Initially, a comprehensive discussion and assessment of your difficulties would be carried out, in order to achieve an understanding of what is affecting you and why, what therapy may help and how many sessions may be required.
Free Webinar on "Anxiety & Panic Attacks"
Anxiety and panic attacks have identical signs, also often occur simultaneously and can be physically and emotionally dreadful and terrifying.
Panic attacks are usually more extreme and may or may not be as a result of Anxiety.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this webinar is to identify when you're having a panic or anxiety attack. Moreover, it would help to cope up with the situations that cause anxiety and panic attacks and inform you on how to deal with it whenever you experience this.
Furthermore, you would be able to help someone else who are suffering with it!
What are the Symptoms of Anxiety disorderShivaniPadole
Experiencing intermittent anxiety disorder is a normal part of life. However, people with anxiety disorders frequently experience intense, excessive, and pervasive anxiety and worry about everyday events. Anxiety disorders typically present as recurrent, brief bouts of intense anxiety, fear, or terror that are accompanied by panic attacks. These sensations of frenzy and uneasiness can keep going for quite a while, are challenging to control, messed up with regards to the genuine danger, and disrupt day to day exercises. You might avoid places or situations to avoid these feelings. Side effects might begin during youth or the high schooler years and go on into adulthood. Tension issues incorporate summed up uneasiness jumble, social anxiety disorder (social fear), explicit fears, and separation anxiety disorder. Multiple anxiety disorders are treatable. Anxiety can arise from a condition that needs treatment.
Free Webinar on "Anxiety & Panic Attacks"
Anxiety and panic attacks have identical signs, also often occur simultaneously and can be physically and emotionally dreadful and terrifying.
Panic attacks are usually more extreme and may or may not be as a result of Anxiety.
PURPOSE:
The purpose of this webinar is to identify when you're having a panic or anxiety attack. Moreover, it would help to cope up with the situations that cause anxiety and panic attacks and inform you on how to deal with it whenever you experience this.
Furthermore, you would be able to help someone else who are suffering with it!
What are the Symptoms of Anxiety disorderShivaniPadole
Experiencing intermittent anxiety disorder is a normal part of life. However, people with anxiety disorders frequently experience intense, excessive, and pervasive anxiety and worry about everyday events. Anxiety disorders typically present as recurrent, brief bouts of intense anxiety, fear, or terror that are accompanied by panic attacks. These sensations of frenzy and uneasiness can keep going for quite a while, are challenging to control, messed up with regards to the genuine danger, and disrupt day to day exercises. You might avoid places or situations to avoid these feelings. Side effects might begin during youth or the high schooler years and go on into adulthood. Tension issues incorporate summed up uneasiness jumble, social anxiety disorder (social fear), explicit fears, and separation anxiety disorder. Multiple anxiety disorders are treatable. Anxiety can arise from a condition that needs treatment.
Illness does not ask, it demands. Younger population perceives the un-earning family members as burden on their shoulders with more responsibility, which is taken as an economic loss, even if they are their parents. Anxiety is a broad aspect, which should not be termed as illness- as it is common emotion to experience in every individual’s life. But in 21st century due to defective coping mechanism, poor socialization, sedentary lifestyle- anxiety has become the slow poison to majority of the population, globally. Especially to the elder age group, which highlights the need of quick concern to look after it genuinely. Anxiety is an broad spectrum of disorder, constituting many of the forms which ae common for the human behavior to perform in the society. Management plays the essential role in conflicting the anxiety. Problem solving skills, coping mechanism and self esteem are the basics to tackle the anxiety as a whole.
this topic is all about anxiety disorder,why many students nowadays experience those things. What are the causes and effects of having an anxiety or anxiety disorder.
Discuss characteristics of various psychological disorders includin.pdfRahul04August
Discuss characteristics of various psychological disorders including anxiety and mood disorders
as well as schizophrenia
Solution
Anxiety disorders are characterized by severe fear or anxiety associated with particular objects
and situations.Most people with anxiety disorders try to avoid exposure to the situation that
causes anxiety.
Specific Phobia-phobia means fear.A specific phobia is an irrational fear of some specific thing
or situation.The fear is irrational in the sense that it is all out of proportion to the actual danger
presented.
Panic Disorder-This is a disorder characterized by unforewarned attacks of extreme dread,as if
some terrible thing is about to befall the person,generally lasting only a couple of minutes and
leaving the person physically exhausted because of the extreme activation of the physiological
mechanisms aroused by terror.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder -this disorder arises when people are exposed to servely
stressful,life-threatening situations in which they perceive that they have no control over the
outcome.Those affected have flashbacks about the situation in which they were
helpless,nightmares,difficulty sleeping,and and find it impossible to put the situation behind
them and get on with their lives.Situations inducing the disorder include military combat,natural
disasters,accidents etc.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-Obsessions are thoughts,usually of a distressing nature,that
constantly intrude into awareness,over and over again.Compulsions are ritualistic behaviors the
person feels to perform over and over again,because not to perform them means experiencing
rapidly increasing levels of anxiety.Certain drugs and behavior modification techniques have
been used to treat the disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-The person suffering from this disorder experiences
continuous,high levels of free-floating anxiety that does not seem to have been triggered by any
specific thing or situation.The symptoms of anxiety are often treated by prescribing minor
tranquilizers as an initial step,this is followed by psychological therapy aimed and uncovering
and eliminating the source of the anxiety.
Mood disorders are also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders.These illnesses
share disturbances or changes in mood,usually involving either depression or mania.
Major depression –an extreme or prolonged episode of sadness in which a person loses interest
or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
Bipolar disorder – alternating episodes of mania and depression.
Dysthymia – continuous low-grade symptoms of major depression and anxiety.
Seasonal affective disorder– a form of major depression that occurs in the fall or winter and may
be related to shortened periods of daylight.
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves,thinks,and sees the
world.Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion
and fear,and are at an increased risk of attempting suic.
There are many different types of Anxiety Disorders. This includes Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic disorder, Social anxiety disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Some of the types are described below;
Generalized Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a type of anxiety disorders characterized by excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations and events. People with GAD often experience difficulty controlling their worries. Which can lead them to physical symptoms such as muscle tension, restlessness, fatigue, and sleep problems.
Panic Disorders
A form of anxiety condition known as the panic disorder. It is characterized by sporadic, acute episodes of fear or panic attacks. These attacks can last for several minutes and can be accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pain, sweating, and rapid heartbeat.
Social Anxiety Disorders
An excessive and enduring fear of social situations is a symptom of social anxiety disorder (SAD), commonly referred to as social phobia. People with SAD may experience intense anxiety in a wide range of social situations. The situations like meeting new people, speaking in public, or eating in front of others. This anxiety can be so severe that it interferes with daily life and can cause significant distress.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses (obsessions). It causes distress and anxiety, as well as repetitive behaviors or mental behaviours (compulsions) designed to lessen the anxiety brought on by the obsessions. These compulsive behaviors are often time-consuming and interfere with daily activities, relationships, and social functioning.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A kind of anxiety illness known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after experiencing or witnessing a terrible event. This disorder is often associated with military combat, but it can also result from other traumatic experiences such as physical or sexual assault, natural disasters, accidents, or the sudden death of a loved one.
Phobias
Phobias are also included in types of anxiety disorders. Some of the most common phobias are below
Animal phobias
Animal phobias refer to specific phobias that involve a persistent and excessive fear of animals, such as dogs, snakes, spiders, or insects. People with animal phobias may experience intense anxiety or panic when they encounter their feared animal, even if it poses no real threat.
Natural environment phobias
Natural environment phobias refer to a specific type of phobia that involves an intense fear or anxiety related to natural surroundings or phenomena, such as heights, water, storms, darkness, and animals. These phobias can significantly impair a person’s daily life and cause intense distress.
Blood-injection-injury phobias
Blood-injection-injury phobias are a type of
Experiencing anxiety attack or depression like symptoms? Consult the best psychiatry doctors for depression treatment in Coimbatore at affordable prices.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Illness does not ask, it demands. Younger population perceives the un-earning family members as burden on their shoulders with more responsibility, which is taken as an economic loss, even if they are their parents. Anxiety is a broad aspect, which should not be termed as illness- as it is common emotion to experience in every individual’s life. But in 21st century due to defective coping mechanism, poor socialization, sedentary lifestyle- anxiety has become the slow poison to majority of the population, globally. Especially to the elder age group, which highlights the need of quick concern to look after it genuinely. Anxiety is an broad spectrum of disorder, constituting many of the forms which ae common for the human behavior to perform in the society. Management plays the essential role in conflicting the anxiety. Problem solving skills, coping mechanism and self esteem are the basics to tackle the anxiety as a whole.
this topic is all about anxiety disorder,why many students nowadays experience those things. What are the causes and effects of having an anxiety or anxiety disorder.
Discuss characteristics of various psychological disorders includin.pdfRahul04August
Discuss characteristics of various psychological disorders including anxiety and mood disorders
as well as schizophrenia
Solution
Anxiety disorders are characterized by severe fear or anxiety associated with particular objects
and situations.Most people with anxiety disorders try to avoid exposure to the situation that
causes anxiety.
Specific Phobia-phobia means fear.A specific phobia is an irrational fear of some specific thing
or situation.The fear is irrational in the sense that it is all out of proportion to the actual danger
presented.
Panic Disorder-This is a disorder characterized by unforewarned attacks of extreme dread,as if
some terrible thing is about to befall the person,generally lasting only a couple of minutes and
leaving the person physically exhausted because of the extreme activation of the physiological
mechanisms aroused by terror.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder -this disorder arises when people are exposed to servely
stressful,life-threatening situations in which they perceive that they have no control over the
outcome.Those affected have flashbacks about the situation in which they were
helpless,nightmares,difficulty sleeping,and and find it impossible to put the situation behind
them and get on with their lives.Situations inducing the disorder include military combat,natural
disasters,accidents etc.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-Obsessions are thoughts,usually of a distressing nature,that
constantly intrude into awareness,over and over again.Compulsions are ritualistic behaviors the
person feels to perform over and over again,because not to perform them means experiencing
rapidly increasing levels of anxiety.Certain drugs and behavior modification techniques have
been used to treat the disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-The person suffering from this disorder experiences
continuous,high levels of free-floating anxiety that does not seem to have been triggered by any
specific thing or situation.The symptoms of anxiety are often treated by prescribing minor
tranquilizers as an initial step,this is followed by psychological therapy aimed and uncovering
and eliminating the source of the anxiety.
Mood disorders are also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders.These illnesses
share disturbances or changes in mood,usually involving either depression or mania.
Major depression –an extreme or prolonged episode of sadness in which a person loses interest
or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
Bipolar disorder – alternating episodes of mania and depression.
Dysthymia – continuous low-grade symptoms of major depression and anxiety.
Seasonal affective disorder– a form of major depression that occurs in the fall or winter and may
be related to shortened periods of daylight.
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves,thinks,and sees the
world.Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion
and fear,and are at an increased risk of attempting suic.
There are many different types of Anxiety Disorders. This includes Generalized anxiety disorder, Panic disorder, Social anxiety disorder, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Some of the types are described below;
Generalized Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a type of anxiety disorders characterized by excessive and persistent worry and fear about everyday situations and events. People with GAD often experience difficulty controlling their worries. Which can lead them to physical symptoms such as muscle tension, restlessness, fatigue, and sleep problems.
Panic Disorders
A form of anxiety condition known as the panic disorder. It is characterized by sporadic, acute episodes of fear or panic attacks. These attacks can last for several minutes and can be accompanied by physical symptoms such as chest pain, sweating, and rapid heartbeat.
Social Anxiety Disorders
An excessive and enduring fear of social situations is a symptom of social anxiety disorder (SAD), commonly referred to as social phobia. People with SAD may experience intense anxiety in a wide range of social situations. The situations like meeting new people, speaking in public, or eating in front of others. This anxiety can be so severe that it interferes with daily life and can cause significant distress.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses (obsessions). It causes distress and anxiety, as well as repetitive behaviors or mental behaviours (compulsions) designed to lessen the anxiety brought on by the obsessions. These compulsive behaviors are often time-consuming and interfere with daily activities, relationships, and social functioning.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A kind of anxiety illness known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after experiencing or witnessing a terrible event. This disorder is often associated with military combat, but it can also result from other traumatic experiences such as physical or sexual assault, natural disasters, accidents, or the sudden death of a loved one.
Phobias
Phobias are also included in types of anxiety disorders. Some of the most common phobias are below
Animal phobias
Animal phobias refer to specific phobias that involve a persistent and excessive fear of animals, such as dogs, snakes, spiders, or insects. People with animal phobias may experience intense anxiety or panic when they encounter their feared animal, even if it poses no real threat.
Natural environment phobias
Natural environment phobias refer to a specific type of phobia that involves an intense fear or anxiety related to natural surroundings or phenomena, such as heights, water, storms, darkness, and animals. These phobias can significantly impair a person’s daily life and cause intense distress.
Blood-injection-injury phobias
Blood-injection-injury phobias are a type of
Experiencing anxiety attack or depression like symptoms? Consult the best psychiatry doctors for depression treatment in Coimbatore at affordable prices.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety is a normal and healthy emotion, and you might experience higher anxiety
levels before a first date or before giving an important presentation. However, when a
person feels consistent and overwhelming anxiety, it might become a mental health
condition. Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health conditions characterized
by excessive fear, worry, and apprehension.
Types of Anxiety Disorders
If you experience intense, persistent, and excessive anxiety, you may have a
diagnosable anxiety disorder. The most common types of anxiety disorders include:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Individuals with GAD struggle with
chronic anxiety, nervousness, and worry, even when there is little or nothing
to provoke it.
Social anxiety disorder (social phobia): Those with social anxiety disorder
experience excessive worry, low self-esteem, and excessive self-consciousness
in social situations. In some cases, social phobia is limited to a specific type of
situation. In more severe cases, social phobia can cause significant
psychological distress in everyday social situations, leading to avoidant
behavior.
Panic disorder: Unexpected and repeated panic attacks characterize panic
disorder. For some people, the fear of experiencing a panic attack can make it
difficult to function daily.
Phobias: Individuals with specific phobias struggle with severe anxiety
toward a particular object or situation. In more severe cases, particular phobias
can lead to avoidant behavior, causing individuals to avoid everyday
circumstances. For example, agoraphobia, which involves an overwhelming
fear of situations where there is no “escape,” can make it challenging to leave
the house.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Those with OCD experience
persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions), which lead to repetitive behaviors
2. (compulsions). Individuals with OCD typically use compulsions such as
counting or cleaning to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): After exposure to a traumatic event,
some individuals develop PTSD. Those with post-traumatic stress disorder
experience intense anxiety symptoms after an adverse event ranging from
nightmares to self-destructive behaviors, such as substance misuse.
Separation anxiety disorder: Individuals with separation anxiety experience
excessive anxiety when separated from home or loved ones. Separation
anxiety is a normal part of development, but extreme separation anxiety is one
of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. In some cases, separation
anxiety can occur during adolescence and adulthood.
Get the perfect therapy for every kind of anxiety with Dr. Sue Webb.