This case study describes an elderly male patient initially presenting with an abnormal lipid profile. His medical history includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and a family history of coronary artery disease. Initial lipid results show elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein(a), with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and myeloperoxidase levels also elevated. The patient is currently taking multiple medications to control his risk factors.
Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitusYung-Tsai Chu
Reference: 2018 ADA guideline. Topics: hypertension management(drug choice and combination), indications for hyperlipidemia treatment, atherosclerosis disease prevention with antiplatelet agents and issues about coronary artery diseases.
Cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitusYung-Tsai Chu
Reference: 2018 ADA guideline. Topics: hypertension management(drug choice and combination), indications for hyperlipidemia treatment, atherosclerosis disease prevention with antiplatelet agents and issues about coronary artery diseases.
Una de las publicaciones más esperadas en ACC Scientific Sessions 2019 han sido las nuevas guías en prevención primaria. El Dr. Alberto Esteban repasa las claves en #SECenACC19.
Dr Vivek Baliga - Chronic Disease Management In Heart Failure And DiabetesDr Vivek Baliga
Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal Medicine at Baliga Diagnostics discusses the management of 2 common problems in medical practice - heart failure and type 2 diabetes, including the link between the two. For more articles for patients, visit http://heartsense.in/author/dr-vivek-baliga-b/. For scientific articles and short reviews, visit http://drvivekbaliga.net/
Una de las publicaciones más esperadas en ACC Scientific Sessions 2019 han sido las nuevas guías en prevención primaria. El Dr. Alberto Esteban repasa las claves en #SECenACC19.
Dr Vivek Baliga - Chronic Disease Management In Heart Failure And DiabetesDr Vivek Baliga
Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal Medicine at Baliga Diagnostics discusses the management of 2 common problems in medical practice - heart failure and type 2 diabetes, including the link between the two. For more articles for patients, visit http://heartsense.in/author/dr-vivek-baliga-b/. For scientific articles and short reviews, visit http://drvivekbaliga.net/
Dyslipidemia and CVS by Mohit Soni and Chandan KumarOlgaGoryacheva4
My students Mohit Soni and Chandan Kumar had presented this topic in our 22nd Student Scientific Society Conference in the department of Propaedeutic of Internal Diseases No.2
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Early Diabetes and Dyslipidaemia Treatment Optimisation.
Presentation by Dr Jeremy Chow
Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist
Asian Heart & Vascular Centre
www.ahvc.com.sg
Paul Ciechanowksi at Consumer Centric Health, Models for Change '11HealthInnoventions
A Primary Care Program for Patients with Complex Chronic Disease and Depression. Paul Ciechanowski, MD, MPH
Associate Professor, Dept. of Psychiatry
Team Psychiatrist, UW Diabetes Care Center
Director UW Center for Training
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Slides to Guide Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: What I Do an...hivlifeinfo
Slides to Guide Reducing Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes: What I Do and Why.2018
Zachary T. Bloomgarden, MD, MACE
Program Director
Mikhail N. Kosiborod, MD
Pamela Kushner, MD, FAAFP
Format: Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt)
File Size: 923 KB
Released: June 29, 2018
Memorias Conferencia Científica Anual sobre Síndrome Metabólico 2017 - Programa Científico
Futuro en el tratamiento de la DM2
Dr. Guillermo E. Umpierrez
Professor of Medicine in the Division of Endocrinology at Emory University School of Medicine, Section Head, Diabetes and Endocrinology. USA. Editor en Jefe del BJM Open Diabetes Research and Care
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Dharmesh Patel, MD, FACC - Case Studies
1. Case Study Speakers
Carlos Jorge, MD
Dharmesh Patel, MD, Atul Sachdev, MD Amy Doneen, RN,
FACC
BSN, MSN, ARNP
2. NBC’s Tim Russert dies at 58
•
Russert was recording
voiceovers when he
collapsed.
•
Previously diagnosed
with asymptomatic
coronary artery
disease.
Dr. Michael Newman (Russert’s physician) said his
disease was “well-controlled with medication and
exercise, and he had performed well on a stress test.”
3. When asked if he thought he could have done more,
Dr. Newman replied…
“You know, as physicians, we always hope
that we can change people's lives, that we
can make them feel better, live longer,
that we can intervene, and that's what our
role is. Unfortunately, in many instances,
our hopes are not fulfilled. Absolutely, I
wish Tim was alive and with us today. ...
And ... patients die of heart disease or
cancer; we
all struggle with the
fact there are limits to what
we can do.”
Dr. Newman on
The Larry King Show
4. Carlos Jorge, MD
Ballantyne Medical Associates
Medical School
Universidad Nacional Pedro
Henriquez Urena School of Medicine
(UNPHU), Santo Domingo,
Dominican Republic , Doctorate of
Medicine, 1999
Board Certifications
Family Practice
Clinical Lipidology
Memberships
National Lipid Association
American Medical Association
North Carolina Academy of Family
Physicians
North Carolina Medical Society
5. Patient Compliance
• What percentage patients are not compliant
in taking their medications?
a) 35%
b) 40%
c) 75%
d) 55%
Source: PhRMA 2011
6. Patient Compliance
• What percentage patients are not compliant
in taking their medications?
a) 35%
b) 40%
c) 75%
d) 55%
75%
Source: PhRMA 2011
7. “Drugs don’t work in patients
who don’t take them.”
- - C. Everett Koop, MD
8. America’s other drug problem
Each year $290 billion is spent
on avoidable medical costs due
to medication non-adherence
Hospitalizations (33-69%)
Preventable adverse drug events (21%)
Deaths (125,000/year)
Gurwitz J et al. Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting. JAMA.
2003; 280 (9): 1107-1116.
McCarthy R. The price you pay for the drug not taken. Bus Health. 1998; 16(10): 27-33.
Adapted from a presentation by Crowe, M. “I never miss a dose”: Medication adherence for the practice of pharmacy. 2012
9. Key Learning Points
LDL/Apo B are important but may not tell the
whole story
MPO elevations – over other biomarkers –
elucidate further risk and allow for adjustment of
evaluation and compliance
10. Initial Presentation
A 55 y/o Hispanic female initially
presented to my office in October
of 2011 for a wellness visit
Medical History
• Non-smoker and non-drinker
• History of hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, HTN, and
pituitary adenoma (2008)
• Mother – Breast cancer and CAD (deceased)
• Father – Type II Diabetes (living)
13. Treatment Options
Counseled on diet/metabolic syndrome,
exercise, weight loss and to continue taking all
her medications.
Instructed to return to the office for a CIMT and
2hr. GTT
14. Follow-Up Results
• She did not schedule or
follow-up for her 2hr. GTT
• She returned for her CIMT
3 months later (1/10/2012) CIMT
Vascular age
– no discernible plaque
Max IMT
(Right CCA)
61
0.9
15. Follow-Up Results
• Unfortunately, patient did not return to the office
until 10 months later--11/26/12
– She mentioned she had been trying to
improve her diet and started walking
– She stopped taking her Simvastatin 3 months
prior to the visit b/c she ‘felt her diet had
improved so much’
Ok – Well let’s find out if how she’s
doing with ‘her regimen’…
19. Treatment Options
We reviewed metabolic syndrome/lipid concerns
and counseled her on TLC
Re-instituted her Simvastatin (20 mg/daily) along
with her other meds
Re-scheduled her for a 2hr GTT
What do you think happened?
20. Follow-Up Results--7/02/2013
• She once again doesn’t schedule an
appointment or follow-up for her 2hr. GTT
• She returned 8 months later
– States the medicines were not helping her and she
could work on her diet, exercise and weight loss
– Stopped taking Simvastatin 3-4 months prior
– Only came back in to get her thyroid checked
– And…she was having sternal chest pain with twisting
and movement
21. Follow-Up Results--7/02/2013
• No diaphoresis, no dyspnea, no SOB, no n/v,
no jaw or arm pain, no dizziness, no increased
thirst, no HA, no weakness, no polydipsia or
polyphagia
• Reproducible chest wall tenderness over the
L- sternal border
• ECG NSR no ST-T segment changes
22. Follow-Up Results--7/02/2013
Biometrics
Initial Results Follow-Up Results
Height
5’0
--
--
Weight
186
189
192
BMI
36.3
36.9
37.5
HR
68
74
80
BP
122/70
116/82
122/78
• Weight is not improving - - Her ability to control her
diet is not working
25. Treatment Options
Re-instituted her Simvastatin (20 mg/daily) - again - - and stressed the importance of taking
her aspirin
Medical management in coordination with
cardiology
What are the next steps?
26. Follow-Up Results--7/11/2013
• Called her for follow-up approximately 1 week
later
– Feels good
– No CP, SOB, diaphoresis, N/V or other sx’s
• Of course, I reminded her about her 2 hr. GTT
and she finally schedules it for 1 month later!
30. Treatment Options
We again stressed and reviewed all her risk
factors, diet, exercise, weight and importance of
ALL medications being taken
Started on Metformin 1000mg
Sent back to cardiology for further evaluation of
CAD
How did we do?
31. Follow-Up Results
• She of course did not go to the cardiology
follow-up.
• She has a follow up scheduled with me on
10/29/13
32. Conclusions
Patient compliance with medications or for office
visits is difficult to control
Biomarker elevations - especially in light of
“improving” Apo B and LDL should guide further
investigation and “encourage” patients to
comply
Admittedly given her MPO elevations she still is
at high risk--ideally would have loved to get a
CT angio or cath--cost prohibitive??
33. Key Learning Points
Aggressively exploring and managing her
insulin resistance/diabetes needed to decrease
inflammatory pathway
High risk for CV event in spite of “normal” gene
expression test for CAD—possible because of
her insulin resistance?
34. Dharmesh Patel, MD, MBBS, FACC
Chief Medical Officer | HASPA
Stern Cardiovascular Foundation
Medical School
Guy’s & Kings College Hospital Medical School
(London), Medicine MBBS 1996
Board Certifications
Diplomate, American Board of Clinical
Lipidology
Certification, Specialist Clinical Hypertension
Adult Cardiac Echocardiography
Nuclear Cardiology
Cardiac CT Angiography
Cardiovascular Medicine
Internal Medicine
Memberships
American College of Cardiology
American Heart Association (Speaker for Women
and Heart Disease)
National Lipid Association
American Society of Hypertension
35. Initial Presentation
A 75 y/o male referred due to an
abnormal lipid profile
Medical History
•
•
•
•
Former smoker (quit ~50 years ago)
History of HTN, hyperlipidemia, diabetes
Normal carotid ultrasound (12/2012)
Echocardiogram (12/2012) – EF ~60%, type 1 relaxation
abnormality pattern, aortic valve sclerosis, mild aortic insufficiency
• Family history of CAD (Mother, 70s)
40. CIMT score
CIMT in association with a calcified plaque in a 75 year old
male with CAD. The presence of plaque increases the
diagnostic significance of CIMT. Arterial age 82 years old.
43. Stress thallium
Stress
•
•
•
•
•
Thallium
6 minutes Bruce protocol
6.9 Mets achieved
No chest pain
2mm horizontal STD in the inferior leads
Thallium images show no reversible ischemia
but moderate sized fixed defect in the inferior
wall
51. Treatment Options
• Hyperlipidemia status acceptable and
inflammation biomarkers extremely elevated
– F/U with dentist
– CT of chest with contrast to rule out recurrence of malignancy
– PSA and CBC with diff. to rule out malignancy
• Obtain exercise thallium study to rule out cardiac
ischemia
– At risk of events/recurrence of events
• Obtain 2hr. OGTT to rule out insulin resistance
52. Treatment Plan
• Patient has documented CAD and complete
occlusion of right coronary artery
– Will prescribe beta blockers for cardiac
prevention
• Hyperlipidemia under NCEP III guidelines
– Recommend optimal LDL of <70 mg/dL
• ASA 81mg-162mg ( already on it )
• ACE Inhibitors/ ARB ( already on it)
• Diet and exercise
53. Key Learning Points
Additive information gained above and beyond
standard lipid guidelines
Increased hsCRP and MPO increases risk of
cardiovascular event
Rule out insulin resistance/diabetes
Evaluate for dental disease
Caution regarding history of malignancy
54. Atul Sachdev, MD
Primary Care Physician
Medical School
University of Texas Health Science
Center, Doctorate of Medicine, 1995
Board Certifications
Family Practice
Memberships
Association of American Physicians
and Surgeons
American Academy of Family
Practice
American Medical Association
Texas Medical Association
55. Initial Presentation
A 62 y/o Asian male
presented to my office for an
Annual Wellness Exam
Medical History
•
•
•
•
History of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes
Carotid disease confirmed by CIMT
Family history of HTN, stroke and diabetes
Never-smoker
56. Current Medications
•
•
•
•
•
Simvastatin 20 mg QD; 2 years
Ramipril 5 mg QD; 10 years
Lovaza 2g BID; 1 year
Actos 30 mg QD; 5 years
Declined ASA previously
Biometrics
Height 5’5”
Weight 130
BMI
21.6
BP
106/70
Waist
35.5
61. Follow-Up Results
Metabolic
Initial Results Follow-Up Results
HbA1c
7.1
6.6
• Improvement in glycemic status – patient
appeared to be motivated by truly watching his
diet as recommended.
63. Treatment Options
Recommended ASA again, and he agreed to
consider
A paradoxical increase in MPO levels
– Sample handling
– Vasculitis
– Bone marrow dyscrasias
– RA/SLE
– Periodontal disease
64. PD should be assessed and treated in
programs designed to maintain CV wellness
Level A evidence that Periodontal Disease
is associated with arterial disease
Available evidence shows a trend toward
reducing CV risk with the therapy of PD
Peter B. Lockhart, et. al. Circulation published online April 18, 2012
DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31825719f3
Copyright Bale/Doneen Paradigm
65. Periodontal Disease
Calculus & plaque accumulation
Space between teeth due to loss
of bone support & gum recession
Red swollen gums
Root exposure due to
plaque & receding gums
Humphrey LL et al. Periodontal disease and coronary heart disease incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J
Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23 (12): 2079-2086.
66. Periodontal Disease
• What percentage of the American population
is affected by periodontal disease?
a) 15%
b) 25%
c) 30%
d) 50%
Eke PI et al. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012; 91: 907-908
67. Periodontal Disease
• What percentage of the American population
is affected by periodontal disease?
a) 15%
b) 25%
c) 30%
d) 50%
50%
Eke PI et al. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012; 91: 907-908
68. Eke PI et al. Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. 2012; 91: 907-908
69. The Cross-Reactivity Hypothesis
Periodontal Bacteria
Local Immune Response
Cross-Reactivity with
Vascular Endothelium
Vascular Inflammation
Adapted from Seymour GJ et al. Infection or
inflammation: The link between periodontal disease and
systemic disease. Inside Dentistry. Volume 2 (Special
Issue 1).
Wick G, Perschinka H, Xu Q. Autoimmunity and
atherosclerosis. Am Heart J. 1999; 138:S444-S449.
Atherosclerosis
70. Treatment Options
Patient was referred to a dental specialist who
performed testing and confirmed the presence
of periodontal disease
Patient was treated with Clindamycin (Cleocin)
and given hygiene instructions by dentist.
Patient asked to return in 3 months, but took
extended trip to India and didn’t return until 7
months later.
73. Treatment Options
• States he WILL start ASA QD (we’ll see).
• Increase Ramipril to 10mg (HOPE trial)?
• Switch to Rosuvastatin (JUPITER trial)?
• LDL goal <70
• Stay on top of dental hygiene.
• Recheck CIMT, ABI, AAA screen, etc.
• Continue monitoring vascular inflammation!
74. Key Learning Points
Vascular inflammation testing can help identify
unexplained inflammation
Periodontal disease is a documented cause of
vascular inflammation
Appropriate periodontal measures can lead to
CV risk reduction
75. Amy Doneen, RN, BSN, MSN, ARNP
Medical Director, Heart Attack and Stroke Prevention
Center, Spokane, WA
Graduate School/NP/ARNP
Bachelors of Science, Masters of Nursing
Practice & Advanced Registered Nurse
Practitioner Family Practice (Suma Cum Laude)
Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, 2002
Doctorate of Nursing Practice, Gonzaga
University, Spokane, WA, Current
Memberships
National Lipid Association
American Heart Association
American Stroke Association
American Diabetic Association
American Medical Association
Preventative Cardiology Nursing Association
77. “I went to the emergency room and I was
surprised to find out that I had pneumonia with
no fever, no cough, no respiratory symptoms”
October 6, 2011
October 7, 2011
October 13, 2011
Shortness of breath
w/ fatigue
Shortness of breath
& fatigue worse,
anxiety
Went in again –
FINALLY Echo,
EKG, CXR, Abd CT
Diagnosed with MI
10/7 and 10/13
GP: Pneumonia, no
CXR, no blood
work, no EKG
Copyright Bale/Doneen Paradigm
ER: Given different
antibiotic – sent
home with cough
med, “but I wasn’t
coughing”
CT Angiogram :
Angioplasty,
medical
management
78. Symptoms: Women are unique
Prior to a heart
attack
At time of a heart
attack
•Unusual fatigue
•Sleep disturbance
•Unexplained anxiety
•Shortness of breath
•Abdominal pain
•Sweating
Copyright Bale/Doneen Paradigm
79. Initial Presentation
A 37 y/o Caucasian female
and mother of a 3 y/o
daughter
Initially presented to the
Heart Attack and Stroke
Prevention Center on
11/25/2011 - nearly a month
after experiencing multiple
heart attacks.
81. There is a better way!
Bale/Doneen Method: EDFROG
•
•
•
•
•
•
E – Education
D – Disease
F – ‘Fire’ Arterial Inflammation
R – Root Causes
O – Optimal Goals
G – Genetics
82. “How come I was fine one day and not
the next day?”
Lumen
Thrombus
Plaque
84. Middle-age females who have migraine
with Aura (MWO) are at increased risk
for late-life brain infarcts
• 4689 subjects; 57% female; mean age 51 when surveyed for
HA; approx. 26 yrs. later MRIs of brain MWO > 1/mo. in 361
subjects
• Prevalence of infarct in women: 23% MWO; 14.5% non-MWO
• OR for women to have late life brain infarct if they have midlife MWO: 1.9 (95% CI 1.4-2.6)
• Mid-life MWO women reported more CAD or TIA/Strokes than
non-MWO women
Scher, A. I., JAMA. June 24th, 2009,
Vol. 301, No. 24:2563-2570.
85. Women with polycystic ovaries are at
higher CV risk
• Women with the hallmark symptoms of polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS) hirsutism and oligomenorrhea may also be
at higher risk of cardiovascular disease
• Women with PCOS may be at risk for early-onset
cardiovascular disease. Based on these findings, women
who suffer from PCOS should be closely monitored for CVD
risk factors.”
Taponen S et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 May; 89:2114-2118.
Boulman N et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 May; 89:2160-2165.
86. PCOS may place women at higher CV risk
• Women with PCOS may be at increased risk for CAD and
stroke
• Polycystic ovary syndrome is probably the most common
hormone disorder in human beings. One of my concerns is
that many women will be frightened to hear that they have
abnormal arteries.
• PCOS appears to be an important risk factor for
cardiovascular disease in women.
2002; 106:DOI:10.116101.CIR.0000020681.19400.8A
87. Pre-eclampsia an indicator of increased
CV risk
• Meta-analysis: 200,000 pre-eclampsia versus
3.3 million without
• Pre-eclamptics had doubling of risk of CHD &
stroke in 10 to 12 years and venous
thromboembolism in 4 to 5 years
• Pre-eclamptics need CV risk assessment 3 to
6 mos. after delivery
BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.39335.385301.BE 11/1/2007
92. MACR cut points for marking increased
CV risk
Risk when MACR >7.5 in women and >4.0 in men
End point
Hazard ratio
CV event
2.92
p
<0.001
Fram. Offspring healthy pts. ; mean age 55; 58% women
Followed 6 yrs.
Ärnlöv J et al. Circulation 8/16/2005; 112:969-975.
93. Fire makes the cat jump!
hsCRP >1.0
MACR >7.5
Lp-PLA2 >180
94. Cardiovascular disease and recidivism
50% of annual major coronary events are
recidivistic
50% of these recurrent events are fatal
Briffa, T. G., & Tonkin, A. (2013). Put Disease Prevention First. Circulation,
128(6), 573-575.
97. Initial cIMT Report:
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Testing
Mean CCA IMT
0.508 mm = age match
Plaque
Right internal 1.26 mm (soft/het)
Left internal
1.05 mm (het)
98. Echolucent (Soft) carotid plaque predicts
coronary event risk
•
•
•
•
•
215 stable CAD patients; followed monthly X 30 months
or until an event
112 had echolucent (soft) plaques
29 coronary events
103 without soft plaques
4 coronary events
Presence of soft carotid plaques associated with higher
risk of coronary events – p<0.001
11 strokes – 10 in group with soft plaque
Honda O, et.al. Journal of ACC. 2004:43(7):1177-1184.
99. Arterial inflammation precedes calcification
• 137 pts; age-61±13 yrs; 48.1% men; serial PET/CT scans
1–5 yrs apart; thoracic aorta focal arterial inflammation was
prospectively (baseline) determined by PET/FDG
• A blinded investigator evaluated calcium deposition on the
baseline and follow-up computed tomographic scans along
the same standardized sections of the aorta.
• A vascular segment was classified as either with or without
subsequent calcification.
Abdelbaky, A., et. al. (2013). Focal Arterial Inflammation Precedes Subsequent Calcification in the Same
Location: A Longitudinal FDG-PET/CT Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 6(5), 747-754.
100. Arterial inflammation precedes calcification
• Across all patients, subsequent Ca deposition was
associated with the underlying inflammatory signal
• Measured as standardized uptake value with OR
of 2.94 (95%CI-1.27-6.89) 0.01– adjusted for CV
risk factors.
• First-in-human evidence that arterial inflammation
precedes subsequent Ca deposition.
Abdelbaky, A., et. al. (2013). Focal Arterial Inflammation Precedes Subsequent Calcification in the Same
Location: A Longitudinal FDG-PET/CT Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 6(5), 747-754.
101. Arterial inflammation precedes calcification
Inflammation is an important driver of plaque
progression.
•Human studies have shown that high aortic and
carotid FDG uptake is related to subsequent risk of
plaque rupture and clinical events.
Abdelbaky, A., et. al. (2013). Focal Arterial Inflammation Precedes Subsequent Calcification in the Same
Location: A Longitudinal FDG-PET/CT Study. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 6(5), 747-754.
102. Arterial inflammation precedes calcification
Baseline (PET) and sequential (CT) images of incident calcium deposition.
Abdelbaky, A., et. al. (2013). Focal Arterial Inflammation
Precedes Subsequent Calcification in the Same Location:
A Longitudinal FDG-PET/CT Study. Circulation:
Cardiovascular Imaging, 6(5), 747-754.
103. Juli’s missing diagnoses could have led
to a recidivistic event
• The mortality rate among women aged 35 to 44 has
been increasing on average by 1.3% per year since
1997.
Julie’s missing diagnoses
1. Insulin resistance
2. lipo(a)
3. Vitamin D deficiency
4. Apo E 4
5. KIF 6 negative
6. Anxiety
7. 9p21 positive
Roger, V. L., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—
2011 update. Circulation 12/15/2010;
DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182009701
.
105. Clinical significance of KIF6 testing
KIF6 carriers- may have higher life time CV risk
1. Maintain a disease treatment platform. (EDFROG)
2. Any statin is beneficial
KIF6 noncarriers
1. Still can be at risk: monitor for disease
2. May want to favor statin therapy with simva or rosuva
106. Treatment options
Disease treatment paradigm
• Juli is of childbearing age
• Currently using IUD
• Would like to have another child – council
Statin: Continue with simvastatin 40mg
Aspirin 81 mg: f/u testing shows effective
ACE-I: Prevent recidivism! (concern: preg)
Omega-3: Fish daily or supplement 1 gm/d
107. Treatment options
Root causes
• Insulin resistance
• Goal: Try to treat with lifestyle – exercise and nutrition counseling.
LIFESTYLE to TREATMENT
• If treatment necessary, consider metformin (preg), *Pioglitazone
• Fine tune: Consider metoprolol to carvedilol for IR
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Goal: Supplement to levels 40-60 ng/dL
• Lp(a)
• Add: Niacin therapy at 1000-1500mg/day
• Anxiety with history of eating disorder
• Counseling for nutrition and anxiety
108. What to follow to know if treatment is
working?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Risk Factor improvement - lipid, IR, Lp(a), Vit D
Inflammation improvement/stability
Heart Muscle – NT-ProBNP (baseline 266)
Fitness – emotional, sleep, diet recall, fear
Disease – monitor cIMT
Safety – liver, kidney, electrolytes, etc.
Honda O, et.al. Journal of ACC. 2004:43(7):1177-1184.
111. Periodontal disease associated with
elevated levels of Lp-PLA2
• 421 healthy adult family members of pts hospitalized with
CVD
• Screened for traditional CV risk factors including hsCRP
and Lp-PLA2
• Those with periodontal disease were 1.8 times more
likely to have Lp-PLA2 levels >215 ng/mL
• 37% of individuals with no CV risk factors except
periodontal disease had elevated Lp-PLA2
Am J Cardiol 12/1/2008; 102:1509-1513
112. Oral pathogens and acute heart attack
• 101 acute heart attack pts; 76% male; ~63 yo
• Oral viridans streptococci found in 78% of
thrombi; PD pathogens found in 35% of thrombi
Pessi, T., PhD, et. al. Circulation. published online February 15, 2013
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/02/14/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001254
113. Oral pathogens and acute heart attack
• 30 pts had panoramic CT imaging
• ~50% showed periapical abscess
• If patients thrombus was positive for strep viridans
DNA, they were 13 times more likely to have a
periapical abscess
OR 13.2 (95% CI 2.11 – 82.5) p=0.004
Pessi, T., PhD, et. al. Circulation. published online February 15, 2013
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/02/14/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001254
114. Oral pathogens and acute heart attack
• Electron microscopy performed on 9
thrombi
• Bacteria-like structures detected in all 9
thrombi
• Whole bacteria in 3/9 (1/3)
• Dental infection and oral bacteria are
associated with the development of
acute coronary thrombosis
Pessi, T., PhD, et. al. Circulation. published online February 15, 2013
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/02/14/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001254
115. Treatment options/changes
Appointment 2/4/2013
Changes:
• Sent to dentist – Painful tooth (root canal &
Antibiotics 2/12/2013)
• Change to Rosuvastatin 10mg and increase
Niaspan to 1500 mg
• Next appointment: 3/5/2013 to recheck
inflammatory markers, liver and CK.
116. Follow-Up Results
Endodonic Tx – Root canal and ABO
Inflammation
2/4/2013
3/5/2013
5/7/2013 8/8/2013
hsCRP
37.6
3.2
1.8
0.7
Lp-PLA2
287
236
218
202
Improvement of hsCRP and Lp-PLA2
results following root canal, increase in
Niaspan and change to Rosuvastatin
117. Follow-Up Results
Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Testing
12/7/2011
Mean CCA IMT
0.508 mm
12/3/2012
0.530 mm
Plaque
Right internal
1.26 mm (soft/het)
Left internal
1.05 mm (het)
<0.6 mm
118. Juli’s next journey: Living with heart disease
• Planning to have another baby
• So – the journey continues…..
– Working with Perionatologist, Cardiologist,
myself and her OBGYN – Juli remains on the
following medications: baby aspirin, Omega 3,
Niacin, Vitamin D, Metoprolol, Prenatal Vitamin
– She is OFF HER STATIN and ACE-I
– She is HIGH RISK – Inflammatory labs
frequently
• On September 17, 2013: + Pregnancy Test
Honda O, et.al. Journal of ACC. 2004:43(7):1177-1184.
119.
120. Initial Presentation
A 62 y/o male district
superintendant referred for
abnormal labs
Medical History
• History of HTN, obesity, hyperlipidemia
• BP difficult to treat
• Fatigue
125. Echo showing mild LVH and mild left
atrial enlargement
Two-dimensional
echocardiogram
(parasternal long axis
view) from a 62-year-old
woman showing
concentric left ventricular
hypertrophy and left atrial
enlargement.
127. Echo Results
•
•
•
•
•
•
Normal LV size. Ejection Fraction 60%.
Mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy
Type I Relaxation Abnormality Pattern
Mild left atrial dilation
Mild tricuspid regurgitation
Moderate pulmonary hypertension.
128. Sleep Results
• Severe Sleep Apnea
• Severe: AHI ≥ 30 per hypopneic spells
• Oxygen desaturation 82%
129. Clinical Features of Sleep Apnea
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Daytime sleepiness
Nonrestorative sleep
Witnessed apneas by bed
partner
Awakening with choking
Nocturnal restlessness
Insomnia with frequent
awakenings
Lack of concentration
Cognitive deficits
Changes in mood
Morning headaches
Vivid, strange, or threatening
dreams
Gastroesophageal reflux
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Obesity
Large neck circumference
Systemic hypertension
Hypercapnia
Cardiovascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Narrow or "crowded" airway
Pulmonary hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Polycythemia
Floppy eyelid syndrome
130. Treatment Options
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Diet and Exercise
Start metformin 500 mg po bid
Add Lasix 40mg Kdur 20meq
Wear CPAP mask
Start statin + nicotinic acid
Start coumadin vs novel anticoagulant
Enquire about family History
131. Key Learning Points
Resistant HTN
High NT-proBNP suggestive of OSA
OSA link with atrial fibrillation
Ox LDL increased risk of metabolic syndrome/
diabetes
Lipoprotein (a) is independent risk factor for CAD
Model of the cross-reactivity hypothesis, in which the periodontal bacteria induce a local
immune response and cross-react with self-antigens expressed on the vascular epithelium. This leads to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis (based on the hypothesis of Wick et al11).
Prevalence of infarct in men: 19% MWO; 21% non-MWO
Cerebellum infarcts were most common: 21% men; 14.7% women; therefore, lots of other areas too !!!!!!!!!! However the assoc. was not significant for cortical or subcortical infarcts.
The significant assoc. was also just for visual aura
Risk was independent of CV risk factors; no difference in age either (women younger than 50 still at risk!)
Men still a bit of a question mark as only a small number of men had MWO; 85 men out of the 361.
Possible explanations for the assoc. : ASVD causes; endothel. Dysfunction; shared genetic risk factors for migraines and strokes; medications taken to treat migraines; foramen ovale; dx’ed artifacts
CHD – RR 2.16(1.86-2.52) after 11.7 years; stroke 1.81(1.45-2.27) after 10.4 yrs.; VTE 1.79(1.37-2.33) after 4.7 yrs.
Over all mortality RR 1.49(1.05-2.14) after 14.5 yrs.
3,488,160 without and 198,252 with preeclampsia; 29,495 CV events
Preeclampsia affects 3 -5% of preganancies; BP responsible for 12% maternal mortality
Preeclampsia involves insulin resistance; DM & PCOS increased risk of preeclampsia
leading a healthy lifestyle has broader implications for the prevention and management of other noncommunicable diseases including cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory diseases.
measuring 18F-flourodeoxyglucose uptake ; (using baseline positron-emission tomography). The uptake of FDG within atherosclerotic plaques within predetermined locations of the thoracic aortic wall correlates with macrophage concentration in animals and humans and derives from the well-described phenomena of enhanced glycolysis in activated macrophages, especially macrophages activated by the classical/innate pathways.
measuring 18F-flourodeoxyglucose uptake ; (using baseline positron-emission tomography)
within predetermined locations of the thoracic aortic wall
measuring 18F-flourodeoxyglucose uptake ; (using baseline positron-emission tomography). The uptake of FDG within atherosclerotic plaques within predetermined locations of the thoracic aortic wall correlates with macrophage concentration in animals and humans and derives from the well-described phenomena of enhanced glycolysis in activated macrophages, especially macrophages activated by the classical/innate pathways.
Baseline positron-emission tomography (PET) and sequential computed tomography (CT) images of incident calcium deposition. A, Axial and coronal PET/CT images demonstrate high focal 18F-flourodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake within the wall of the aorta (yellow arrow). B and C, Baseline and subsequent CT images coregistered to the same locations depicted in the PET/CT images. Although in the baseline CT images (B) no calcium is seen in the location corresponding to the high FDG uptake (dashed white arrow), on the follow-up CT images (C) newly deposited arterial calcium is seen at that same location (solid white arrow).
consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and successful thrombus aspirations; Aspiration of thrombi from the culprit artery
total bacterial DNA, candidate bacterial DNA for endodontic bacteria (Streptococcus sp. mainly Str. mitisgroup, Str. mitis, Str. oralis, Str. sanguinis & Str. gordonii, Streptococcus anginosus -group, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Parvimonas micra and Prevotella intermedia) and periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter (néé
Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Dialister pneumosintes, and Treponema denticola) as well as Chlamydia pneumoniae were determined in thrombus
All patients received aspirin and clopidogrel or prasugrel prior to the intervention. Bivalirudin was used in 55.4 % and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in 18.8%.
None of the samples contained DNA from Chlamydia pneumonia
Viridans streptococcus is a pseudotaxonomic non-Linnean term for a group of human commensals, most commonly found in the oral cavity. Traditionally, six groups have been classified as viridans streptococci: the Str. mitis group, Str. sanguinis group, Str. Mutans group, Str. salivarius group, Str. anginosus group, and Str. bovis group; 98% of oral streptococci belonged to two viridans streptococci groups: Str. mitis and Str. salivarius
Panoramic x-rays were assessed by a board certified dentist without knowledge of the clinical patient data. For every x-ray picture, 9 parameters of dental findings were scored.
The panoramic tomographies of the 30 MI patients showed that the most common dental findings were signs of dental treatment; fillings (one or more) in 86.7 %, and previous root canal treatments in 66.7 %; further pathological findings; furcating lesions in 63.3 %, vertical bone defects in 50.0 %, and periapical abscesses in 46.6 %; Of the periapical abscesses 33.3% coincided with previous root canal treatment.
There was also a link between periodontal bacteria and periapical abscess (OR 7.00, 1.14 - 43.0; p=0.046, Fisher’s exact test) but this did not remain
Significant after adjustment (p=0.115, logistic regression).
Not only bacterial DNA but also whole bacteria cells – even living pathogens - have been detected in atherosclerotic samples42-45. In our randomly selected thrombus samples, three out of nine cases were found to contain whole (dividing and / or non-dividing) bacteria whereas various
bacteria components and DNA were found in all nine cases studied
To evaluate the pathological significance of our bacterial findings, monocyte/macrophage markers for bacteria recognition (CD14) and inflammation (CD68) were immunohistochemically stained in available thrombus aspirates; The presence of bacterial DNA was detected in all those thrombi.
Randomly selected frozen thrombus aspirates (n=9) for EM
CD14 functions as a comolecule for toll-like receptors which detect conserved microbial patterns and endogenous ligands and play a key role in initiating inflammatory responses; Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral streptococci induce proinflammatory cytokine release and accumulation of macrophages through activation of CD14 / TLR2 complex
CD68 correlates with the extent of inflammation in atherosclerotic lesion
These findings suggest that these pathogens disseminate into systemic
circulation, migrate to coronary plaques and cause and / or maintain inflammation