BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA, INDIA
2023
2. [1]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my professors as well as our Dean, who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “Different types of soils
in Odisha and type of organic farming done in that soil”, which also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this
project within the limited time.
I am making this project not only for marks but to also increase my knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME
3. [2]
INDEX
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODCTION .........................................................................................................................................4
SOILS OF ODISHA ...................................................................................................................................5
1. RED SOIL.............................................................................................................................................6
2. MIXED RED AND YELLOW SOIL ...................................................................................................6
3. BLACK SOIL .......................................................................................................................................7
4. LATERITE SOIL..................................................................................................................................7
5. DELTAIC ALLUVIAL SOILS ............................................................................................................8
6. COASTAL SALINE AND ALLUVIAL SOIL ....................................................................................8
7. BROWN FOREST SOIL......................................................................................................................9
8. MIXED RED AND BLACK SOIL ......................................................................................................9
FOCUS AREAS FOR ORGANIC FARMING IN ODISHA................................................................10
CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................12
4. [3]
ABSTRACT
This abstract provides an overview of the different soil types in Odisha, India, and highlights the
corresponding organic farming practices that can be employed in each soil type. Understanding
the diverse soils of Odisha is essential for optimizing agricultural productivity and sustainability
through organic farming methods. This abstract summarizes the key soil types, including alluvial
soils, red and red-yellow soils, laterite soils, coastal soils, and black soils. It emphasizes the
importance of implementing specific organic farming techniques, such as crop rotation, green
manuring, composting, soil amendment with organic matter, pH adjustment, saline soil
reclamation, water management, organic pest and disease management, and agroforestry systems.
By tailoring organic farming practices to suit the characteristics of each soil type, farmers in Odisha
can enhance soil fertility, conserve resources, and promote sustainable agricultural practices.
Key words: Odisha, Organic farming practices, Alluvial soils, Red and red-yellow soils, Laterite
soils, Coastal soils, Black soils, Crop rotation, Water management, Organic pest and disease
management, Soil fertility & Sustainable agriculture
5. [4]
INTRODCTION
Odisha, situated in eastern India, boasts a rich agricultural landscape comprising diverse soil types,
each necessitating specific organic farming practices for optimal productivity. Alluvial soils, found
in river valleys, thrive with crop rotation, green manuring, and composting to enhance fertility.
Red and red-yellow soils, characterized by acidity, benefit from soil amendment and pH
adjustment using organic matter and fertilizers. Laterite soils, abundant in iron and aluminum
oxides, can be managed through organic pest control, water conservation, and the adoption of
agroforestry systems. Coastal soils, prone to salinity, require soil reclamation using organic
amendments, crop diversification with salt-tolerant varieties, and organic mulching for moisture
conservation. Black soils, also known as regur or black cotton soils, benefit from organic
mulching, efficient water management, and crop rotation to maintain nutrient balance and combat
diseases.
By tailoring organic farming techniques to the unique properties of each soil type, farmers in
Odisha can promote soil fertility, resource conservation, and sustainable agricultural practices.
Organic farming methods offer numerous advantages, including improved soil health, reduced
reliance on synthetic inputs, and the production of safe and nutritious crops. Embracing organic
farming practices not only supports the well-being of farmers and consumers but also contributes
to the preservation of the environment for future generations. By implementing organic farming
techniques suitable for each soil type, Odisha can unlock the full potential of its agricultural
resources while fostering ecological balance and sustainability in its farming practices.
6. [5]
SOILS OF ODISHA
The State of Odisha covering geographical area of 15.57 million ha. lies in the tropical belt in the
eastern regions of India between 170 .47'-220 33' N latitude and 810 31'-87030' E longitudes. The
climate is characterized by high temperature and medium rainfall. The average annual rainfall of
the State is 1500mm and the mean annual temperature is 26.20°C. The mean summer and winter
temperatures are 30.30°C and 21.30°C respectively. The physiographic classifications of the State
are (1) The Northern Plateau, (2) Central Table land, (3) Eastern Ghat, and (4) Coastal plain.
Integrating the effect of land-form, topography, climate, soil and crop adaptability, the state has
been divided into ten (10) agro climatic zones. The soils of Odisha have been divided in to 8 broad
soil groups. Taxonomically these 8 broad groups of soil come under 4 orders, 10 suborders and 18
great groups. Each soil group is associated with specific characters and problems posing
constraints for higher agriculture production. These characters have been identified and special
attentions are made to increase the productivity. The characters of each soil along with their
management practices are discussed below.
7. [6]
1. RED SOIL:
Red soil covers about 7.14m. ha of lands and being the highest coverage of all soil groups of the
state, extend to the districts of Koraput, Rayagada, Nawrangpur, Malkanagiri, Keonjhar, Ganjam,
Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Dhenkanal and Mayurbhanj. Presence of excess amounts of oxides
of iron imparts red colours to the soil. The soils of the former four districts are heavier in texture
and the rest of the districts have light textured soil. The soils have angular or sub angular blocky
strucuture. The clay fraction of these soils is dominated by kaolinites and illites.
The soils are strongly to moderately acidic with low to medium organic matter status and poor
water retentive capacity. These soils are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Micronutrients like
boron and molybdenum are highly deficient in these soils. These soils have low cation exchange
capacity with high phosphate and sulphur absorption property and deficient in calcium and
magnesium. Water soluble phosphates get fixed and become non-available to crop plants.
Organic farming practices for red soils involve soil amendment with organic matter (like compost
and manure) to improve fertility, adjusting pH levels using organic amendments, and managing
nutrient requirements through organic fertilizers and composting.
Crops like rice, finger millet, minor millets, niger, potato, brinjal and fruit trees such as mango,
jack fruit, guava, papaya and sapota are grown successfully in these soils.
2. MIXED RED AND YELLOW SOIL:
These soils occupy 5.5m ha of lands being the second highest in area. These soils occur in the
district of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Deogarh, and Sundargarh. Mixed red and yellow soils occur as a
catenary associations in undulating and rolling terrains which differ in depth, texture, and colour.
The soils are moderately shallow in depth and coarse-textured. The upland soils are shallower and
lighter in texture than the low land soils. Presence of ferruginous concretions and fluctuation of
water table imparts the mixed red and yellow colour to the soil. The upland soils are moderately
acidic whereas, low land soils are slightly acidic. The low land soils are formed mainly by colluvial
deposits.
The upland soils are low in nitrogen and phosphorous wheras, the low land soils are medium in
phosphate and high in potassium. Upland light textured soils are deficient in boron and lowland
soils with rice-rice cropping system under Hirakud command area are deficient in zinc.
Organic farming practices for yellow soils involve soil amendment with organic matter (like
compost and manure) to improve fertility, adjusting pH levels using organic amendments, and
managing nutrient requirements through organic fertilizers and composting.
The upland soils are suitable for crops like rice, finger millet sugarcane, potato, brinjal, tomato and
pointed guard. The low and soils are suitable for paddy following pulse as pyra crops. Fruit trees
like mango, guava and banana grow well in these soils.
8. [7]
3. BLACK SOIL:
These soils occur sporadically in the districts of Puri, Ganjam, Malkangiri, Kalahandi, Nuapada,
Bolangir, Sonepur, Boudh, Sambalpur, Bargarh and Angul covering an area of 0.96 m. ha. of lands.
The black colour of the soil is due to presence of titaniferous magnetite, humins, bitumins etc.
These soils are formed due to weathering of basic rocks in the low lying areas. These soils are
heavier in texture having clay content more than 30 percent. Clay minerals are dominated with
smectites for which deep cracks are observed during summer. The effective soil depth extends to
more than 90 cm. The soils swell on wetting holding maximum amount of moisture. Permeability
of these soils is slow which result in severe surface soil erosion.
The soil pH is neutral to alkaline having free calcium carbonate nodules in the profile. The soil is
rich in calcium but deficient in phosphorus, potassium, zinc and boron. Upland rice suffers from
iron deficiency.
Groundnut, mustard and safflower are found to respond to application of sulphur. Ammonia
volatilization is higher in paddy fields. Soil moisture stress conditions set early under drought.
Either at low or high moisture conditions the soil could not be ploughed.
Management of these soils is difficult. Tillage operations should be completed at right moisture
consistency. Green manuring and application of bulky organic manures help in increasing water
infiltration rates. Recycling of rice straw improves the aggregability of these soils. Organic farming
practices for black soils include organic mulching to conserve moisture, water management
techniques like efficient irrigation, and crop rotation to prevent nutrient depletion.
The soil is suitable for growing rice, jowar, bajra, maize, Bengal gram, safflower, mustard and
cotton.
4. LATERITE SOIL:
Lateritic soils occupy 0.70m. ha of lands in the districts of Puri, Khurda, Nayagarh, Cuttack,
Dhenkanal, Keonjhar, Mayurbhanja and Sambalpur. Lateritic soils are characterised by compact
vesicular structure and rich in hydrated oxides of iron and aluminum with small amounts of
manganese, titanium and quartz. Degraded laterites are honey combed structure and found in the
districts of Khurda and Cuttack. These soils are loamy sand to sandy loam in the surface having
hard clay pan in the subsoil, crusting is its problem in upland laterite. Presence of higher amount
of exchangeable aluminum and manganese results in slightly acidic to strongly acidic soil with pH
ranging between 4.5 to 5.8. These soils are poorly fertile with low organic matter. Available
nitrogen and phosphate are low and potash is medium.
Nitrogen is lost due to leaching and phosphate becomes unavailable due to fixation by Fe and AI
oxides. Cation exchange capacity of the soil is low and it is low in percentage base saturation.
Sulphur is absorbed as pyrites or zine sulphide. Medium and low land soils adjacent to uplands
suffer from iron toxicity due to literal movement of soluble iron from upper ridges.
Crops can be raised better in these soils through proper soil management such as, liming,
application of organic manure, growing green manure crops and applying balanced fertilizer with
application of paper mill sludge (1 to 2 t/ha).
9. [8]
Groundnut and pulses could be grown successfully in these soil. Potato and other vegetables can
grow well without liming. Rice, finger millet, miner millets and sesamum can grow well with
proper fertilizer application. Fruit trees like mango, jack fruit, banana, guava, and sapota grow well
in this soil.
5. DELTAIC ALLUVIAL SOILS:
These soils cover 0.67m. ha of lands and occur in the deltaic regions of the rivers such as
Mahanadi, Brahamani, Baitarani, Subarnarekha and Rushikullya in the districts of Balasore,
Bhadrak, Jajpur, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghpur, Cuttack, Puri, Gajapati and Ganjam. Textural class
of the soil varies from coarse sand to clay and is mostly dependent on geomorphology of the flood
plain and the type of alluvial material carried by river water. The structure may be granular or
platy. The latter structured soil is difficult to handle. Alluvial soils of clayey texture crack upon
drying and becomes sticky when wet. The plough-share is loaded with heavy clay and becomes
difficult to work. Water holding capacity of this type of soil is high. Once water-logged, the clay
soil takes more time to become ploughable. Drainage is difficult due to slow permeability.
Deltaic alluvial soils are generally fertile but fertility decreases if the soil is not recharged regularly
by flood. pH is acidic to neutral. The coarse textured soils are deficient with N, P, K and S.
Organic farming techniques such as crop rotation, green manuring (growing nitrogen-fixing cover
crops and incorporating them into the soil), and composting (using organic waste materials as
fertilizers) can be implemented to enhance soil fertility and productivity.
Deltaic alluvial soils are suitable for rice in kharif and for groundnut, mustard, sesamum, potato
and vegetables in Rabi. With residual soil moisture, groundnut, green gram and black gram are
grown very successfully.
6. COASTAL SALINE AND ALLUVIAL SOIL:
Alluvial soils with high total soluble salts (EC-4ds/m) are included in this group. These soils occur
along the coastal belt of the state in a narrow strip extending 5-25 km inward. The salinity occurs
due to litteral deposits of esturial intrusion of brackish tidal water from sea through creeks. Nearly
0.254m ha. of saline soils are distributed in the districts of Balasore, Bhadrak Jagatsinghpur,
Kendrapara, Puri, Khurda and Ganjam. Saline soils are rich in soluble salts of chloride and sulphate
in conjunction with sodium and magnesium. Soils of lacustrine sediments of Lake Chilika also get
affected by salts due to flooding of brackish lake water in the districts of Puri, Khurda and Ganjam.
During monsoon a build-up of subsoil salinity occurs due to high ground water table under low
lying situation. These soils are mostly clay to clay loam in texture and columnar in structure. The
pH of these soils varies between 6.0 to 8.0 with a conductivity of 10-40 dS/m in the summer. The
exchangeable sodium percentage varies between 18 to 27. The soils are rich in nitrogen, potassium
and low to medium in phosphorus.
The saline soils are sufficient in sulphate, boron, molybdenum and chloride. Failure of crops
normally occurs due to (i) plasmolysis of germinating seeds and roots (ii) death of young seedlings,
(iii) reduced uptake of K, Ca and Mg due to presence of excess Na, (iv) toxicity due to B and (v)
hydrogen sulphide injury. However, during rainy seasons the salinity hazards are low due to
10. [9]
dilution and flushing of soluble salts by heavy rains. Rice is the main kharif crop with usual and
well distributed rainfall.
Organic farming practices for coastal soils involve soil reclamation through organic amendments,
crop diversification to include salt-tolerant varieties, and implementing practices like organic
mulching and proper water management.
Although kharif rice does not suffer very much from salinity, very often early drought and cyclonic
sea water inundation cause hazards to rice. Salt tolerant high yielding rice varieties like Lunisharee,
SR-26B and Mohan out yield the local saline resistant varieties like Sola, Pateni and Cuttack
Chandi. Salt tolerant rabi crops such as safflower, mustard, barley, linseed, chilli, sugarbeet,
tomato, spinach and some cucurbits grow well in these soils. Cotton is a successful crop in saline
soil if managed properly.
7. BROWN FOREST SOIL:
These soils being associated with forest areas are distributed in the districts of Phulbani,
Kandhamal, Rayagada and parts of Ganjam and Nayagarh and cover about 0.17 m.ha. These are
brown to gray brown in colour, light texture and acidic in reaction. Organic matter and nitrogen
content of the soils are medium to high. Phosphorus and potash content are medium. The contents
of most of the micronutrient are high barring molybdenum. Under slopy terrain soil erosion occurs
making lands barren. Shifting cultivation is regular practice causing land degradation. Land
shapping and checking 'podu cultivation' would improve the soil and land management. With
proper moisture conservation, soil are most suitable for growing ginger, turmeric and tapioca.
Maize, wheat and mustard grow well in this soil. In the marginal lands niger comes up successfully
with use of nitrogen fertilizer.
Horticultural crops like jackfruit, mango, guava and citrus are the established fruit crops in these
soils. Social forestry plantations are taken up successfully in the degraded soils.
8. MIXED RED AND BLACK SOIL:
These soils occur as association of both red and black soil together in which black soil occurs in
patches within the predominant red soil. The red and black soils are so intermixed that red soils
are found in upper ridges whereas, black soils occur in lower ridges. The soil occupies about 0.16
m.ha of lands in the western districts of Sambalpur, Bargarh, Sonepur and Bolangir. The soils are
light to medium textured having neutral pH. Black soils are rich in calcium and red soils are
dominant with iron-giving catenary formation to the soil. The soils are deep with medium fertility
status. The lowland soils growing rice are deficient in zinc.
Rice, sugarcane maize, ragi, groundnut, sesamum and all types of vegetable crops are cultivated
successfully with adequate fertilizer application.
11. [10]
FOCUS AREAS FOR ORGANIC FARMING IN ODISHA
The four strategic focus areas for this purpose are as follows;
Stream 1: Default organic areas of the state – Accelerate agro-ecological perspectives in default
organic areas including natural agro-environmental benefits (and ecologically sensitive) should be
converted into large-scale organic farming areas to improve the environment and increase growth
and livelihoods while improving the ecology. Strategic interventions under stream 1 will be
designed for strategic interventions in the state’s agro-ecologically well-off tribal areas with
limited access to chemical technologies.
Stream 2: Areas – where the use of chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides is moderate and
INM methods are being promoted: promote an agro-ecological approach to restore soil health ii
chemicals pest management without the use of these efforts will help reduce the chemical load on
large-scale consumer food containers.
Stream 3: Areas where organic certification continues targeting organic export markets and
specific markets: Certified organic areas and products for exports or specific markets will be
supported by the government. Farmers’ collectives, start-ups, NGOs, businessmen, and some
others who intend to develop commercial organic farms will be facilitated.
Stream 4: Areas where the use of chemical fertilizers, herbs, and pesticides is high: In these areas,
every effort will be made with an awareness campaign to encourage farmers to stay away from the
methods of chemical farming. For these four different series, implementation strategies will be
developed according to local needs.
12. [11]
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Odisha's diverse soil types offer unique opportunities and challenges for organic
farming. By understanding the characteristics of each soil type and implementing appropriate
organic farming practices, farmers can enhance soil fertility, productivity, and environmental
sustainability.
Alluvial soils, characterized by fertility, can benefit from crop rotation, green manuring, and
composting to maintain nutrient balance and maximize crop yields.
Red and red-yellow soils, which tend to be acidic, require soil amendment, pH adjustment, and
organic fertilizers to improve fertility and create a conducive environment for crop growth.
Laterite soils, rich in iron and aluminum oxides, can be managed through organic pest control,
water conservation measures, and the integration of agroforestry systems to optimize their
productivity while preserving their unique characteristics.
Coastal soils, affected by salinity, demand soil reclamation, crop diversification with salt-tolerant
varieties, and organic mulching to overcome the challenges posed by high salt levels.
Black soils, known for their moisture retention properties, benefit from organic mulching, water
management, and crop rotation to maintain soil moisture, prevent nutrient depletion, and manage
diseases.
Implementing these organic farming practices in Odisha's diverse soil types promotes soil health,
reduces dependence on synthetic inputs, and contributes to sustainable agriculture. Organic
farming methods not only produce nutritious and safe crops but also protect the environment,
conserve resources, and support the long-term well-being of farmers and consumers.
It is crucial for farmers to work closely with agricultural experts, extension services, and local
communities to adapt organic farming techniques to their specific soil types and farming
objectives. By harnessing the potential of Odisha's soils through organic farming, the state can
achieve sustainable agricultural development and contribute to a healthier and more resilient food
system.
13. [12]
REFERENCES
The following were used to complete this assignment:
1. Research papers and publications by Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
(OUAT)
2. Research papers and publications by Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI)
The following websites were used to complete this assignment:
1. https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/nov2005/engpdf/Soil_of_Orissa_and_Its_
Management.pdf
2. https://www.agrifarming.in/organic-farming-in-odisha-how-to-start#crops-are-grown-
under-organic-farming-in-odisha
3. https://www.tractorjunction.com/blog/types-of-soil-in-india-and-their-uses-for-different-
crops/