Here are some ways I can apply the concepts from the passage as a future manager: - Develop strong moral reasoning skills through reflection, study of ethics, and considering situations from multiple perspectives. Make principled decisions based on logic and facts rather than just emotions or self-interest. - Understand that moral development is a lifelong process. Continue practicing ethical decision-making and be open to improving over time based on experience. - Consider how my decisions may impact various stakeholders, not just my direct reports or the company's bottom line. Think about employees, customers, community members, regulators, etc. - Be aware of how cultural and organizational norms could potentially influence my values in a way that is not aligned with ethical principles

1. Developing Moral Judgement

2. • Moral judgments refer to judgments that have moral
content; they are used to evaluate situations, courses of
action, persons, behavior, etc. The basis of moral
judgments is a topic of some philosophical dispute. Some
hold that moral judgments are based in intuition or feeling,
often in connection with the emotions.
• Moral judgement - is the framework of beliefs upon which
individuals make judgements on whether an action is
morally appropriate or not.

4. • People articulate a moral judgment, for example, when
they say that an action is right or wrong, that a person is
good or bad, or that a situation is just or unjust.

5. • Moral judgment means a discernment of ethics based on
character and integrity, with analytical and objective
perspective, determining ethics by logic and reason.
Exercising moral judgment takes rationality, years of
practice, cool deliberation, and an ability to weigh moral
values from a multiplicity of angles.

7. Take time to reflect and analyze options thoroughly,
gathering data and augmenting your own perception with
opinions and facts from numerous sources.

8. • Use objectivity, detachment, and reason to sort through
facts, weighing options on their merit and logic alone.
Analytical reason avoids capriciousness and creates
consistency.

9. • Consider all options and potential outcomes, not just
those for clients or management. What about other
stakeholders, media members, competitors, advocates,
and so on?

10. • Moral judgment is not learned overnight. It requires effort,
study, reflection, and a critical analysis of one’s decision
making. It is not easy but worth the effort. Aristotle
argued, "Virtuous actions express correct (right) reason.
They are acquired through practice and habituation. One
becomes virtuous by acting virtuousl

11. Kohlberg's 6 Stages of Moral Development

15. Ethics of Care as
Alternative to Kohlberg
15
Recognize their own needs
and needs of others
Establish connections and
participate in social life
Self is Sole Object of Concern
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
© 2015 Cengage Learning

19. Lesson
• We make moral or ethical judgments all the time. These
are all judgments of good and bad behavior. We also
make choices, knowing that they can be judged as right or
wrong.

20. Are all poor people lazy or stupid?

21. If you are Born Poor it’s not your mistake, but if
you Die poor it’s Your mistake.

24. External Sources of a Person’s Values
24
Philosophical values
Cultural values
Legal values
Religious values
Professional values
The Web
of Values
© 2015 Cengage Learning

25. Sources Internal to the Organization
Norms prevalent in business include -
• Respect for the authority structure
• Loyalty to bosses and the organization
• Conformity to principles and practices
• Performance counts above all else
• Results count above all else
© 2015 Cengage Learning 25

26. St. Augustine
At its beginning Christianity had a set of scriptures incorporating
many moral injunctions, but it did not have a moral philosophy. The
first serious attempt to provide such a philosophy was made by St.
Augustine of Hippo. Augustine was acquainted with a version of Plato’s
philosophy, and he developed the Platonic idea of the rational soul into
a Christian view in which humans are essentially souls, using their
bodies as a means to achieve their spiritual ends.

27. The ultimate objective remains happiness, as in Greek ethics, but
Augustine conceived of happiness as consisting of the union of the
soul with God after the body has died. It was through Augustine,
therefore, that Christianity received the Platonic theme of the
relative inferiority of bodily pleasures. There was, to be sure, a
fundamental difference: whereas for Plato bodily pleasures were
inferior in comparison with the pleasures of philosophical
contemplation in this world, for Christians they were inferior to the
pleasures of spiritual existence in the next world. Moreover,
Christians came to regard bodily pleasures not merely as inferior but
also as a positive threat to the achievement of spiritual bliss.

28. It is a consequence of this natural law ethics that the difference
between right and wrong can be appreciated by the use of reason and
reflection on experience. Although Christian revelation may
supplement this knowledge in some respects, even pagan philosophers
such as Aristotle could understand the essentials of virtuous living.
One is, however, likely to err when applying these general principles to
the particular cases one confronts in everyday life. Corrupt customs
and poor moral education may obscure the conclusions of natural
reason. Hence, societies must enact laws of their own to supplement
natural law and, where necessary, to coerce those who, because of their
own imperfections, are liable to do what is wrong and socially
destructive

29. As a future manager how can you apply this to yourself?