African proverbs date back ages. They have embedded qualities that set them out as postulations that can be adopted for situations and issues analysis. They can be moved from the realm of mere proverbs into the realm of theories through refinement and scholarly activities.
This document outlines a presentation on experimental research methods prepared by Group C for Professor Nafiz Zaman Shuva at the University of Dhaka. The presentation highlights the definition of research and experimental methods, the steps of experimental research including identifying a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It also discusses the advantages of experimental research in determining cause-and-effect relationships through manipulation and control of variables, and the disadvantages related to limitations in controlling all variables and generalizing experimental results to real-world settings.
Este documento resume una investigación sobre la importancia del cumplimiento del reglamento de tránsito entre jóvenes conductores de 17 a 25 años en San Luis Potosí, México. Se realizaron encuestas que muestran que solo el 15.6% de los encuestados conoce el reglamento, mientras que el 84.4% lo desconoce. La mayoría no respeta el reglamento y comete infracciones como exceso de velocidad y conducir ebrios. La investigación concluye que existe un grave desconocimiento del reglamento entre los jó
Meher Baba explicó que cuando dos personas se enojan, sus corazones se alejan, por lo que deben gritar para poder escucharse a través de esa gran distancia. En contraste, cuando dos personas se enamoran, sus corazones están muy cerca, por lo que solo necesitan hablar suavemente. Cuanto más profundo es su amor, menos necesitan hablar y solo con mirarse expresan todo. La lección es no dejar que las discusiones alejen sus corazones.
El documento contiene varias notas breves de personas mayores que muestran una falta de comprensión de la tecnología moderna, como abreviar el nombre a "DVD", confundir dispositivos como un "CD Rom" con parches de nicotina, y creer incorrectamente que los bebés pueden ser enviados por correo electrónico o bajados de Internet.
El documento habla sobre el Día del Libro en Uruguay y su origen en 1816 con la apertura de la Biblioteca Nacional. Larrañaga propuso y dirigió la biblioteca con el objetivo de que los jóvenes y todos los interesados pudieran acceder a los libros. El 26 de mayo se celebra el aniversario de esta apertura. También menciona el Día Internacional del Libro impulsado por la UNESCO para promover la lectura.
En 3 oraciones:
Carlos Maggi presenta evidencia de que José Artigas tenía una forma de ser indígena basada en su lectura detallada de documentos históricos. Argumeta que Artigas era un cazador hábil que trabajaba para su tribu charrúa de forma honorable, y que la tribu charrúa tenía una ética moral superior a la cultura europea. Concluye que la fuerza moral que Artigas derivaba de su herencia charrúa ayudó a moldear la identidad nacional uruguaya de una manera inexpugnable.
El resumen presenta una entrevista ficticia con el Negro Yanga, un rebelde africano que llegó a Nueva España durante el periodo colonial. En la entrevista, Yanga explica que era originario de África y que se dedicaba a la agricultura antes de ser esclavizado y traído a México. Relata las malas condiciones que enfrentaban los esclavos y cómo esto lo llevó a rebelarse y refugiarse en la montaña, donde finalmente fundó el pueblo de San Lorenzo de los Negros con la aprobación del gobierno espa
This document outlines a presentation on experimental research methods prepared by Group C for Professor Nafiz Zaman Shuva at the University of Dhaka. The presentation highlights the definition of research and experimental methods, the steps of experimental research including identifying a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and presenting findings. It also discusses the advantages of experimental research in determining cause-and-effect relationships through manipulation and control of variables, and the disadvantages related to limitations in controlling all variables and generalizing experimental results to real-world settings.
Este documento resume una investigación sobre la importancia del cumplimiento del reglamento de tránsito entre jóvenes conductores de 17 a 25 años en San Luis Potosí, México. Se realizaron encuestas que muestran que solo el 15.6% de los encuestados conoce el reglamento, mientras que el 84.4% lo desconoce. La mayoría no respeta el reglamento y comete infracciones como exceso de velocidad y conducir ebrios. La investigación concluye que existe un grave desconocimiento del reglamento entre los jó
Meher Baba explicó que cuando dos personas se enojan, sus corazones se alejan, por lo que deben gritar para poder escucharse a través de esa gran distancia. En contraste, cuando dos personas se enamoran, sus corazones están muy cerca, por lo que solo necesitan hablar suavemente. Cuanto más profundo es su amor, menos necesitan hablar y solo con mirarse expresan todo. La lección es no dejar que las discusiones alejen sus corazones.
El documento contiene varias notas breves de personas mayores que muestran una falta de comprensión de la tecnología moderna, como abreviar el nombre a "DVD", confundir dispositivos como un "CD Rom" con parches de nicotina, y creer incorrectamente que los bebés pueden ser enviados por correo electrónico o bajados de Internet.
El documento habla sobre el Día del Libro en Uruguay y su origen en 1816 con la apertura de la Biblioteca Nacional. Larrañaga propuso y dirigió la biblioteca con el objetivo de que los jóvenes y todos los interesados pudieran acceder a los libros. El 26 de mayo se celebra el aniversario de esta apertura. También menciona el Día Internacional del Libro impulsado por la UNESCO para promover la lectura.
En 3 oraciones:
Carlos Maggi presenta evidencia de que José Artigas tenía una forma de ser indígena basada en su lectura detallada de documentos históricos. Argumeta que Artigas era un cazador hábil que trabajaba para su tribu charrúa de forma honorable, y que la tribu charrúa tenía una ética moral superior a la cultura europea. Concluye que la fuerza moral que Artigas derivaba de su herencia charrúa ayudó a moldear la identidad nacional uruguaya de una manera inexpugnable.
El resumen presenta una entrevista ficticia con el Negro Yanga, un rebelde africano que llegó a Nueva España durante el periodo colonial. En la entrevista, Yanga explica que era originario de África y que se dedicaba a la agricultura antes de ser esclavizado y traído a México. Relata las malas condiciones que enfrentaban los esclavos y cómo esto lo llevó a rebelarse y refugiarse en la montaña, donde finalmente fundó el pueblo de San Lorenzo de los Negros con la aprobación del gobierno espa
Las marquesinas son palabras o textos que se desplazan horizontal o verticalmente usando la etiqueta <marquee>. Los formularios permiten enviar datos usando etiquetas como <form>, <input>, <textarea>, <select> y <option>. Estos incluyen cuadros de texto, botones, áreas de texto, listas desplegables y de opciones para seleccionar datos que luego son enviados vía correo electrónico.
Este proyecto busca aprovechar los desechos orgánicos de la producción de champiñones (champiñonaza) para producir y comercializar abonos orgánicos de manera sostenible. Se propone establecer una empresa en Yarumal, Antioquia para procesar la champiñonaza y empacarla en sacos de 30 kg para su venta y distribución a agricultores de la región. El estudio técnico, financiero y de mercado muestra que el proyecto es viable y puede comercializar 91.2
The document discusses Kristen Childress' background and career path. She has been creative since a young age, with passions for music, art, and photography. She got a degree in game art and initially joined the Army, but now works in game design, applying her creative talents. Her goal is to continually better her skills in the 3D world of game design.
Las mariposas son expertas en supervivencia y engaño, ocultando sus talentos como resistencia al frío, altitud y velocidad de vuelo tras sus colores y formas. Aunque frágiles, desarrollan mil estrategias de supervivencia. Se reproducen en grandes cantidades y guían a sus crías a los lugares adecuados. La oruga construye un capullo donde pasa por una metamorfosis maravillosa para emerger como mariposa.
Este documento explica la diferencia entre verbos regulares e irregulares. Los verbos regulares forman el pasado y el participio pasado agregando -ed al infinitivo, mientras que los verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla y deben aprenderse de memoria, con ejemplos como "rain/rained" y "study/studied". También señala que los regulares siempre se conjugan de la misma forma mientras los irregulares cambian su forma en el pasado.
Este documento describe el proyecto "Computadores para la Paz", una alianza entre el Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia, el Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y la Fundación de Atención a la Niñez para fortalecer la educación inicial en zonas vulnerables a través del uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. El proyecto busca beneficiar a más de 4,000 niños menores de 5 años en 16 municipios a través de la capacitación de agentes educativos, la dotación de equipos tecnol
El movimiento hippie comenzó en los años 1960 en Estados Unidos como una subcultura que rechazaba las normas sociales establecidas. Los hippies vivían en comunas y promovían ideales de paz, amor, anticonformismo y libertad individual. Se distinguían por su estilo de vida no convencional, ropa de colores, uso de drogas y música de rock.
Este documento resume la historia de Internet desde sus inicios como una red militar estadounidense llamada ARPANET en la década de 1960 hasta su expansión global como una red mundial de computadoras a fines del siglo XX. Algunos hitos clave incluyen el desarrollo del protocolo TCP/IP en la década de 1970, la introducción de la World Wide Web en 1989 y el surgimiento de los primeros buscadores web populares como Yahoo! y Google en la década de 1990. Internet proporcionó acceso mundial sin precedentes a la información pero también creó una
El documento describe el divorcio del autor de sentimientos negativos como la amargura, la tristeza y el egoísmo, y su aceptación de sí mismo y del mundo tal como es. Ahora está casado con la felicidad y disfruta de las pequeñas cosas de la vida como recibir correos electrónicos de amigos.
Este documento describe las Ciencias de la Información, la Bibliotecología y la Archivística. Define la Bibliotecología como la ciencia que estudia las colecciones de libros y publicaciones, y la Archivística como la encargada del manejo del ciclo de vida de los documentos de una organización. Explica la importancia de estas carreras para la gestión de la información y el conocimiento, y cómo contribuyen a formar ciudadanos competentes en la sociedad actual.
El documento describe la anatomía y fisiología renal. Explica que los riñones filtran la sangre para formar la orina y eliminar desechos. Describe las tres zonas del riñón - corteza, médula y pelvis renal - y sus funciones en la filtración, reabsorción y secreción para regular la composición de la sangre y eliminar desechos a través de la orina.
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
This document discusses the relationship between culture, communication, and human resource management in educational institutions in Nigeria. It provides context on the Nigerian educational system and defines key concepts like culture, communication, and human resource management. The document establishes that culture and communication are important for effective human resource management. Efficient use of human resources and developing their potential requires suitable corporate culture and communication.
The document discusses communication and provides information on:
1. The nature, elements, and functions of verbal and nonverbal communication in multicultural contexts.
2. How cultural and global issues affect communication.
3. The impact of communication on society and the world.
Barnett Pearce is a scholar and practitioner who developed the theory of Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM). He has written extensively on the topic and consulted with organizations around the world. CMM posits that people co-construct social realities through communication and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create. It focuses on how the stories people tell differ from the lived experiences and examines how intentional coordination without shared meanings can still enable cooperation. The goal of CMM is to get the pattern of communication right to produce better social outcomes.
the two models of the communication process PAUL ALEYOMI
The document discusses several models of the communication process, including the transaction model, cultural model, Westley and Maclean model, Schramm's interactive model, and the Osgood-Schramm model. It also proposes two emerging models: the multiculturalism model and Westley and Maclean communication model. The transaction model views communication as a process that generates social realities through social, cultural, and relational contexts. The cultural model sees communication as maintaining social order and shared reality. The emerging models further develop understanding of communication through incorporating environmental, cultural, and interpretive factors.
Discourse analysis studies how sentences and utterances combine to form texts and interactions, and how these fit into the social world. It looks at language use in context. There are four main assumptions of discourse analysis: language is ambiguous, situated in context, inseparable from social identities, and never used alone but with other modalities. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs relationships and ideologies through genres, cultural models, and intertextuality.
(1) The document contains a literature review on effective communication between students and student affairs departments. It discusses trends in the literature around providing helpful information to students and barriers to communication.
(2) The methodology section describes a survey given to 30 students, 15 local and 15 international, to understand their needs and experiences with the student affairs department. Quantitative data from the survey is presented in a table.
(3) Key findings from the survey include international students preferring to handle problems themselves rather than contact the school. The orientation program was rated as average quality, and students provided suggestions for improvement.
This document discusses cross-cultural communication and managing communication across cultures. It defines cross-cultural communication as understanding how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate, and perceive the world. It identifies several cultural variables that can affect communication, such as attitudes, social organizations, thought patterns, roles, language, time perception, and nonverbal communication. The document also outlines steps to manage cross-cultural communication effectively, which include developing cultural sensitivity, carefully encoding and transmitting messages, carefully decoding feedback, and taking appropriate follow-up actions. It notes that conflict can arise from cultural differences and misunderstandings, and that effective cross-cultural communication is an important skill for international business.
This document provides an overview of the first unit of a critical literacy course. It introduces communication as a dynamic social process through which humans negotiate meaning, interpretation, and identity. Some key aspects covered include:
- Humans are inherently social and communicate to form relationships.
- Communication involves encoding and decoding messages based on shared codes and cultural contexts.
- Models can help analyze communication, but are limited and do not capture the full dynamic process.
- Identity is shaped through interactions with others and group memberships.
- The course will examine different communication codes and what it means to be literate in understanding various codes.
Las marquesinas son palabras o textos que se desplazan horizontal o verticalmente usando la etiqueta <marquee>. Los formularios permiten enviar datos usando etiquetas como <form>, <input>, <textarea>, <select> y <option>. Estos incluyen cuadros de texto, botones, áreas de texto, listas desplegables y de opciones para seleccionar datos que luego son enviados vía correo electrónico.
Este proyecto busca aprovechar los desechos orgánicos de la producción de champiñones (champiñonaza) para producir y comercializar abonos orgánicos de manera sostenible. Se propone establecer una empresa en Yarumal, Antioquia para procesar la champiñonaza y empacarla en sacos de 30 kg para su venta y distribución a agricultores de la región. El estudio técnico, financiero y de mercado muestra que el proyecto es viable y puede comercializar 91.2
The document discusses Kristen Childress' background and career path. She has been creative since a young age, with passions for music, art, and photography. She got a degree in game art and initially joined the Army, but now works in game design, applying her creative talents. Her goal is to continually better her skills in the 3D world of game design.
Las mariposas son expertas en supervivencia y engaño, ocultando sus talentos como resistencia al frío, altitud y velocidad de vuelo tras sus colores y formas. Aunque frágiles, desarrollan mil estrategias de supervivencia. Se reproducen en grandes cantidades y guían a sus crías a los lugares adecuados. La oruga construye un capullo donde pasa por una metamorfosis maravillosa para emerger como mariposa.
Este documento explica la diferencia entre verbos regulares e irregulares. Los verbos regulares forman el pasado y el participio pasado agregando -ed al infinitivo, mientras que los verbos irregulares no siguen esta regla y deben aprenderse de memoria, con ejemplos como "rain/rained" y "study/studied". También señala que los regulares siempre se conjugan de la misma forma mientras los irregulares cambian su forma en el pasado.
Este documento describe el proyecto "Computadores para la Paz", una alianza entre el Ministerio de Educación Nacional de Colombia, el Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina y la Fundación de Atención a la Niñez para fortalecer la educación inicial en zonas vulnerables a través del uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. El proyecto busca beneficiar a más de 4,000 niños menores de 5 años en 16 municipios a través de la capacitación de agentes educativos, la dotación de equipos tecnol
El movimiento hippie comenzó en los años 1960 en Estados Unidos como una subcultura que rechazaba las normas sociales establecidas. Los hippies vivían en comunas y promovían ideales de paz, amor, anticonformismo y libertad individual. Se distinguían por su estilo de vida no convencional, ropa de colores, uso de drogas y música de rock.
Este documento resume la historia de Internet desde sus inicios como una red militar estadounidense llamada ARPANET en la década de 1960 hasta su expansión global como una red mundial de computadoras a fines del siglo XX. Algunos hitos clave incluyen el desarrollo del protocolo TCP/IP en la década de 1970, la introducción de la World Wide Web en 1989 y el surgimiento de los primeros buscadores web populares como Yahoo! y Google en la década de 1990. Internet proporcionó acceso mundial sin precedentes a la información pero también creó una
El documento describe el divorcio del autor de sentimientos negativos como la amargura, la tristeza y el egoísmo, y su aceptación de sí mismo y del mundo tal como es. Ahora está casado con la felicidad y disfruta de las pequeñas cosas de la vida como recibir correos electrónicos de amigos.
Este documento describe las Ciencias de la Información, la Bibliotecología y la Archivística. Define la Bibliotecología como la ciencia que estudia las colecciones de libros y publicaciones, y la Archivística como la encargada del manejo del ciclo de vida de los documentos de una organización. Explica la importancia de estas carreras para la gestión de la información y el conocimiento, y cómo contribuyen a formar ciudadanos competentes en la sociedad actual.
El documento describe la anatomía y fisiología renal. Explica que los riñones filtran la sangre para formar la orina y eliminar desechos. Describe las tres zonas del riñón - corteza, médula y pelvis renal - y sus funciones en la filtración, reabsorción y secreción para regular la composición de la sangre y eliminar desechos a través de la orina.
Conversation analysis is a method used to analyze spoken interactions to understand how language develops in social contexts. It examines specific aspects of oral interactions like openings and closings, turn-taking, and feedback. Conversation analysis seeks to establish opportunities for all participants to contribute and provides insight into dominant speakers. It analyzes feedback mechanisms and whether conversations allow responses from all participants.
This document discusses the relationship between culture, communication, and human resource management in educational institutions in Nigeria. It provides context on the Nigerian educational system and defines key concepts like culture, communication, and human resource management. The document establishes that culture and communication are important for effective human resource management. Efficient use of human resources and developing their potential requires suitable corporate culture and communication.
The document discusses communication and provides information on:
1. The nature, elements, and functions of verbal and nonverbal communication in multicultural contexts.
2. How cultural and global issues affect communication.
3. The impact of communication on society and the world.
Barnett Pearce is a scholar and practitioner who developed the theory of Coordinated Management of Meaning (CMM). He has written extensively on the topic and consulted with organizations around the world. CMM posits that people co-construct social realities through communication and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create. It focuses on how the stories people tell differ from the lived experiences and examines how intentional coordination without shared meanings can still enable cooperation. The goal of CMM is to get the pattern of communication right to produce better social outcomes.
the two models of the communication process PAUL ALEYOMI
The document discusses several models of the communication process, including the transaction model, cultural model, Westley and Maclean model, Schramm's interactive model, and the Osgood-Schramm model. It also proposes two emerging models: the multiculturalism model and Westley and Maclean communication model. The transaction model views communication as a process that generates social realities through social, cultural, and relational contexts. The cultural model sees communication as maintaining social order and shared reality. The emerging models further develop understanding of communication through incorporating environmental, cultural, and interpretive factors.
Discourse analysis studies how sentences and utterances combine to form texts and interactions, and how these fit into the social world. It looks at language use in context. There are four main assumptions of discourse analysis: language is ambiguous, situated in context, inseparable from social identities, and never used alone but with other modalities. Discourse analysis examines how language constructs relationships and ideologies through genres, cultural models, and intertextuality.
(1) The document contains a literature review on effective communication between students and student affairs departments. It discusses trends in the literature around providing helpful information to students and barriers to communication.
(2) The methodology section describes a survey given to 30 students, 15 local and 15 international, to understand their needs and experiences with the student affairs department. Quantitative data from the survey is presented in a table.
(3) Key findings from the survey include international students preferring to handle problems themselves rather than contact the school. The orientation program was rated as average quality, and students provided suggestions for improvement.
This document discusses cross-cultural communication and managing communication across cultures. It defines cross-cultural communication as understanding how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate, and perceive the world. It identifies several cultural variables that can affect communication, such as attitudes, social organizations, thought patterns, roles, language, time perception, and nonverbal communication. The document also outlines steps to manage cross-cultural communication effectively, which include developing cultural sensitivity, carefully encoding and transmitting messages, carefully decoding feedback, and taking appropriate follow-up actions. It notes that conflict can arise from cultural differences and misunderstandings, and that effective cross-cultural communication is an important skill for international business.
This document provides an overview of the first unit of a critical literacy course. It introduces communication as a dynamic social process through which humans negotiate meaning, interpretation, and identity. Some key aspects covered include:
- Humans are inherently social and communicate to form relationships.
- Communication involves encoding and decoding messages based on shared codes and cultural contexts.
- Models can help analyze communication, but are limited and do not capture the full dynamic process.
- Identity is shaped through interactions with others and group memberships.
- The course will examine different communication codes and what it means to be literate in understanding various codes.
This document discusses message development strategies in public relations. It provides definitions of public relations from various sources that emphasize strategic communication and establishing goodwill between an organization and its publics. The document also outlines the key elements of the communication process for effective message development. These include the sender-receiver, the message itself, and the communication channel. Understanding these elements and how they interact is important for public relations practitioners to maximize the impact of their communication and become effective communicators.
Objective This activity is designed to help you understand th.docxmccormicknadine86
Objective:
This activity is designed to help you understand the process of communication that you will be exploring in your final project.
Background:
Please begin this exercise by reading the following information carefully.
Although the study of effective communication practices dates back to such ancient scholars as Aristotle and Cicero, communication as a separate field of study is relatively modern, propelled in part by interest in twentieth-century advances in electronic communications. Scholars look at particular combinations of people communicating with each other in specific contexts. Our readings this week in the
Encyclopedia of Communication Theory
tell us the resulting theories can be categorized according to
communication
context
:
intrapersonal communication focuses largely on our cognitive abilities;
interpersonal communication addresses the communication between dyads and triads (two-three people);
group communication deals with small group interactions;
organizational communication addresses communication across organizations;
public/rhetorical communication examines face-to-face communication to a large group of listeners;
mass/mediated communication encompasses messages produced for mass or mediated audiences; and
intercultural communication looks at communication among people of different cultures.
Some researchers also specialize in gender communication, which focuses on communication issues of women and between the sexes, health communication, and computer-mediated communication.
Whatever the context, most scholars agree there are
five facets
to
communication
that come together to define it as a
social
process
in which individuals employ
symbols
to establish and interpret
meaning
in their
environment.
Let's see if we can collaborate on enhancing our understanding of these terms!
Activity:
Select and respond to
of the following questions:
1. Communication is
social
in that it involves people and interactions, whether face-to-face or mediated. Can you think of a few more categories for the social patterns of human communication?
2. Communication uses
symbols
, arbitrary labels or representations of phenomena that are sometimes
concrete
in that they represent an actual object, and sometimes
abstract
because they can represent ideas and thoughts. Explain a time when you did not understand a "symbol" -- what was it, and how did you realize you did not understand what was being communicated?
3. Communication is a
process
that is an ongoing, dynamic, and unending occurrence. It also is complex and continually changing. If it were not dynamic, compromise and resolution would not be possible. Communication also is irretrievable, irreversible, and unrepeatable; as such, each communication "episode" is unique. Describe a communication interaction – perhaps one you have had -- that exemplifies how people can end up in a very different place once a discussion gets underway..
The document discusses several models of communication developed throughout history:
- Aristotle developed one of the first linear models in the 4th century BC focusing on the speaker, speech, audience, and effect but lacking feedback.
- Harold Lasswell presented a linear model in 1948 examining who communicates what message through which channel to whom with what effect.
- Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver's 1949 model added "noise" that can disrupt information transmission.
- Wilbur Schramm's 1955 interactive model depicted feedback and "fields of experience" to show communication as interactive between sender and receiver.
- Transactional models portray communication as dynamic with changing messages, roles, and shared understandings over time rather than sequential linear exchanges.
This document attempts to synthesize intercultural communication competence and dialogue competence by exploring how "fictions", such as frames, metaphors, and communication styles, can contribute to understanding between cultures. It first discusses how fictions can be useful in communication rather than something bad, before examining key aspects of intercultural communication and dialogue theory. It then proposes exploring "frames of discourse" and communication styles as tools to improve both dialogue and intercultural competence through a mutual enhancement between the disciplines. The goal is to discover more systematic ways the fields can inform each other and create new applications through a discussion of frames, metaphors, and achieving a higher level of self-awareness to transform unsuccessful intercultural interactions.
ross-cultural communication is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures. Intercultural communication is a related field of study.
The document discusses the foundations of human communication. It provides definitions of communication from scholars in 1946 and 1995 that describe communication study as focusing on who communicates what message through which channels to whom and with what results. The document then defines the key elements of communication, including the sender, message, channel, and feedback to ensure understanding between parties. It describes effective communication as a two-way process involving these elements.
This document provides an introduction to media and information literacy. It discusses the importance of information literacy in today's world of misinformation. It defines key concepts related to communication, media, information, technology, and literacy. It also explains models of communication and categories of media. The document emphasizes that media and information literacy helps people access, analyze, and evaluate information from various sources in order to make informed decisions. It provides definitions of media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy and notes their shared goals of helping people understand and create media messages.
Slide 4, Week 1-2; Principle and functions of ICC.pdfArslanRaees
The document discusses various aspects of culture and intercultural communication. It defines culture as a learned system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors shared by an identity group. Intercultural communication refers to the effective communication between people from different cultural backgrounds, including managing thoughts and non-verbal cues. The document also outlines key characteristics of culture, such as it being learned, shared, integrated and dynamic. Additionally, it discusses principles of intercultural communication, barriers to effective intercultural exchange, and provides examples of cultural misunderstandings.
THE PRINCIPLE AND FUNCTION OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONmiszzintan
The document discusses several key aspects of intercultural communication:
1. It defines culture, intercultural communication, and why studying intercultural communication is important in today's increasingly globalized world.
2. It outlines some principles of intercultural communication including understanding high and low context cultures and the importance of listening without judgement.
3. It discusses both verbal and non-verbal communication challenges that can occur across cultures, such as differing views of eye contact, personal space, and hand gestures. Overcoming barriers like stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination is also important for effective intercultural communication.
This article examines the interaction between traditional communication systems and modern mass media in a Nigerian rural setting. It finds that while the modern mass media introduces an impersonal, foreign language-based system, the traditional interpersonal and interactive communication networks still play an important role in transmitting knowledge, beliefs, and socialization. The traditional systems are argued to retain their functions for some time, as a new socio-economic system evolves within the existing village structures. The interaction between the two systems can lead to both complementary outcomes and potential implications for traditional communication.
Similar to Developing africa oriented communication theories (20)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Developing africa oriented communication theories
1. Page 1 of 11
Developing Africa-oriented Communication Theories
By Matthew Emmanuel O.
Table of Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2
Functions of communication theories..........................................................................................4
Concept of Proverbs in Africa .......................................................................................................4
2. Page 2 of 11
Communication theories and African Proverbs: Similarities........................................................6
i. Both are tested and proven:..............................................................................................6
ii. Universal appeal: ...............................................................................................................7
iii. Perform same functions: ...................................................................................................7
Criteria for evaluating theories.....................................................................................................7
Theoretical scope...............................................................................................................7
Appropriateness:................................................................................................................7
Heuristic value ...................................................................................................................7
Validity ...............................................................................................................................7
Parsimony: ........................................................................................................................7
Openness: .........................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................9
References ..................................................................................................................................11
Introduction
The importance and place of communication in our world today cannot be overemphasised.
Without mincing words, communication can be described as the very essence of man’s
existence because his life and activities revolve around communication as he depends on it to
3. Page 3 of 11
interact, understand and relate with his environment through verbal and non-verbal cues.
Speak (2014) in summarising this assertion defines communication as the foundation of all
human relationship and existence.
According to Grimsley (2016), it is almost impossible for man to go through a day without the
use of communication to convey information, which could be in form of facts, ideas, concepts,
opinions, beliefs, attitudes, instructions and even emotions. Hence, man’s world would be
complicated and uneventful without communication. As a unit of being, man communicates
intra-personally to be able to function as one. As it were, the development in man’s world and
his environment has been possible through the advancement in his capacity to study,
understand and interpret effectively through communication the phenomena about his
environment/society and his world. Buttressing this point, Speak (2014) likens the significance
of communication to man as breathe; adding that it facilitates the spread of knowledge and
forms the bedrock of every relationship between people, organisations, groups, interests, etc.
This explains why chaos/crisis usually ensue whenever there is a breakdown or lapse in
communication between or among interests – individuals, groups, organisation, nations, etc.
To continue to improve the standard of living and the quality of relationships that exist in our
world, communication as a complex and dynamic concept has gone through developmental
stages leading to the evolution of meaning. Studies and researches have been conducted to
understand better the concept of communication and how best to do it to achieve effective
outcomes. This has resulted in series of mass communication and media studies and the
propounding of various communication theories as foundation to understanding the concept
of communication.
Suresh (2003) argues that the study of communication and mass media has resulted in the
formulation of many theories such as structural and functional theories which support the
understanding that social structures are real and function in ways that can be observed
objectively; cognitive and behavioural theories which focus on psychology of individuals;
interactionist theories which view social life as a process of interaction; interpretive theories
which uncover the ways people actually understand their own experience; and critical
theories which are concerned with the conflict of interests in society and the way
communication perpetuates domination of one group over another. These theories among
others provide us with abstract understanding of the communication process while providing
us with a lens through which we can see and evaluate the world around us (Miller, 2002). In
essence, the development of communication theories have continued to promote lesser
conflicts in our world today as they help us with better understanding of the various elements
and phenomena making up the society and our environment.
4. Page 4 of 11
Functions of communication theories
Communication theories as stated perform fundamental functions in our world today
especially our relationships. Some of these functions are succinctly presented thus:
Communication theories provide us profound basis and ground towards
understanding communication process
They help us understand better human interactions and relations
They make communication and ancillary communication activities more effective and
impactful
They help promote good practices and improvement within the
society/organisation/group, etc.
For Miller and Nicholson (1997) communication theories perform five basic functions:
i. Comprehension – understanding of phenomenon
ii. Explanation of phenomenon, situation, issues
iii. Prediction of outcomes
iv. Control of situations/events/outcomes
v. Criticism of actions
Before proceeding to explore the relation between proverbs as communication theories in
the Africa setting, it would be expedient to lay a background understanding of what proverbs
are in Africa and how relevant they are in communication, situation and phenomenon analysis
and in promoting peaceful co-existence.
Concept of Proverbs in Africa
The term Proverb has been described variously by authors, scholars, philosophers, writers,
etc. To some, they are sayings loaded with outstanding wisdom with inferred messages. They
are also described as simple but concrete saying, popularly known and repeated, that express
truth based on common sense or experience. They are integral part of the traditional society
with the potential to help preserve values, culture, morals and other ethical beliefs that shape
the society.
For Oba (2015) Proverbs have been and remain “a most powerful and effective instrument for
the transmission of culture, social morality, manners and ideas of a people from one
generation to another…it is an aphorism, a wise saying based upon people's experience, and
is a reflection of the social values and sensibility of the people”. Explaining further the place of
Proverbs in the African context, Oba (2015) added that the collation of the proverbs of a
5. Page 5 of 11
particular community or society could be referred to or taken as the ethnography of the
people, which if properly focused and presented could give a semblance of the people’s way
of life, their philosophy, their criticism of life, moral truths and social values.
Proverbs usually have their origin in tradition, culture, language, beliefs and customs.
Accordingly, they fall in the category of formulaic language, meaning they transcend
languages, traditions and cultures with the potential of permeating socio-cultural, economic
and political barriers of any society.
Mbagu (2010) expatiated on the importance of proverbs in the African setting and how
invaluable they are in building and preserving the African beliefs, traditions, culture, values
and the real essence of the African world. As it were, proverbs are integral part of the
traditional society – world over. They are like tested and proven age long experiences, handed
down through generations, and are used to forestall, instil, preserve, instruct, discourage,
encourage, explain, correct, direct, etc. as the case or situation may demand.
Mbagu (2010) further brought to fore some basic significance of proverbs in Africa. These
could be related to communication theories and how significant they are in influencing how
we communicate and how we live our lives. The following are some of the importance
pointed out by Mbagu:
Proverbs provide practical wisdom people have learned in their way of life
Proverbs give better understanding of the way of life in Africa
Proverbs reveal the superiority of every society and non-superiority of another over
one
Proverbs is used to demystify a process, situation or phenomenon not understood
Proverbs provide better alternative to communicating bad message in a subtle way
Abayomi (2016) also provided some basic five functions that proverbs in Africa perform
(though these functions transcend cultural, ethnic and other boundaries); they include:
Communicational functions: they form good and essential ingredients in standard
African communication. They enable speakers to give universal status to a special and
particular incident; use to soften rather harsh words in a more polite way
Descriptive functions: they come handy in describing phenomena, events, issues and
circumstances giving a better understanding and a better ground for effectiveness of
the communication
Culture reflection and oral vocabulary functions: As it were, proverbs share the same
function as myths and other oral traditions on contemporary African thoughts
systems. They are used to preserve history, tradition, culture and beliefs of a set of
people, nation or State. Experiences and happenings are kept and pass down from
generation to generation as knowledge through their existence.
6. Page 6 of 11
Education and socialization functions: Embedded in proverbs are wealth of experience
and wisdom tested and proven over decades. They are embodiment of knowledge in
oral form that could be systemised and refined to the standards at which we have the
present day communication theories. Quoting Socrates, Abayomi (2016) noted that
“proverbs folklores and fables inclusive as the first form of education children hear
and are easily molded by them. Popular proverbs highlight virtues and vices, indicating
accepted social acts and frowning at unacceptable ones”.
Philosophical functions: Proverbs are deep thought rooted in wisdom and experience.
They are not mere words to be taken for their face meaning. They contain and carry
deeper meanings that could be subjected to philosophical thinking. They are
embodiment of a people’s ideology possessing epistemic, ethical, aesthetical and
metaphysical contents, logically packaged and presented in an appealing manner.
Communication theories and African Proverbs: Similarities
Questions have been asked on why most communication theories are of foreign inclination or
origin. Why are most communication theories usually propounded by American scholars,
Europeans and other foreign scholars but not of African descent? Does it mean Africans do
not communicate effectively when in essence Africa is the home of good communication with
pure communication history? Are African proverbs and sayings not good enough to qualify or
be developed into theories even when they have universal acceptance?
As a student of communication, I strongly believe in the universality of African proverbs and
their potential for qualification as communication theories that could be academically
presented, tested, documented, evaluated and proven. I believe that African proverbs,
though still preserved and presented in their native forms could be harnessed, developed,
tested and presented as theories of communication for further studies. On this premise, I
have decided to draw some similarities that exist between communication theories and
African proverbs.
i. Both are tested and proven: To qualify as theory, a hypothesis would have been
subjected to series of testing and proven to be effective as hypothesised. In the
same vein, African proverbs are products of long standing experience codified
orally and transmitted by word of mouth, myths, folklore or tales from generation
to generation. They have been hypothesised and tested over the years but the
process have not really been documented and promoted over the years by Africa
scholars. While these proverbs remain relevant even in our day-to-day activities
with universal appeal, not much is being done to promote them beyond this native
stage into a scholarly stage where they can be subjected to scholarly scrutiny and
evaluation.
7. Page 7 of 11
ii. Universal appeal: Communication theories have universal acceptance and appeal
so also African proverbs. They are both accepted as valid in interpreting, explaining
and understanding circumstances.
iii. Perform same functions: It is interesting to state that communication theories and
African proverbs play same functions of describing, explaining, predicting and
criticising situations, events, issues and circumstances.
Instructively, communication theories and African proverbs provide ground for better
understanding of communication and related issues. They help to promote a better society by
promoting the understanding of phenomenon such as human relations, social interaction,
human behaviour, group behaviour, perception, culture and other human relations cum
communication issues.
Criteria for evaluating theories
The qualification of African proverbs as communication theories is not without some
pragmatic academic hurdles besides what has been stated above. According to Momoh
(2016), for theories to be evaluated and certified, they must have the following properties
highlighted below. In the same vein, for African proverbs to move from the realm of proverbs
to the realm of theories, they must have the following properties:
Theoretical scope: This focuses on the generality of the theory, how applicable is it to
a wide range of (communication) cases, situations, circumstances and events?
Appropriateness: This is evaluation based on its epistemological, ontological and
axiological assumptions relating to the issues being considered.
Heuristic value: Bothers on the researchable values of the theory for purposes of
further learning and improvement. Every theory must have the quality of being valid
for operationalisation.
Validity: This refers to the level to which the theory relates to the world. Can the
theory be applicable in our world and is it realistic?
Parsimony: This defines the quality/qualification of the theory to fit (simply) into a
described situation or case, the ability of the theory to explain succinctly a given
phenomenon.
Openness: A theory should be able to link to another theory, it must or should be
compatible with other accepted theories.
Treating and presenting African Proverbs in this light and with these properties will further
enhance their qualification for communication theories. Most of the African Proverbs already
have these qualities in-built and could be expanded to achieve the desired.
Illustration of African Proverbs as basis for situation analysis
When cases are presented, communication scholars/experts are quick to seek out
communication theory or theories that could be used as basis for the analysis and better
8. Page 8 of 11
understanding of the case, situation or phenomenon. The understanding of the
communication theory (ies) and what it (they) propose(s) are then used to analyse the case,
draw inferences, test the findings and arrive at a conclusion from which recommendations on
what should or could be done would be derived. Exploring the concept of proverb as
communication theories in Africa, the following proverbs are presented as basis for analysing
situations, circumstances:
1. Knowledge is like a garden: if it is not cultivated, it cannot be harvested
Meaning: If you don’t make efforts to acquire knowledge then you would not expect to have
it and if you do not put the knowledge you have to use, you cannot expect to gain anything
from it.
This is an African proverb that promotes the importance, value and culture of diligence,
resilience, hard work and success. It tends to discourage lackadaisical attitude, laziness,
irresponsibility and its accompanying vices. Such proverb could be presented in analysing
cases and circumstances around such human subjects as hard work, commitment, etc. It
presented the value and virtue of sowing and reaping.
2. If you offend, ask for pardon; if offended forgive
Meaning: if you upset someone, apologise to him or her. If someone upsets you, forgive him
or her because what goes around comes around.
This is more of a philosophical and ethical proverb that promotes the value of peaceful co-
existence in the society. It is a proverb that tends to instil good neighbourliness as well as
tolerance for other’s shortcomings since no one is completely infallible. In the realm of
communication and human relations, no one is an island and since humans will relate, there
are bound to be issues, conflicts and crisis, since these are inevitable,
individuals/groups/communities/interests should also strive to build and exude such virtues
as temperance, tolerance and forgiveness.
3. The best way to eat an elephant in your path is cut him up into pieces
Meaning: The best approach to solving a problem is to take it bit by bit; one at a time
There is simplicity in every complexity. There is no situation, challenge or circumstance no
matter how complex that cannot be resolved if the problem is analysed and broken down into
bits and taken on one at a time. In a case of communication impasse or communication crises,
such proverb and the values it promotes could be handy and useful. This proverb can be
further expanded with theoretical features to qualify it for communication theory. Hypothesis
could be formulated and subjected to testing and evaluation.
4. Don’t set sail using someone else’s star
9. Page 9 of 11
Meaning: Avoid copying someone else. Just because someone has been successful in what
he does should not be what will make you do the same thing and expect to be successful.
This proverb stresses the peculiarity of every situation and circumstance. Though similar,
no case or situation are exactly the same. This calls for caution in the analysis and
application of solution to crisis, issues or situations. As communication experts, this could
suffice for the theory on examining every situation on its merit and never jumping into
conclusion as some do without adequate evaluation of the situation. The strategy that
worked yesterday for case A may not work for a similar case B tomorrow because the
timing is different, the stakeholders may be different, the interest may be different, the
industry may be different, etc.
Communication strategy should always be objective and not subjective to ensure the
desired result is derived at all times.
5. The day a mosquito lands on your testicles is the day you will know there is a better
way of resolving issues without using violence
Meaning: There are better ways to resolving issues and conflict other than violence
This is a great Proverb that is apt for communication. It stresses the power and influence
of communication during crisis and conflict especially when they are delicate – every
crisis is delicate. Violence or unethical practices are not the way to go during challenging
times, When there are issues and challenges for an organisation or individual, Applying
appropriate communication strategy is always a sure way to win and turn around the
situation. Being aggressive or defensive could spell more doom just as trying to kill the
mosquito on your testicles with a slap could be injurious to your well-being and
“performance”.
Conclusion
There is no doubt that proverbs were and still are very significant in traditional societies
across the world because they remain relevant in our day-to-day socio-political and economic
dealings/interactions. They provide us with apt ideas, interpretations, explanations, solutions
and understandings to various phenomena of our interactions and relations. Mbagu (2010)
lamented the restriction of African proverbs to nativity and inability to promote them into the
realm of communication theories that are acceptable universally.
Unfortunately, despite proverbs being the backbone of a lot of societies by helping to
identify and dignify culture, their potential value for modern thought and life is still to
be recognised. Even in Africa, proverbs are a vanishing heritage associated mostly with
rural world. They seem never to have found a hoe in the modern world, especially in
the imported system of education because schools don’t bring out the great
importance of proverbs in the lessons being taught…Many Philosophers in the western
10. Page 10 of 11
world could learn from the simplicity and brevity of African proverbs that are
unclouded by too many words
– Mbagu, 2010
African proverbs are rich in thought and wisdom and are embedded with the intrinsic
qualities and criteria that can qualify them for communication theories, if harnessed and
presented to the world by African scholars and brains. They are educational, explanatory,
descriptive, and communicative.
11. Page 11 of 11
References
Abayomi, O. (2016, Noveber). Philosophy in African Proverbs. From Academia:
https://www.academia.edu/3396925/Philosophy_in_African_Proverbs
Books, W. (2013, April 25). Intorduction to Communication Theory/ Evaluating Theory. From
Wiki Books:
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Communication_Theory/Evaluating_T
heory
Grimsley, S. (2016, Noveber 15). What is Communication? - Definition & Importance. From
Study.com: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-communication-definition-
importance.html#transcriptHeader
Mbagu, I. (2010, December 22). Significance of Proverbs in Africa and Beyond. Afrostyle
Magazine .
Miler, G., & Nicholson, H. (1976). Communicaion Inquiry: a perspective on process. Addison-
Wesley Pub. Co.
Oba, D. I. (2015). The Functions and Nature of Proverbs. From VoiceNet.com:
http://www.voicesnet.com/displayonedoc.aspx?docid=159515
Suresh, K. (2003). Journalism and Mass Communication. PEOI.
Thandiubani. (2016, July 30). 15 funny and wise African proverbs to make you laugh and roll
on the floor. From Tori.ng: http://www.tori.ng/news/36551/15-funny-and-wise-
african-proverbs-to-make-you-lau.html