The document provides an extensive overview of proteins, their structures, functions, and the importance of amino acids in nutrition. It discusses the types of proteins, their roles in the body, and introduces both essential and non-essential amino acids, detailing their functions and sources. Finally, it emphasizes the necessity of proteins for growth, maintenance, and overall bodily processes.

1. selfexplanatory.2022
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Saba Parvin Haque
M.Sc. Life Sciences
(Specialization in Neurobiology)
from “Sophia College”
(Autonomous), Mumbai.

3. ❑Protein are macronutrients and are one of the
main nutrients in our diet.
https://images.app.goo.gl/JjRc7iuwndNiebnj7
WHAT IS PROTEIN?
https://i0.wp.com/www.strengthlog.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Protein-calculator.jpg?fit=1792%2C1024&ssl=1

4. ❑ The word “protein”
comes from the Greek
word proteios, which
means “primary” or
“standing in front” or
“holding first place” and
which is an appropriate
name for an essential
life-forming and life-
sustaining substance of all
organisms.
https://images.app.goo.gl/zzoztP5mf22WV5DS9
WHAT IS PROTEIN?

5. ❑Proteins were first
described by the
Dutch chemist
Gerardus Johannes
Mulder and named
by the Swedish
chemist Jöns Jacob
Berzelius in 1838.
PROTEIN DESCRIBED BY?
Gerardus
Johannes Mulder
Jöns Jacob
Berzelius
https://images.app.goo.gl/u4MCLHsKgKjhmKQz9
https://images.app.goo.gl/12C2wh82nUzW2Zg39

6. ❑Proteins are
large, complex
molecules that
play many
important roles in
the body.
WHAT IS PROTEIN?
Figure: Protein digestion, https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/sites/default/files/inline-
images/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BA%D0%B0%20-%202021-04-16T085223.159.png
Start

7. ❑Proteins make up
the major structure
of all living cells and
form about 50 – 60%
of the dry weight of
the body cells.
WHAT IS PROTEIN?
https://images.app.goo.gl/aP5X4UiViEQmyUt67

8. ❑They are critical to
most of the work done
by cells and are
required for the
structure, function and
regulation of the
body’s tissues and
organs.
REQUIREMENT OF PROTEIN?
https://images.app.goo.gl/RLgV2wn1z4KwmCgP9

9. ❑ A protein is made up of
one or more long, folded
chains of amino acids
(each called a
polypeptide), whose
sequences are
determined by the DNA
sequence of the protein-
encoding gene.
WHAT ARE PROTEINS MADE UP OF?
https://images.app.goo.gl/VX9JnsbC33UASUPr7

10. ❑Proteins are made up
of many molecules of
amino acids that are
linked by the peptide
bonds and hence they
are also called
polypeptide chains.
WHAT ARE PROTEINS MADE UP OF?
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistrylearner.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F10%2FPeptide-
Bond.jpg&tbnid=0iSARg87ra_x9M&vet=1&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistrylearner.com%2Fchemical-bonds%2Fpeptide-
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11. ❑ Every protein has a
defined composition
of its constituent
amino acids and a
very specific
sequence in which
these are linked.
This is what gives
every protein its
specific biological
function.
COMPOSITION OF PROTEIN
https://images.app.goo.gl/gtewZvAwKZrQHNsA8, https://images.app.goo.gl/dZCyM9QmvvKEV1HK6

12. ❑ Proteins that make up
structures, such as
muscle and, very
importantly, proteins that
fold and form what are
known as enzymes.
❑ These proteins help your
body carry out all of the
chemical reactions it
needs to keep you alive.
WHAT IS PROTEIN?

13. (Satyanarayana, 2017)

14. https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/media/images/2022-05/Protein.jpg
TYPES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE

15. LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION
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16. WHAT IS PROTEIN MADE UP?
❑ Proteins are different from
fats and carbohydrates due to
the presence of nitrogen,
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in them.
❑ Carbohydrates only contain
carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen whereas fats contain
fatty acids which contain a
carboxyl group and an alkyl
group, thus containing only
carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen.
https://images.app.goo.gl/p2Bb4LFbv4oaMqga7

17. https://images.app.goo.gl/mqRibRYoij79KJZS9 https://www.astrochem.org/sci_img/Amino_Acid_Structure.jpg
STRUCTURE OF AMINO ACIDS

18. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/images/org/health/articles/22243-amino-acids
WHAT DO AMINO ACIDS DO?
https://images.app.goo.gl/sRrdHAxtaRinFntm6

19. https://images.app.goo.gl/MnmffVsgkrv7PQwK8
HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE?
20
❑ Although there are hundreds of amino acids in nature humans only use
about 20 of them to make basically every type of protein.

20. HOW MANY AMINO ACIDS ARE THERE?
❑ Amino acids are molecules used by all
living things to make proteins.
❑ Your body needs 20 different amino
acids to function correctly.
❑ Essential amino acids: These
amino acids must be obtained from
food because the body cannot
synthesize them. They are important
for immune function, hemoglobin
production, and energy regulation.
❑ Nonessential amino acids: These
amino acids can be synthesized by the
body and hence need not be
incorporated in the diet.
❑ Conditional amino acids: This
need to be incorporated only if this
amino acids from which they are
derived are not adequate in the diet.
https://images.app.goo.gl/NV3vuP2guwwXyUBYA

21. TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Classification-of-amino-acids-on-the-basis-of-nutrition.jpeg https://images.app.goo.gl/hcm9UWtgFCQkdYyx6
11

22. TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
https://youtu.be/HSCUAjZQhXI?si=y4c6LiMG2dSzJ_Cj

23. Polar, uncharged R groups
Classification of 20 Amino Acid Structures
Nonpolar
Nonpolar
Polar

24. ❑ There are nine essential amino acids that
humans cannot synthesize quickly enough to
meet their needs, and therefore must be
consumed through the food you eat.
❑ Essential amino acids can be found in a
variety of foods, including beef, eggs and
dairy.
1) Histidine: Helps produce histamine, a brain
chemical (neurotransmitter).
2) Isoleucine: Involved in muscle metabolism
and immune function.
3) Leucine: Helps produce protein and growth
hormones.
4) Lysine: Involved in hormone and energy
production.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Essential Amino Acids
1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine
5. Methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan
9. Valine

25. 5) Methionine: Helps with tissue growth,
metabolism, and detoxification.
6) Phenylalanine: Needed to produce brain
chemical messengers like dopamine,
epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
7) Threonine: Plays an important role in
collagen and elastin.
8) Tryptophan: Tryptophan helps maintain
your body’s correct nitrogen balance.
9) Valine: It is involved in muscle growth,
tissue regeneration and making energy.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Essential Amino Acids
1. Histidine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine
5. Methionine
6. Phenylalanine
7. Threonine
8. Tryptophan
9. Valine

26. ❑ The human body can produce 11
nonessential amino acids, which are critical
for many functions:
1) Alanine: Helps remove toxins from the
body and produces glucose and other
amino acids.
2) Arginine: Helps in promoting the synthesis
of proteins and hormones, detoxification in
the kidneys, healing wounds, and
maintaining a healthy immune system.
3) Cysteine: An antioxidant that helps create
collagen and is important for skin elasticity
4) Glutamine: Promotes brain function and is
needed for DNA and RNA synthesis.
NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Non-Essential Amino Acids
1. Alanine
2. Arginine
3. Cysteine
4. Glutamine
5. Glycine
6. Glutamate
7. Serine
8. Tyrosine
9. Asparagine
10. Aspartic Acid
11. Proline

27. 5) Glycine: Helps maintain proper cell growth
and wound healing.
6) Glutamate: An excitatory neurotransmitter
that's important for brain development and
function.
7) Serine: Helps in promoting muscle growth
and in the synthesis of immune system
proteins.
8) Tyrosine: plays a vital role in the
production of the thyroid hormones -T3
and T4, in synthesizing a class of
neurotransmitters and melanin, which are
natural pigments found in our eyes, hair,
and skin.
NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Non-Essential Amino Acids
1. Alanine
2. Arginine
3. Cysteine
4. Glutamine
5. Glycine
6. Glutamate
7. Serine
8. Tyrosine
9. Asparagine
10. Aspartic Acid
11. Proline

28. 9) Asparagine: Mainly involved in the
transportation of nitrogen into our body
cells, formations of purines and pyrimidine
for the synthesis of DNA, the development
of the nervous system and improving our
body stamina.
10) Aspartic acid: Plays a major role in
metabolism and in promoting the synthesis
of other amino acids.
11) Proline: Mainly involved in the repairing of
the tissues in the formation of collagen,
preventing the thickening and hardening of
the walls of the arteries (arteriosclerosis)
and in the regeneration of new skin.
NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Non-Essential Amino Acids
1. Alanine
2. Arginine
3. Cysteine
4. Glutamine
5. Glycine
6. Glutamate
7. Serine
8. Tyrosine
9. Asparagine
10. Aspartic Acid
11. Proline

29. https://images.app.goo.gl/aNK1d8yTfQ8694g96
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
❑ Growth and Maintenance: Proteins are the chief constituents of muscles, organs and
endocrine glands. They are the major and indispensable constituents of skin, hair, nail,
teeth, blood, serum etc. All bile fluids except bile and urine, contain protein. In short, every
living cell of our body contains protein and is required for the growth and maintenance of
every cell in our body.

30. ❑ Regulation of Body Processes: Proteins are
required for a highly specialized functions in our body.
These proteins are as follows:
1) Immune proteins - Antibodies, necessary for
immunity reactions, are protein in nature. Resistance to
diseases is an immunological response.
2) Hormones - Hormones such as adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH) and insulin, are protein in nature.
3) Enzymes - All enzymes are protein in nature and they
are the biocatalysts for all the metabolic reactions.
4) Contractile proteins - Actin and myosin are
responsible for the action of muscles.
5) Blood proteins - Hemoglobin, the most familiar
constituent of blood, is a protein which carries oxygen.
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
https://images.app.goo.gl/FYW3y2Fz67edzNNB7

31. https://images.app.goo.gl/vMy5VkQe3D9QU2RP7
FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS

32. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
https://images.app.goo.gl/np6LjZD7vsUZPu6V8
❑ Supply of Energy: Protein is the
last source that the body taps for
energy. Proteins, like
carbohydrates, yield
approximately 4.0 cal/g. However,
the process of obtaining energy
from proteins is not advisable
since deamination of amino acids
places tremendous load on the
kidney, besides expending one of
the costliest nutrient. Utilization of
protein for energy is a waste
which weakens the body in all
respects, retards growth and
reduces weight.

33. DIETARY PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS BY HUMANS OF ALL AGE
GROUPS
https://images.app.goo.gl/gcTsgoZXRF84BMxU8

34. REFERENCES
❑ Satyanarayana, U. (2017). Biochemistry - e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
❑ Protein. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Protein
❑ Protein: The facts. (2020, September 8). Nestlé Nutrition Institute. https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/publications/protein-facts
❑ National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th
Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 6, Protein and Amino Acids. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/
❑ GeeksforGeeks. (2024a, February 27). Types of protein Structure, function and Classification. GeeksforGeeks.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/protein-definition-structure-levels-of-protein/
❑ https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/protein/
❑ https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/media/images/tg/Protein_hero.png
❑ https://aiimsrishikesh.edu.in/newwebsite/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/1020_Class-1-Structures-of-Amino-Acids-Dr.-Kiran-Meena-30-8-2018.pdf
❑ https://images.app.goo.gl/zWLwdEfUsgkuQksU6
❑ https://content.dhhs.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-01/protein_0.jpg
❑ https://cdn.buttercms.com/TbC49fIqR36TjDnBLBbE
❑ https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/proteins-differ-from-carbohydrates-and-lipids-in-class-11-biology-cbse-5fc88b42fc3d96537014eec3
❑ https://as2.ftcdn.net/v2/jpg/02/42/02/37/1000_F_242023704_dzTFXjw1SAkdBLqkr1mxxax0b087KIQn.jpg
❑ https://images.app.goo.gl/PcXQQ8wPiVGJrNDB9
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