Presentation at the ACI Spring Convention

1. Challenge the future
Delft
University of
Technology
Development of a Guideline
for Load Testing in The Netherlands
Dr. ir. Eva Lantsoght

2. 2Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Overview
• Introduction
• Why load testing?
• Suitable structures?
• Guidelines:
• Maximum proof load test?
• Stop criteria?
• Lab testing for analysis
• Recommendations
• Summary and conclusions Slab shear experiments, TU Delft

3. 3Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Why load testing? (1)
Bridges from 60s and 70s
The Hague in 1959
Increased live loads
common heavy and long truck (600 kN)
End of service life + larger loads

4. 4Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Why load testing? (2)

5. 5Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Suitable structures for proof load
tests
• Apply predetermined load to
bridge
• Information lacking
• Damage due to ASR, …
• But: probabilistic analysis
• Maximum load?
• Deterministic in load test
• Variable live load in realitiy
• “Stop criteria”?

6. 6Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Existing Guidelines for proof loading
• Europe: DAfStB Richtlinie
• North America:
• Buildings: ACI 437.2M-13
• Bridges: Manual of Bridge
Rating Through Load
Testing (1998)
• But: stop criteria for cracked
structures? Shear?

7. 7Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Research need
• Guideline for proof loading of existing bridges for The
Netherlands
• Flexure + shear
• Stop criteria?

8. 8Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
TU Delft Proof Load Tests
• Proof load tests:
• Vlijmen-Oost
• Halvemaans Bridge,
Alkmaar
• Ruytenschildt Bridge
• Viaduct in the Zijlweg
• Viaduct De Beek
Load test to failure of Ruytenschildt Bridge, summer 2014

9. 9Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Lab Testing for analysis (1)
• Beams from Ruytenschildt Bridge
• Cyclic loading protocol
• Tests: Failure in shear and flexure
• Measurements:
• Lasers: deflection of beam
• LVDTs: crack opening
• Acoustic emission sensors
Beams RSB01 after failure (Yang, 2015)
Yang, Y. (2015). "Experimental Studies on the Structural Behaviours of Beams from Ruytenschildt Bridge,"
Stevin Report 25.5-15-09, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 76 pp.
Beams RSB02B after failure (Yang, 2015)

10. 10Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Lab Testing for analysis (2)
• Analysis of stop criteria ACI 437.2M-13 and DAfStB Richtlinie for
RSB03F – Flexure test
ACI 437.2M-13
Criterion
Load (kN) DAfStB
Criterion
Load (kN)
Δr 340 Δr 150
Ipr >Pu w new crack 300
IDL 250 Strain -
PACI,st 250 PDA,st 150
Pu 606.6 Pu 606.6
PACI,st/Pu 0.41 PDA,st/Pu 0.25
Tersteeg, R. H. D. (2015). "Proefbelastingen op betonnen bruggen," B.Sc. Thesis,
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 69.

11. 11Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Lab Testing for analysis (3)
• Analysis of stop criteria ACI 437.2M-13 and DAfStB Richtlinie for
RSB03A – Shear test
ACI 437.2M-13
Criterion
Load (kN) DAfStB
Criterion
Load (kN)
Δr >Pu Δr >Pu
Ipr >Pu w new crack 690
IDL 390 Strain -
PACI,st 390 PDA,st 690
Pu 706.7 Pu 706.7
PACI,st/Pu 0.55 PDA,st/Pu 0.98
Tersteeg, R. H. D. (2015). "Proefbelastingen op betonnen bruggen," B.Sc. Thesis,
Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 69.

12. 12Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Recommendations
• Flexure: Stop criteria exceeded long before failure
• Suitable stop criteria
• Crack width criterion from DAfStB + add lower bound
• Residual deflection DAfStB / ACI 437.2M-13 + minimum load level
• Deviation from Linearity ACI 437.2M-13: consistent performance except for
retested beam
• Shear: Need to develop stop criteria
• Research on acoustic emission measurements
• Stop criteria based on Yang’s Critical Shear Displacement Theory
(Yang, 2014)
Lantsoght, E. O. L., Yang, Y., Tersteeg, R. H. D., van der Veen, C. and de Boer, A. (2016). "Development of Stop
Criteria for Proof Loading," Proc., IALCCE 2016, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. 8 pp.
Yang, Y. (2014). "Shear Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Members without Shear Reinforcement:
A New Look at an Old Problem," Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, pp. 370.

13. 13Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Summary and conclusions
• Proof loading: for existing bridges
• Existing guidelines:
• Only flexure
• Cracked structures?
• Development of stop criteria for
Dutch Guideline
• Laboratory experiments
• Check existing stop criteria
• Stop criteria
• Available for flexure
• Current research: shear
Viaduct Zijlweg, proof loaded in summer 2015

14. 14Development of a Guideline for Load Testing in the Netherlands
Contact:
Eva Lantsoght
E.O.L.Lantsoght@tudelft.nl // elantsoght@usfq.edu.ec
+31(0)152787449