Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
Annotated Bibliography
08/31/2016
Topic: Challenges Facing Human Services Organizations
Almog-Bar, M., & Schmid, H. (2013). Advocacy activities of nonprofit human service organizations: A critical review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 0899764013483212
The article begins by explaining that policy advocacy is a feature that is usually used by human services organizations in representation of their constituencies. The literature review in the article focusses on the research that has been done in the last ten years about policy advocacy in human services organizations particularly the non-profits. There is also an elaboration of the contributions and characteristics of policy advocacy in relevance to human services organizations. The major topics that are addressed in the review are; the definition and how the term policy advocacy originated, the current issues that have been studied on the topic, current prevalence and situation on advocacy activities of human services organizations, structural and organizational variables related to policy advocacy. The other aspect that is highlighted by the article and it affects most of human services organizations is that on policy advocacy and dependence on external funding. The article is important for my research topic as it gives a deep insight on one of the challenges facing human services agencies.
Brown, W. A., Andersson, F. O., & Jo, S. (2015). Dimensions of Capacity in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 1-24.
This is a quantitative study that was done by conducting interviews in order to identify the dimensions used in determining the capacity of human services agencies. The objective of this paper is to give a presentation and develop a better understanding on the capacity of human services organizations. The article adopts resource-based perspective on the organization which appreciates that capabilities and attributes of the organization determine and promotes performance. Data collection was done by conducting interviews among 66 executives in human services organizations that were moderate sized in which there was discussion of factors influencing performance. The finding elaborated in the article is that social, human and financial capital all contribute to the performance of the organization. From the executives who were interviewed, it was apparent that the quality of those people who are associated with the agency including board of directors impact on the performance. The article is a good source for the research paper as it identifies challenges affecting perfo ...
Critical evaluation of the potential of stakeholder theory to contribute to u...Kennedy Mbwette
Critical evaluation of the potential of stakeholder theory to contribute to understanding of large-scale public service IT projects and their implementation
Scanned with CamScannerRunning Head NEEDS ASSESSMENT AS.docxjeffsrosalyn
Scanned with CamScanner
Running Head: NEEDS ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT
Needs Assessment Assignment
Name: Gabrielle McNeely
Institutional Affiliation: Strayer University
Needs Assessment Assignment
Title: Needs Assessment
Specific Purpose:
To notify diverse organizations, regarding the aspect of needs assessment and human service leadership.
General Purpose:
The main goal of this research is looking at economic changes in human service which are the leadership crisis, which explains the decrees of experienced leaders wanting to work in a nonprofit organization setting. Research has discovered that the workers in human services do not want to transition into upper management positions (Watson &Hoefer, 2014). Other economic changes in human services depend on leaders being diverse and relatable to all races, genders, and ages in the workplace.
Thesis Statement:
According to our (Lu, 2013), research reveals political and pragmatic forces outweigh economic rationality in human service contracting decisions. Government contracted human service programs can pose a threat to government employees by causing job loss and wage reductions.
Introduction
Government contracting is heavily influenced by different groups of actors within the government such as public employees, who can influence the government contracting decisions. Nonprofit organizations can serve local communities better than government agencies. Also, at times, the demand for human services outweighs what the government contract provisions for, and the government cannot satisfy or meet the needs of everyone. Lu also revealed that states with stronger non-profit advocacy are more likely to contract out their human service production.
A more open-ended approach is to use the Internet so that people can describe what they like if they are current consumers or what services they would like if they were to use your program in the future. Provide an easily accessible part of the website for people to request more information or for making suggestions about your services. Also, make sure that someone responds on a daily basis. A word of caution: do not over-rely on the Internet to obtain feedback on your services. Not all of your consumers can access the Internet, and be mindful that overusing Internet surveys can be perceived as pestering.
Attention Getter:
Did you know that in the human services field, the person or entity paying for the service is usually not the consumer of the service (except in those few instances where clients pay full fee)?
Body
Because many organizations experience more demand for their service than what their resources will allow, because dissatisfied clients who leave the agency can be replaced by someone else on a waiting list, and because funding limitations force agencies to reduce services, agency staff may tend to treat their consumers with less care and consideration (Hasenfeld, 2015). The term customer is.
Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
Annotated Bibliography
08/31/2016
Topic: Challenges Facing Human Services Organizations
Almog-Bar, M., & Schmid, H. (2013). Advocacy activities of nonprofit human service organizations: A critical review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 0899764013483212
The article begins by explaining that policy advocacy is a feature that is usually used by human services organizations in representation of their constituencies. The literature review in the article focusses on the research that has been done in the last ten years about policy advocacy in human services organizations particularly the non-profits. There is also an elaboration of the contributions and characteristics of policy advocacy in relevance to human services organizations. The major topics that are addressed in the review are; the definition and how the term policy advocacy originated, the current issues that have been studied on the topic, current prevalence and situation on advocacy activities of human services organizations, structural and organizational variables related to policy advocacy. The other aspect that is highlighted by the article and it affects most of human services organizations is that on policy advocacy and dependence on external funding. The article is important for my research topic as it gives a deep insight on one of the challenges facing human services agencies.
Brown, W. A., Andersson, F. O., & Jo, S. (2015). Dimensions of Capacity in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 1-24.
This is a quantitative study that was done by conducting interviews in order to identify the dimensions used in determining the capacity of human services agencies. The objective of this paper is to give a presentation and develop a better understanding on the capacity of human services organizations. The article adopts resource-based perspective on the organization which appreciates that capabilities and attributes of the organization determine and promotes performance. Data collection was done by conducting interviews among 66 executives in human services organizations that were moderate sized in which there was discussion of factors influencing performance. The finding elaborated in the article is that social, human and financial capital all contribute to the performance of the organization. From the executives who were interviewed, it was apparent that the quality of those people who are associated with the agency including board of directors impact on the performance. The article is a good source for the research paper as it identifies challenges affecting perfo ...
Critical evaluation of the potential of stakeholder theory to contribute to u...Kennedy Mbwette
Critical evaluation of the potential of stakeholder theory to contribute to understanding of large-scale public service IT projects and their implementation
Scanned with CamScannerRunning Head NEEDS ASSESSMENT AS.docxjeffsrosalyn
Scanned with CamScanner
Running Head: NEEDS ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT
NEEDS ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT
Needs Assessment Assignment
Name: Gabrielle McNeely
Institutional Affiliation: Strayer University
Needs Assessment Assignment
Title: Needs Assessment
Specific Purpose:
To notify diverse organizations, regarding the aspect of needs assessment and human service leadership.
General Purpose:
The main goal of this research is looking at economic changes in human service which are the leadership crisis, which explains the decrees of experienced leaders wanting to work in a nonprofit organization setting. Research has discovered that the workers in human services do not want to transition into upper management positions (Watson &Hoefer, 2014). Other economic changes in human services depend on leaders being diverse and relatable to all races, genders, and ages in the workplace.
Thesis Statement:
According to our (Lu, 2013), research reveals political and pragmatic forces outweigh economic rationality in human service contracting decisions. Government contracted human service programs can pose a threat to government employees by causing job loss and wage reductions.
Introduction
Government contracting is heavily influenced by different groups of actors within the government such as public employees, who can influence the government contracting decisions. Nonprofit organizations can serve local communities better than government agencies. Also, at times, the demand for human services outweighs what the government contract provisions for, and the government cannot satisfy or meet the needs of everyone. Lu also revealed that states with stronger non-profit advocacy are more likely to contract out their human service production.
A more open-ended approach is to use the Internet so that people can describe what they like if they are current consumers or what services they would like if they were to use your program in the future. Provide an easily accessible part of the website for people to request more information or for making suggestions about your services. Also, make sure that someone responds on a daily basis. A word of caution: do not over-rely on the Internet to obtain feedback on your services. Not all of your consumers can access the Internet, and be mindful that overusing Internet surveys can be perceived as pestering.
Attention Getter:
Did you know that in the human services field, the person or entity paying for the service is usually not the consumer of the service (except in those few instances where clients pay full fee)?
Body
Because many organizations experience more demand for their service than what their resources will allow, because dissatisfied clients who leave the agency can be replaced by someone else on a waiting list, and because funding limitations force agencies to reduce services, agency staff may tend to treat their consumers with less care and consideration (Hasenfeld, 2015). The term customer is.
SYMPOSIUM CONCLUSION FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE DIMENSIONS OF.docxssuserf9c51d
SYMPOSIUM CONCLUSION: FUTURE RESEARCH
ON THE DIMENSIONS OF COLLABORATION
JOY A. CLAY
University of Memphis
As the research findings in this symposium
demonstrate, public and nonprofit managers in health and
human service agencies continue to collaborate with
multiple goals in mind. As would be anticipated, the
collaborations described in the symposium generally
addressed service gaps, enhanced services, improved
access, and expanded programs. A common underlying
expectation was that participation in the collaboration
would further an agency’s mission (Goodsell, 2011). As
cautioned by Word in her commentary, however, making
joint decisions and sharing power does not come easy when
agencies also must respond to countervailing pressures that
inherently flow from the agency’s political, social, and
economic contexts.
Overall, the symposium examines levels of
linkages, decision-making, hierarchy, autonomy, shared
administration, governance, outcomes, and more.
Reflecting their various research questions, the authors use
a variety of methods to examine the multiple dimensions of
collaboration. Clearly, the symposium’s researchers are
building on and adding to our knowledge about
cooperation, coordination, and collaboration (Keast,
Brown, & Mandell, 2007; Keast, Mandell, Brown, &
Woolcock, 2004) as well as how to assess the multiple
dimensions of collaboration. The authors effectively used
existing instruments and models to understand
collaboration dimensions but also propose new models and
test metrics/variables.
140 JHHSA SUMMER 2012
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
The case authors and practitioner commentaries
respectively offer interesting suggestions for potentially
fruitful research directions. In reacting to the symposium,
key research directions appear to have some urgency.
Clearly, an important area of research should include a
fuller examination of collaboration impacts, beyond the
outcomes of a specific collaborative effort to community-
wide issues of equity, diversity, fairness, and
responsiveness. Mayhew’s research draws attention to the
need for more attention to how end users, not just the
collaboration participants, assess the effectiveness of the
collaboration and whether the resulting programming
actually yields innovation and effectiveness. Similarly,
Wrobel comments that assessing additional stakeholders,
especially parents, is needed to assess the impact on the
children and families served by a collaborative. These
researchers convincingly argue that there has been
insufficient attention to measure end user perceptions of
outcomes from collaborations.
Especially relevant to health and human services
sectors, research directed at improving our capacity to
identify specific indicators that pinpoint cultures of
competition vs. collaboration could enable participants and
policymakers to build more effective collaboration ...
· There is a good portion of our society that feels healthcare sho.docxoswald1horne84988
· There is a good portion of our society that feels healthcare should be free as well. Of course, there are pros and cons to both. We can learn from countries with universal healthcare like Canada, Switzerland, and Japan. I think one aspect that the United States must be ready for is the increase in taxes. Though it may seem to be an expensive tax deduction, it may very well balance out, when you consider all the pros.
Class - if you were to interview or get more information from countries that have universal healthcare, what do you think they would have to say about the pros and cons?
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain the importance of a good relationship between law enforcement and the media.
6. Discuss police-community relationships regarding the media, gangs, and the process of assimilation.
6.1 Discuss police-community relationships regarding the media.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 7:
Building Partnerships: A Cornerstone of Community Policing
Chapter 8:
Forming Partnerships with the Media
Unit Lesson
If you are a fan of some of the older detective shows, the ones that were in black and white or maybe
produced just shortly after color television was invented, then you are familiar with the notion of law
enforcement having partners. This concept of law enforcement having partners that work with them to
investigate crimes, help citizens, and engage in other social activities is embedded in the history of law
enforcement. Thus, it should be no surprise that when we talk about community policing, it is necessary for
partnerships to be established between various community entities to ensure that the entire community is
protected and served by law enforcement.
In communities, partnerships take on many forms. They can be between two individuals, an organization and
individual, multiple individuals, multiple agencies, or multiple individuals and agencies. The term collaboration
is often used to represent the coming together of various agencies and individuals that are working together
to achieve a common goal. In addition to working together, these agencies and individuals pool their
resources together to help achieve the goal. In order for collaboration to be successful, trust between the
individuals and agencies involved must be at the core of that collaboration process. Once trust is at the core,
that trust must then be surrounded by the following components to ensure a successful collaboration results:
key stakeholders, shared visions and common goals, expertise, teamwork strategies, open communication,
motivated partners, sufficient means (resources), and an action plan (Miller, Hess, & Orthmann, 2014).
It is imperative that law enforcement agencies make time for the development of partnerships and problem-
solving. Changing beats and shift assignments can be a hin.
The Vital Role of Social Workers in CommunityPartnerships T.docxssusera34210
The Vital Role of Social Workers in Community
Partnerships: The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual,
Transgender and Questioning Youth
Michael P. Dentato • Shelley L. Craig • Mark S. Smith
Published online: 25 June 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The account of The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender,
and Questioning (GLBTQ) Youth formation offers a model for developing com-
munity-based partnerships. Based in a major urban area, this university-community
collaboration was spearheaded by social workers who were responsible for its
original conceptualization, for generating community support, and for eventual
staffing, administration, direct service provision, and program evaluation design.
This article presents the strategic development and evolution of this community-
based service partnership, highlighting the roles of schools of social work, aca-
demics, and social work students in concert with community funders, practitioners
and youth, in responding to the needs of a vulnerable population.
Keywords GLBTQ youth � Sexual orientation � Community-based partnerships �
Empowerment � Participatory action research
Introduction
A rich history of collaboration exists between community and university-based
social workers in the conceptualization, development, and administration of service
partnerships. As means for establishing these partnerships, participatory action
M. P. Dentato (&)
School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, 820 North Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor,
Chicago, IL 60611, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
S. L. Craig
The Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M. S. Smith
School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA
123
Child Adolesc Soc Work J (2010) 27:323–334
DOI 10.1007/s10560-010-0210-0
research is recognized as a preferred methodology for gathering necessary data about
community needs, and the utilization of an empowerment perspective is seen as a
complementary lens for guiding practice. Participatory action research involves a
collaborative process that attends to the engagement of, and reflective dialogues
concerning, ideas and viewpoints that have been excluded or privileged in traditional
research processes (Guishard 2009), thus suggesting empowerment as a preferred
practice approach. Additionally, such collaborations offer a venue through which
academics and social work researchers can influence practitioners’ understanding of
and willingness to use evidenced based practice (Bellamy et al. 2008).
Social workers have historically worked within communities as practitioners,
researchers, and advocates for policy change serving vulnerable and oppressed
populations: this has, by necessity, involved efforts to develop partnerships among
organizations. In order to best meet the identified needs of groups of individuals and
oppressed communities, social workers often have to first mob ...
Ethical decision making is a requirement and is a must for leaders in the local authorities to ensure
that actions will be taken in a proper way.Decision making is the starting point of an outcome; it could be good
or otherwise.Decision making by officers in a local authority is imperative;
RESPONDwrite one responses to the two colleagues in one of the.docxmackulaytoni
RESPOND
write one
responses to the two
colleagues in one of the following ways:
Provide an alternative suggestion of how program evaluation can be used.
Provide support or an alternative perspective on the elements of program evaluation.
·
RE: Discussion - Week 1 1st person
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Total views: 48 (Your views: 2)
As a State Correctional employee, we often use evaluations to analyze in-service training, policy reviews, programs and services, etc. It may seem as if we are over evaluating; however, this helps to ensure our services are effective.
Westat (2010) says the two reasons program evaluation exists, as written for the National Science Foundation, is to “improve a project” and “document what has been achieved” (p. 3).
The most consistent with my interest is program improvement. For instance, we had four different in-service courses with the same course information. An evaluation was passed out to the students at the end of the course to provide their opinion of the course. The comments prompted the instructors to redesign four courses into one. Evaluations are essential tool in Corrections because it allows us to
document our achievements, which will result in data to support our reentry programs.
References:
Westat, J. F. (Ed.). (2010). The 2010 user-friendly handbook for project evaluation. Retrieved
from https://www.westat.com/sites/westat.com/files/2010UFHB.pdf
Bottom of Form
2-person
initial post WK1D1
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[removed]
[removed]
Total views: 54 (Your views: 3)
In my work with community corrections, I have not conducted any type of program evaluation; however, I understand program evaluation is designed to answer some key questions about a program’s effectiveness to the stakeholders (community, participants and staff). The overarching idea behind program evaluation is to ascertain if those who should benefit from the program are actually benefiting and if those performing the services to the community are skilled at providing the services. Another important aspect of program evaluation is to determine whether the allocated resources for the services are sufficient for addressing the needs of the population (The Program Manager’s Guide to Evaluation, 2010).
In looking at this week’s resources, Langbein (2012) identifies some distinct differences between program and project (p.3). A program is described as “ongoing services or activities” (Langbein, 2012, p. 3) while projects are intended to be one-time activities that has long-lasting sustainable impact on communities (p. 3). Thus, program evaluations should help determine the extent of a program’s success or lack thereof (what works and what does not work) as well as provide insight on navigating areas where unexpected circumstances occur (Westat, 2010). In short, program evaluations provide managers and administrators the data needed to prove or disprove the value of a program which ultimately impac.
Policy advocacy is one of the key roles of human services profession.docxjolleybendicty
Policy advocacy is one of the key roles of human services professionals. It differs from advocating for clients in that it looks to inform those who are responsible for policy formation, such as politicians and leaders of large-scale organizations. Whether at a national, regional, or state level, policy advocacy efforts will have broad implications for how and when human services are delivered. In today’s world of diminished resources, policy advocacy can be the difference between being funded and not having the funds needed to help your clients. By engaging in opportunities with programs and organizations that receive federal or state funding, you may further support your advocacy effects and gain greater access to necessary resources.
Post a brief description of two different human services organizations. Explain how the organizations you selected are involved in policy advocacy. Then, from each organization’s perspective, explain one benefit and one limitation of engaging in policy advocacy. Be specific and provide examples. For this Select and explore one human services organization from this week’s media presentation and one organization from your own area of interest (Mental health counseling)
http://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/HUMN/8150/01/mm/carousel/index.html
.
Assignment 1 Advocacy, Lobbying, and Social MovementThis module e.docxpetuniahita
Assignment 1: Advocacy, Lobbying, and Social Movement
This module explored the importance of politics in the development of standards that govern human services practices. While many individuals might believe that politics and human services should not exist together, you cannot ignore the fact that political activities influence the way agencies are sustained. This became clearer when funding of human services programs moved from primarily private donations to largely public resource streams. To date, politics at all levels are expected in the everyday practices of human services administrators and service workers. In this assignment, you will further explore and reflect on this concept.
Tasks:
Using your textbook, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, address the following:
Discuss the concepts of advocacy, lobbying, and social movement organizations in terms of their effects on service delivery. Specifically, focus on who engages in advocacy, what types of lobbying directly results in public funding, and how social movement organizations function in their efforts to influence policy.
.
DQ-W1Q2Among the various factors impacting the Health and Human .docxjacksnathalie
DQ-W1Q2
Among the various factors impacting the Health and Human Services (HHS) programs, increased costs, such as personnel, equipment, and facilities, may be leading considerations in a program manager’s plans and priorities. After becoming more familiar with the concept of privatization, identify the advantages of engaging in privatization and what is required to actually carry this out.
· The following questions may help direct your reading:
· Who initiates privatization of a HHS service / program?
· What are the typical program information requirements?
· Who can approve a privatization effort?
W1Q2
Health Care Reform has, for a long time, been a hot topic. Costs of Medicare, loss of jobs, increased costs of doing business, are all part of the problem/need. Research various kinds of controversies and issues in the field of human services, with a focus on the clash of values in social policies. In a 300 word analysis, focus on the trade- offs between cutting programs or providing health care services.
W2Q1
Help, human services, and care are provided in many formats. However, to be considered under the umbrella of health and human services, the help must be provided by some type of formal organization. The Federal Government, the major provider of social welfare benefits, allocates 90% of the Federal budget for social programs. There are over 300 programs situated in eight public health agencies and three human service agencies. In order to grasp the significance of the above information you are asked to locate information that identifies the amount of budget allocated to the HHS budget for the fiscal years 2011, 2012, and 2013. After examining the budgets, and noting the changes, what conclusions do you draw? Also discuss the inferences you draw in terms of providing needed HHS care.
W2Q2
Within the boundaries of the health and human services, there are thousands of employees providing a great variety of services. The process of dealing with humans in need is not simplistic. One practitioner, Dr. Jean Watson, has become a leader in Caring Theory. After reading the article, A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory, you are asked to do the following:
· Summarize the general aspects of Dr. Watson’s Caring Theory.
· Formulate a set of values that should be the foundation of a caring Perspective in the health and human services.
· Comparing your set of values with two classmates’ work and commenting about these comparisons is also part of this assignment.
W3Q1
There has been a shift of emphasis of the consumers of health and human services from professionals and care providers to increasingly include the client system. The stakeholders have increased through participation coupled with the increased volume of information which allows greater exposure to care alternatives. This means the client system has greater access to health and service records. Information, instead of flowing from the top down, is increasingly mul ...
ESSAY #4In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of bei.docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #4
In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of being poor, use the sociological perspective to explain poverty
without
“blaming the victim.” In other words, what conditions in society create poverty? You should use the Newman book extensively to help you with this question.
Your response should be about 500 words.
Essay 4 Rubric
Essay 4 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper uses a sociological approach to explaining the causes of poverty. Paper pulls often from the Newman material. No 'victim blaming' in the paper.
27.0
得分
Paper is not sociological. Paper does not identify social structural causes of poverty. Paper contains elements of 'victim blaming,' or individual explanations for poverty.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
下一页
.
Essay # 3 Instructions Representations of War and Genocide .docxLinaCovington707
Essay # 3 Instructions
Representations of War and Genocide
:
In 1000-1200 words, discuss the novel, Edwidge Danticat’s
Farming of the Bones
, represent genocide and massacre. Focus on why in history, The Parsley massacre is not called a genocide, rather a massacre.
Even though the parsley massacre was clearly an act of genocide, history calls it a massacre. Before discussing the novel, explain in your words the definitions of “massacre” and “genocide”?
This is the time you should refer to the documentary and discuss why does the author mention genocides in history as far back as the Armenian genocide but do not mention the Parsley massacre. What are the factors that might contribute to its absence in history? This is the first part of your essay.
The second part is to discuss testimonies of survivors of the genocide.
In many ways,
The Farming of Bones
is also a meditation on survival. Each character in the novel—Amabelle, Sebastien, Father Romain, Man Denise, Man Rapadou, just to name a few—have different methods of survival. Can you discuss these? Are there any characters in particular that have survived with a better quality of life than others? What does it mean to survive?
How does the novel differ from the documentaries in terms of survival testimony? Why do you think the author chose to write a historical fiction novel versus a non-fiction novel like I am Malala or Persepolis?
Length: 1000-1200 words
Style: Times New Roman, Double-space, Size 12
please use the PowerPoint
.
More Related Content
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SYMPOSIUM CONCLUSION FUTURE RESEARCH ON THE DIMENSIONS OF.docxssuserf9c51d
SYMPOSIUM CONCLUSION: FUTURE RESEARCH
ON THE DIMENSIONS OF COLLABORATION
JOY A. CLAY
University of Memphis
As the research findings in this symposium
demonstrate, public and nonprofit managers in health and
human service agencies continue to collaborate with
multiple goals in mind. As would be anticipated, the
collaborations described in the symposium generally
addressed service gaps, enhanced services, improved
access, and expanded programs. A common underlying
expectation was that participation in the collaboration
would further an agency’s mission (Goodsell, 2011). As
cautioned by Word in her commentary, however, making
joint decisions and sharing power does not come easy when
agencies also must respond to countervailing pressures that
inherently flow from the agency’s political, social, and
economic contexts.
Overall, the symposium examines levels of
linkages, decision-making, hierarchy, autonomy, shared
administration, governance, outcomes, and more.
Reflecting their various research questions, the authors use
a variety of methods to examine the multiple dimensions of
collaboration. Clearly, the symposium’s researchers are
building on and adding to our knowledge about
cooperation, coordination, and collaboration (Keast,
Brown, & Mandell, 2007; Keast, Mandell, Brown, &
Woolcock, 2004) as well as how to assess the multiple
dimensions of collaboration. The authors effectively used
existing instruments and models to understand
collaboration dimensions but also propose new models and
test metrics/variables.
140 JHHSA SUMMER 2012
RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
The case authors and practitioner commentaries
respectively offer interesting suggestions for potentially
fruitful research directions. In reacting to the symposium,
key research directions appear to have some urgency.
Clearly, an important area of research should include a
fuller examination of collaboration impacts, beyond the
outcomes of a specific collaborative effort to community-
wide issues of equity, diversity, fairness, and
responsiveness. Mayhew’s research draws attention to the
need for more attention to how end users, not just the
collaboration participants, assess the effectiveness of the
collaboration and whether the resulting programming
actually yields innovation and effectiveness. Similarly,
Wrobel comments that assessing additional stakeholders,
especially parents, is needed to assess the impact on the
children and families served by a collaborative. These
researchers convincingly argue that there has been
insufficient attention to measure end user perceptions of
outcomes from collaborations.
Especially relevant to health and human services
sectors, research directed at improving our capacity to
identify specific indicators that pinpoint cultures of
competition vs. collaboration could enable participants and
policymakers to build more effective collaboration ...
· There is a good portion of our society that feels healthcare sho.docxoswald1horne84988
· There is a good portion of our society that feels healthcare should be free as well. Of course, there are pros and cons to both. We can learn from countries with universal healthcare like Canada, Switzerland, and Japan. I think one aspect that the United States must be ready for is the increase in taxes. Though it may seem to be an expensive tax deduction, it may very well balance out, when you consider all the pros.
Class - if you were to interview or get more information from countries that have universal healthcare, what do you think they would have to say about the pros and cons?
BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain the importance of a good relationship between law enforcement and the media.
6. Discuss police-community relationships regarding the media, gangs, and the process of assimilation.
6.1 Discuss police-community relationships regarding the media.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 7:
Building Partnerships: A Cornerstone of Community Policing
Chapter 8:
Forming Partnerships with the Media
Unit Lesson
If you are a fan of some of the older detective shows, the ones that were in black and white or maybe
produced just shortly after color television was invented, then you are familiar with the notion of law
enforcement having partners. This concept of law enforcement having partners that work with them to
investigate crimes, help citizens, and engage in other social activities is embedded in the history of law
enforcement. Thus, it should be no surprise that when we talk about community policing, it is necessary for
partnerships to be established between various community entities to ensure that the entire community is
protected and served by law enforcement.
In communities, partnerships take on many forms. They can be between two individuals, an organization and
individual, multiple individuals, multiple agencies, or multiple individuals and agencies. The term collaboration
is often used to represent the coming together of various agencies and individuals that are working together
to achieve a common goal. In addition to working together, these agencies and individuals pool their
resources together to help achieve the goal. In order for collaboration to be successful, trust between the
individuals and agencies involved must be at the core of that collaboration process. Once trust is at the core,
that trust must then be surrounded by the following components to ensure a successful collaboration results:
key stakeholders, shared visions and common goals, expertise, teamwork strategies, open communication,
motivated partners, sufficient means (resources), and an action plan (Miller, Hess, & Orthmann, 2014).
It is imperative that law enforcement agencies make time for the development of partnerships and problem-
solving. Changing beats and shift assignments can be a hin.
The Vital Role of Social Workers in CommunityPartnerships T.docxssusera34210
The Vital Role of Social Workers in Community
Partnerships: The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual,
Transgender and Questioning Youth
Michael P. Dentato • Shelley L. Craig • Mark S. Smith
Published online: 25 June 2010
� Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
Abstract The account of The Alliance for Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender,
and Questioning (GLBTQ) Youth formation offers a model for developing com-
munity-based partnerships. Based in a major urban area, this university-community
collaboration was spearheaded by social workers who were responsible for its
original conceptualization, for generating community support, and for eventual
staffing, administration, direct service provision, and program evaluation design.
This article presents the strategic development and evolution of this community-
based service partnership, highlighting the roles of schools of social work, aca-
demics, and social work students in concert with community funders, practitioners
and youth, in responding to the needs of a vulnerable population.
Keywords GLBTQ youth � Sexual orientation � Community-based partnerships �
Empowerment � Participatory action research
Introduction
A rich history of collaboration exists between community and university-based
social workers in the conceptualization, development, and administration of service
partnerships. As means for establishing these partnerships, participatory action
M. P. Dentato (&)
School of Social Work, Loyola University Chicago, 820 North Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor,
Chicago, IL 60611, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
S. L. Craig
The Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M. S. Smith
School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, USA
123
Child Adolesc Soc Work J (2010) 27:323–334
DOI 10.1007/s10560-010-0210-0
research is recognized as a preferred methodology for gathering necessary data about
community needs, and the utilization of an empowerment perspective is seen as a
complementary lens for guiding practice. Participatory action research involves a
collaborative process that attends to the engagement of, and reflective dialogues
concerning, ideas and viewpoints that have been excluded or privileged in traditional
research processes (Guishard 2009), thus suggesting empowerment as a preferred
practice approach. Additionally, such collaborations offer a venue through which
academics and social work researchers can influence practitioners’ understanding of
and willingness to use evidenced based practice (Bellamy et al. 2008).
Social workers have historically worked within communities as practitioners,
researchers, and advocates for policy change serving vulnerable and oppressed
populations: this has, by necessity, involved efforts to develop partnerships among
organizations. In order to best meet the identified needs of groups of individuals and
oppressed communities, social workers often have to first mob ...
Ethical decision making is a requirement and is a must for leaders in the local authorities to ensure
that actions will be taken in a proper way.Decision making is the starting point of an outcome; it could be good
or otherwise.Decision making by officers in a local authority is imperative;
RESPONDwrite one responses to the two colleagues in one of the.docxmackulaytoni
RESPOND
write one
responses to the two
colleagues in one of the following ways:
Provide an alternative suggestion of how program evaluation can be used.
Provide support or an alternative perspective on the elements of program evaluation.
·
RE: Discussion - Week 1 1st person
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As a State Correctional employee, we often use evaluations to analyze in-service training, policy reviews, programs and services, etc. It may seem as if we are over evaluating; however, this helps to ensure our services are effective.
Westat (2010) says the two reasons program evaluation exists, as written for the National Science Foundation, is to “improve a project” and “document what has been achieved” (p. 3).
The most consistent with my interest is program improvement. For instance, we had four different in-service courses with the same course information. An evaluation was passed out to the students at the end of the course to provide their opinion of the course. The comments prompted the instructors to redesign four courses into one. Evaluations are essential tool in Corrections because it allows us to
document our achievements, which will result in data to support our reentry programs.
References:
Westat, J. F. (Ed.). (2010). The 2010 user-friendly handbook for project evaluation. Retrieved
from https://www.westat.com/sites/westat.com/files/2010UFHB.pdf
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initial post WK1D1
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In my work with community corrections, I have not conducted any type of program evaluation; however, I understand program evaluation is designed to answer some key questions about a program’s effectiveness to the stakeholders (community, participants and staff). The overarching idea behind program evaluation is to ascertain if those who should benefit from the program are actually benefiting and if those performing the services to the community are skilled at providing the services. Another important aspect of program evaluation is to determine whether the allocated resources for the services are sufficient for addressing the needs of the population (The Program Manager’s Guide to Evaluation, 2010).
In looking at this week’s resources, Langbein (2012) identifies some distinct differences between program and project (p.3). A program is described as “ongoing services or activities” (Langbein, 2012, p. 3) while projects are intended to be one-time activities that has long-lasting sustainable impact on communities (p. 3). Thus, program evaluations should help determine the extent of a program’s success or lack thereof (what works and what does not work) as well as provide insight on navigating areas where unexpected circumstances occur (Westat, 2010). In short, program evaluations provide managers and administrators the data needed to prove or disprove the value of a program which ultimately impac.
Policy advocacy is one of the key roles of human services profession.docxjolleybendicty
Policy advocacy is one of the key roles of human services professionals. It differs from advocating for clients in that it looks to inform those who are responsible for policy formation, such as politicians and leaders of large-scale organizations. Whether at a national, regional, or state level, policy advocacy efforts will have broad implications for how and when human services are delivered. In today’s world of diminished resources, policy advocacy can be the difference between being funded and not having the funds needed to help your clients. By engaging in opportunities with programs and organizations that receive federal or state funding, you may further support your advocacy effects and gain greater access to necessary resources.
Post a brief description of two different human services organizations. Explain how the organizations you selected are involved in policy advocacy. Then, from each organization’s perspective, explain one benefit and one limitation of engaging in policy advocacy. Be specific and provide examples. For this Select and explore one human services organization from this week’s media presentation and one organization from your own area of interest (Mental health counseling)
http://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/HUMN/8150/01/mm/carousel/index.html
.
Assignment 1 Advocacy, Lobbying, and Social MovementThis module e.docxpetuniahita
Assignment 1: Advocacy, Lobbying, and Social Movement
This module explored the importance of politics in the development of standards that govern human services practices. While many individuals might believe that politics and human services should not exist together, you cannot ignore the fact that political activities influence the way agencies are sustained. This became clearer when funding of human services programs moved from primarily private donations to largely public resource streams. To date, politics at all levels are expected in the everyday practices of human services administrators and service workers. In this assignment, you will further explore and reflect on this concept.
Tasks:
Using your textbook, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, address the following:
Discuss the concepts of advocacy, lobbying, and social movement organizations in terms of their effects on service delivery. Specifically, focus on who engages in advocacy, what types of lobbying directly results in public funding, and how social movement organizations function in their efforts to influence policy.
.
DQ-W1Q2Among the various factors impacting the Health and Human .docxjacksnathalie
DQ-W1Q2
Among the various factors impacting the Health and Human Services (HHS) programs, increased costs, such as personnel, equipment, and facilities, may be leading considerations in a program manager’s plans and priorities. After becoming more familiar with the concept of privatization, identify the advantages of engaging in privatization and what is required to actually carry this out.
· The following questions may help direct your reading:
· Who initiates privatization of a HHS service / program?
· What are the typical program information requirements?
· Who can approve a privatization effort?
W1Q2
Health Care Reform has, for a long time, been a hot topic. Costs of Medicare, loss of jobs, increased costs of doing business, are all part of the problem/need. Research various kinds of controversies and issues in the field of human services, with a focus on the clash of values in social policies. In a 300 word analysis, focus on the trade- offs between cutting programs or providing health care services.
W2Q1
Help, human services, and care are provided in many formats. However, to be considered under the umbrella of health and human services, the help must be provided by some type of formal organization. The Federal Government, the major provider of social welfare benefits, allocates 90% of the Federal budget for social programs. There are over 300 programs situated in eight public health agencies and three human service agencies. In order to grasp the significance of the above information you are asked to locate information that identifies the amount of budget allocated to the HHS budget for the fiscal years 2011, 2012, and 2013. After examining the budgets, and noting the changes, what conclusions do you draw? Also discuss the inferences you draw in terms of providing needed HHS care.
W2Q2
Within the boundaries of the health and human services, there are thousands of employees providing a great variety of services. The process of dealing with humans in need is not simplistic. One practitioner, Dr. Jean Watson, has become a leader in Caring Theory. After reading the article, A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory, you are asked to do the following:
· Summarize the general aspects of Dr. Watson’s Caring Theory.
· Formulate a set of values that should be the foundation of a caring Perspective in the health and human services.
· Comparing your set of values with two classmates’ work and commenting about these comparisons is also part of this assignment.
W3Q1
There has been a shift of emphasis of the consumers of health and human services from professionals and care providers to increasingly include the client system. The stakeholders have increased through participation coupled with the increased volume of information which allows greater exposure to care alternatives. This means the client system has greater access to health and service records. Information, instead of flowing from the top down, is increasingly mul ...
Similar to Developing a Progressive AdvocacyProgram Within a HumanS (20)
ESSAY #4In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of bei.docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #4
In contrast to thinking of poor people as deserving of being poor, use the sociological perspective to explain poverty
without
“blaming the victim.” In other words, what conditions in society create poverty? You should use the Newman book extensively to help you with this question.
Your response should be about 500 words.
Essay 4 Rubric
Essay 4 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper uses a sociological approach to explaining the causes of poverty. Paper pulls often from the Newman material. No 'victim blaming' in the paper.
27.0
得分
Paper is not sociological. Paper does not identify social structural causes of poverty. Paper contains elements of 'victim blaming,' or individual explanations for poverty.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
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Essay # 3 Instructions Representations of War and Genocide .docxLinaCovington707
Essay # 3 Instructions
Representations of War and Genocide
:
In 1000-1200 words, discuss the novel, Edwidge Danticat’s
Farming of the Bones
, represent genocide and massacre. Focus on why in history, The Parsley massacre is not called a genocide, rather a massacre.
Even though the parsley massacre was clearly an act of genocide, history calls it a massacre. Before discussing the novel, explain in your words the definitions of “massacre” and “genocide”?
This is the time you should refer to the documentary and discuss why does the author mention genocides in history as far back as the Armenian genocide but do not mention the Parsley massacre. What are the factors that might contribute to its absence in history? This is the first part of your essay.
The second part is to discuss testimonies of survivors of the genocide.
In many ways,
The Farming of Bones
is also a meditation on survival. Each character in the novel—Amabelle, Sebastien, Father Romain, Man Denise, Man Rapadou, just to name a few—have different methods of survival. Can you discuss these? Are there any characters in particular that have survived with a better quality of life than others? What does it mean to survive?
How does the novel differ from the documentaries in terms of survival testimony? Why do you think the author chose to write a historical fiction novel versus a non-fiction novel like I am Malala or Persepolis?
Length: 1000-1200 words
Style: Times New Roman, Double-space, Size 12
please use the PowerPoint
.
Essay 1 What is the role of the millennial servant leader on Capito.docxLinaCovington707
Essay 1: What is the role of the millennial servant leader on Capitol Hill in the 21st century?
Essay 2: Identify the most pressing public policy issue affecting your community. If you were a Member of Congress, what measures would you take to address this issue? (I want the public policy issue to focus on the school to prison pipeline in Mississippi)
Responses should equal to a total of two pages for each essay which is four pages in total.
.
ESSAY #6Over the course of the quarter, you have learned to apply .docxLinaCovington707
ESSAY #6
Over the course of the quarter, you have learned to apply the sociological perspective to the world around you. How has taking a sociological perspective changed the way you view our social environment and/or society? In other words, how has the sociological imagination changed your view of things? Provide at least two examples to illustrate.
Your response should be about 500-750 words.
Essay 6 Rubric
Essay 6 Rubric
标准
等级
得分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Sociological Understanding
查看较长的说明
Paper demonstrates that student learned at least two key ideas/concepts/themes this quarter. Paper is reflective.
27.0
得分
Paper includes fewer than two examples of key themes that the student learned. Little reflection.
15.0
得分
No paper submitted
0.0
得分
27.0
分
此标准已链接至学习结果
Clarity and professionalism
查看较长的说明
Paper is well-written, free of typos and grammatical errors, and well-organized; it's clear that the student spent some time editing the paper
3.0
得分
Poorly written; many typos and mistakes; difficult to follow or understand; appears that little time was spent on crafting a professional essay
0.0
得分
3.0
分
总得分:
30.0
,满分 30.0
上一页
下一页
.
Errors
Keyboarding Errors
Capitlalization Errors
Abbreviation errors
Number Expression Errors
Scholarship Search
Subject Verb Agreement
Pronoun Problems
Sentence Construction
Comma Errors
Other punctuation errors
Format Errors: Letters and Memos
Format Errors: Report and job search documents
Editing for content, clarity and conciseness
.
Epidemiological ApplicationsDescribe how the concept of multifacto.docxLinaCovington707
Epidemiological Applications
Describe how the concept of multifactorial etiology relates to the natural history of disease and the different levels of prevention. How should the nurse incorporate these concepts into health promotion of clients in community settings? How should the nurse approach client risk in these health promotion activities?
Disease Outbreak
Select an infectious disease and research the CDC website for information about the disease, its natural history, presenting symptoms, and outbreak characteristics. Identify an occurrence of the disease by searching the Internet for recent reports of this disease, and compare that episode or occurrence with information from the CDC website. How closely did that outbreak resemble the case definition?
.
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic Occurrence of Disease(s)One aspect.docxLinaCovington707
Epidemic, Endemic, and Pandemic Occurrence of Disease(s)
One aspect of epidemiology is the study of the epidemic, endemic, and pandemic occurrence of disease(s).
Some critics may argue diseases and conditions such as bird flu are endemic in many countries, and some may argue human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or AIDS is a series of epidemics.
Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, research about the various epidemic, endemic, and pandemic occurrence of disease(s).
Based on your research and understanding, answer the following questions:
At what point does a disease become an epidemic, endemic, or pandemic? What are the parameters that define each of these states of a disease's effect?
Do you agree that bird flu, HIV, or AIDS could be described as a series of epidemics? Why or why not?
Should we study epidemiology and disease control as a complement to the provision of healthcare services? Why or why not?
Disease control has evolved since the discoveries and achievements of these epidemiological pioneers
—
Hippocrates, John Snow, Pasteur, and Koch. Explain the impact of at least one major historical contribution on the current status of epidemiological practices. How can history potentially shape and impact our future work in public health and clinical medicine? Explain.
.
ENVIRONMENTShould the US support initiatives that restrict carbo.docxLinaCovington707
ENVIRONMENT
Should the US support initiatives that restrict carbon emissions (or carbon pollution)?
1000 - 1200 words persuasive essay
Must include minimum of three sources with in-text citations
Microsoft word document in APA format including Title page, Reference page
.
ePortfolio Completion
Resources
Discussion Participation Scoring Guide
.
Throughout this course, we have addressed the following areas:
Helping relationships.
Human services theory and practice.
Theoretical models of practice.
The multidisciplinary approach.
Professional development goals.
Pick
one
of these areas to share with your peers. Your initial post in this discussion may be a draft of one portion of the assignment in this unit. Address why you chose this particular area and its significance to your work in the field.
.
eproduction and Animal BehaviorReproduction Explain why asexually.docxLinaCovington707
eproduction and Animal Behavior
Reproduction: Explain why asexually reproducing organisms are generally found in environments that do not change very much through time, while sexually reproducing organisms are very successful in environments that change dramatically through time.
Animal Behavior: How does an animal’s behavior aid survival and reproduction? Provide an example to illustrate your comments. In your response, be sure to include information from the reading to support your answer.
Copyright
.
Envisioning LeadershipIdentifying a challenge that evokes your pas.docxLinaCovington707
Envisioning Leadership
Identifying a challenge that evokes your passion, understanding its historical and contemporary contexts, and bringing together the community of people needed to respond to this challenge—these are essential steps that make change possible. What kind of person is needed to lead such efforts? What characteristics make an effective leader?
Throughout your program of study, you have been encouraged to think about leadership. You have met, via video and audio podcasts, many inspiring and committed leaders in the early childhood field. This week, the Learning Resources have encouraged you to delve even deeper into the characteristics of leaders.
For this Discussion, without hesitation, jot down at least 10 characteristics that come to mind when you think of a leader. Put your list aside, and review this week's Learning Resources on leadership.
Now, think about the early childhood field and the various situations that call for leaders to interact and work effectively with families, colleagues, organizations, government agencies, etc. Consider the thinking and characteristics that stood out for you from the readings you just reviewed. Then, identify four characteristics you believe to be the most essential for leaders in the early childhood field today.
By Wednesday, post
:
Your list of four leadership characteristics selected from this week's Learning Resources that you think are essential for leaders in the early childhood field today and why you think each is vital.
Three mind-opening realizations about leadership that struck you from the Learning Resources this week. (Be sure to tell the reason[s] these caught your attention, and cite your sources.)
.
EnvironmentOur environment is really important. We need to under.docxLinaCovington707
Environment
Our environment is really important. We need to understand it and then would we be able to look after it. To manage our natural environment responsibly, governments, industry and the community need detailed, trusted and timely environmental information.
Good information is essential to make sound decisions (individually and/or collectively) on issues affecting our environment.
View/review information in the below attached power point then answer questions that follows prompt!
Week 2 Env. Samp ppt(2).pptx
Questions
Give 2 definitions of “Environment”?
Give 4 reasons why we are so concern about the Environment?
Give 2 definitions of Pollution?
Give 5 effects of pollution on Human?
Give 5 effects of pollution on Animals
Give 5 effects of pollution on plants, fruits and vegetables?
Explain pollution effects on outer space? (what is the name of the effect)
Explain Urban Pollution?
Explain outer space pollution?
.
Environmental Awareness and Organizational Sustainability Please .docxLinaCovington707
"Environmental Awareness and Organizational Sustainability" Please respond to the following:
Use the Internet to research one (1) environmentally aware organization and its actions. Next, examine the selected organization’s relationship between sustainability, ethical decision making, and social responsibility. Provide one (1) example of this organization demonstrating environmental awareness.
Determine the major effects that an organization’s environmental awareness has on its sustainability. Recommend one (1) approach that HR can take to use an organization’s environmental awareness in order to attract and retain top talent.
.
EnterobacteriaceaeThe family Enterobacteriaceae contains some or.docxLinaCovington707
Enterobacteriaceae
The family Enterobacteriaceae contains some organisms living in the intestines without harming the host and some organisms that are harmful to the host.
Research Enterobacteriaceae.
Based on your research, respond to the following:
What is meant by the term "enteric pathogen"?
Why are anaerobic organisms generally not seen in a routine fecal specimen or culture?
What are the indole test, methyl red test, voges-proskauer test, and citrate test (IMViC) reactions? Describe in detail all four reactions (what media is used, important ingredients, what each reaction measures, and what positive and negative results mean).
Create a flowchart for the isolation and identification of specific enteric bacteria from fecal samples.
.
Ensuring your local region is prepared for any emergency is a comp.docxLinaCovington707
Ensuring your local region is prepared for any emergency is a complex task requiring the coordination and collaboration of multiple stakeholders. What are the greatest challenges to coordination and collaboration in your area? What needs to be done to overcome those challenges in order to facilitate improved multi-agency coordination and collaboration?
.
ENG 2480 Major Assignment #3Essay #2 CharacterAnaly.docxLinaCovington707
ENG
2480
Major Assignment #
3
Essay #2
:
Character
Analysis Essay
Paper Specifications:
2
Full Pages
, excluding Work
s
Cited page. Typed. Double Spaced.
One-inch
Margins.
12pt. Font
.
Times New Roman. Proper MLA
.
Submit
.doc,
.
docx
,
odt
.,
or .rtf Files Only
***Do not paste the essay into the assignment forum
text box
. Attach the document instead***
Due Date: Monday,
June
1
9
, 201
7
in Blackboard by
11
:
00
pm
Using the STEAL method or Foil Characters
concept
, a
nalyze how the author
constructs a
character.
Your analytical argument should focus on how
the author creates
the character
and how the author uses the character
to embody
the theme of the work.
Find one scholarly source to help support your essay’s thesis.
Choose
only one character
from the following list
as your main point of analysis
:
•
Oscar Wilde’s
The Importance of Being Earnest
:
o
Lady
Bracknell
o
Miss Prism
o
Cecily
•
Robert Louis Stevenson’s
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
:
o
Mr. Poole
o
Mr. Gabriel John
Utterson
o
Dr. Hastie Lanyon
Remember, always establish clear criteria during your argumentation. You need a clear thesis to guide the essay and argumentative topic sentences to guide each paragraph. You are essentially discussing
how
an author creates the personality of a fictional character and how
that
character helps develop the meaning and significance of a work
, so make sure you assert your interpretation.
Do not summarize!
Consider that your audience has read the work
and
has
been exposed to the key literary
te
rms, so you do not need to define them.
Do not evaluate!
Avoid judging how well the author
writes or how good or bad the poem is
. Analyze the importance of the
literary device and remain objective
.
***
Numerous essays exist about these works. Do not be tempted to plagiarize! Use close reading and your critical thinking skills to approach your selected topic
***
Grading Scale
Title Is Helpful, Informative, and Reflective
0 to
5
Points
Presentation and Strength of the Introduction, Body, and Conclusion.
0 to 10 Points
Clearly Stated Thesis.
Must Be Analytical and Reflect the Assignment.
0 to 10 Points
Focus: Staying on Topic. Always Developing and Sticking to the Thesis
and Assignment
.
0 to 10 Points
Every Paragraph Has an Argumentative Topic Sentence. Every Paragraph Has Support or Examples or Details Explaining the Topic Sentence.
0 to 10 Points
Flow: Transitions (not simply transitional words) and Logical Progressions or Movements Between Paragraphs and Sentences Connecting Their Different Ideas.
0 to 10 Points
Organization, Order, and Structure.
0 to 10 Points
Using and Developing a Logical and In-depth Approach to Claims.
Strong Analysis without Over-Summarization.
0 to 10 Points
Vivid Descriptions. “Show. Do Not Tell.” Substantial, In-depth Detail
and Textual / Visual Evidence
.
0 to 10 Points
Clear Language that Explains and Expresses Each Idea in an Und.
English EssayMLA format500 words or moreThis is Caue types of .docxLinaCovington707
English Essay
MLA format
500 words or more
This is Caue types of essay (Only the causes/ not the effect)
Do not cite anything from outside source
Topic: what are the causes of Divorce?
Download the File Below to see the Form of the Essay.
Due By 4/26/2017 11 pm
*** Important note: Do not use hard or complicated words. Simple essay with easy word. ***
.
Eng 2480 British Literature after 1790NameApplying Wilde .docxLinaCovington707
Eng
2480 British Literature after 1790
Name:
Applying Wilde to Wilde (100 points)
Instructions:
Discuss how Wilde applies the ideas of aestheticism and the arguments from
The Critic as Artist
to
The Importance of Being Earnest
. What notions of living to the fullest exist in the play? What notions of living intensely and passionately do the characters reinforce? How is the play (as a creative work) acting as a critical work, as well? What does the work critique?
This response should
be around 250 to 300 words,
not
including the quotes.
Always cite specifics from the texts
.
*NEED IT COMPLETED BY 8pm eastern
.
English 1C Critical Thinking Essay (6 - 6 12 pages, MLA 12pt font .docxLinaCovington707
English 1C: Critical Thinking Essay (6 - 6 1/2 pages, MLA 12pt font times new roman)
Due Date: (8/2/17)
Assignment: Consider one of the topics: I choose to propose my own topic. (received teacher's approval)
Requirements: Use 1-2 in class philosophical texts (I have them in the attachment) and 3-4 academic sources (requires research) to analyze, explore, and make connections to each other. Needs to have at least one quote in each body paragraph.
My proposed topic:
In class, my teacher he talks about a scenario where people from different cultures tend to have different views and values, but people who were raised in both cultures can have an internal conflict between their cultures, causing to choose one over the other, have a mix of both (as in a hybrid form of culture), or identify themselves to another culture that lies somewhere in between, or maybe even reject both cultures.
In Nietzsche's essay "On Truth and Lying in an Extra-Moral Sense", he says "for between two absolutely different spheres such as subject and object, there can be no expression, but as most an aesthetic stance, I mean an allusive transference, a stammering translation into a completely foreign medium. For this, however, in any case a freely fictionalizing and freely inventive middle sphere and middle faculty is necessary." In connection to people who have lived in two different cultures this inventive "middle ground” and “aesthetic stance” is essential for them to embrace their own set of values and beliefs.
For the research part of the essay, I wanted to explore people who have immigrated to another country from their own home country since a young age, for their development is heavily influenced by the struggles of living in multiple cultures. (I’m one of them myself). In sociology, Ruben Rumbaut was the first to coin the term “1.5 generation immigrant”, which means the people who have arrived in another country before their adolescence. Based on the age in which they immigrated, some of these immigrants might feel a stronger connection to a particular culture where some might feel they belong right in the middle, being unable to identify themselves to either of their ethnicities. (Just providing possible examples)
Optional (If there isn’t enough topics): Also for immigrants who might choose one culture over another. It can possibly relate to another philosophical text. In Plato’s “The Allegory of the Cave,” Aristotle argues that there are two mediums of knowledge that exists: the physical/sensory world(cave), where people(prisoners) are living happily in an illusion, and the intelligible world, where people can achieve a perfect form of knowledge through learning philosophy. For people, who have acquired the “perfect knowledge” of philosophy, when they go back to the sensory world, they will have a better and clearer perception of the world than those in the sensory world. They also have developed a responsibility of “quietly ruling” the people in the sensor.
ENGL 227World FictionEssay #2Write a 2-3 page essay (with work.docxLinaCovington707
ENGL 227
World Fiction
Essay #2
Write a 2-3 page essay (with works cited page) on one of the following topics:
1.
D.H. Lawrence “The Rocking Horse Winner”
·
Describe the relationship between mother and son in this story.
How is this relationship central to the story’s themes of luck,
money, and dysfunctional families?
2.
Shirley Jackson “The Lottery”
·
Describe the importance of tradition in the community depicted in this story. What does the author appear to be saying about its effects upon society?
3.
Franz Kafka “A Hunger Artist”
·
What is Kafka suggesting about the nature of the relationship between the artist and society?
Cite examples of the artist’s attitude toward his “art” and regulations as well as society’s changing attitude toward the artist.
4.
Clarice Lispector “The Smallest Woman in the World”
·
What does the story appear to be implying about the nature of human love?
Be sure to examine love as it is described in the narrator’s depiction of Little Flower as well as in her depiction of the various readers’ reactions to the story of Little Flower.
Relate this to the overall theme of the story.
5.
Jack London “To Build a Fire”
·
Examine the difference between actions based on knowledge and those based on instinct as depicted in the behaviors of the man and the dog.
What does London seem to be saying about the nature and the value of both approaches to navigating the world?
Relate this to Naturalism.
6.
Ernest Hemingway “Hills Like White Elephants”
·
Hemingway is famous for his “iceberg theory” of narrative in which sparse prose suggests deeper elements of character and theme.
What does the dialogue suggest about the two protagonists?
What is the attitude of each toward their predicament?
·
What will change, depending on how the predicament is resolved? How does each envision the possibility of a shared future? Be sure to support your interpretation with quotations and connect character with theme.
·
Examine how the story’s setting is related to character, theme, and action (conflict).
7.
Flannery O’Connor “A Good Man is Hard to Find”
·
Discuss O’Connor’s use of humor in this story.
What kind of tone is developed at the beginning of the story through humor?
How does the tone change as we move toward the story’s conclusion?
8.
Jorge Luis Borges “Emma Zunz”
·
Examine Emma’s attitude toward sexuality.
How does this attitude relate to the crime she commits?
Why does she decide to add a sexual component to her set-up of Loewenthal?
Consider the element of sacrifice.
9.
Raymond Carver “A Small, Good Thing”
·
Discuss the theme of communication in relationships in the story, including the Weisses, the baker, Doctor Francis, and Franklin’s family.
10.
Yukio Mishima “Patriotism”
While Takeyama waits for his wife to take a bath, he thinks, “Was it death he was now waiting for? Or wild ecstasy of the senses?
The two seemed to overlap, almost as if the object of his bodily desire was death itself.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
Developing a Progressive AdvocacyProgram Within a HumanS
1. Developing a Progressive Advocacy
Program Within a Human
Services Agency
Linda Plitt Donaldson, PhD
ABSTRACT. This paper brings together knowledge from
research and
practice to suggest a set of building blocks on which a
progressive advo-
cacy program could be developed within a human services
agency. Pro-
gressive advocacy is defined as advocacy motivated primarily
by a desire
for social change that addresses underlying structural and power
inequi-
ties that includes methods to meaningfully engage agency
clients or con-
stituents in all aspects ofthe advocacy process. The paper
concludes with
a case study showing the development of an advocacy program
within a
nonprofit homeless services agency and discusses the
constraints on its
development. Implications for research, education, and practice
are also
discussed. doi:10.1300/J147v32n02_03 [Article copies available
for a fee from
The Haworth Document Delivery Service: l-800-HAWORTH. E-
mail address:
<[email protected]> Website: <http://www.HaworthPress.com>
3. example, the
poverty movement, battered women's movement, and gay rights
move-
ment were enabled by the participation of nonprofit agencies
that served
the needs of those groups. This skewed view of nonprofits as
purveyors
of charity but not justice may lead important agency
stakeholders like do-
nors. Boards, Executive Directors, and staff, to the conclusion
that ad-
vocacy practice is neither worthwhile nor appropriate as a core
function
for human service agencies.
The purpose of this paper is to stimulate a greater understanding
of
the role and purpose of advocacy as a distinct program within a
human
service agency and to lay out a framework for developing one.
Advo-
cacy is defined as "any attempt to influence the decisions of any
institu-
tional elite on behalf of a collective interest" (Jenkins, 1987, p.
197). The
term progressive advocacy practice refers to advocacy that (1)
seeks to
address underlying structural and power inequities as distinct
from ad-
vocacy motivated by organizational interest, and (2) applies
strategies
that meaningfully engage clients or constituents in all aspects of
the ad-
vocacy process.
The paper begins by attempting to deepen the rationale for
4. nonprofit
human service agency advocacy practice by framing it in the
context of
a public policy making theory. After framing the context, the
paper of-
fers a set of core practice principles and building blocks for
developing
a progressive advocacy program within a human services agency
fol-
lowed by a case study illustiating the development of an
advocacy pro-
gram within a nonprofit multi-service agency serving people
who are
homeless. Although the agency does not achieve the ideal
progressive
advocacy model, its constraints demonstrate the challenges
embedded
in developing such a program. The paper concludes with a
discussion of
the implications for social work research, education, and
practice.
RATIONALE FOR ADVOCACY PRACTICE
WITHIN A HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY
Because of the front line nature of social work practice in
nonprofit
settings, the social work profession has a powerful opportunity
to assist
nonprofit human services agencies integrate progressive
advocacy func-
tions into their work. The profession's ethical obligation
(NASW, 1996) to
5. Linda Plitt Donaldson 27
engage in advocacy practice arises from the fact that the
populations
they serve are disproportionately reliant on government-funded
social
services. Furthermore, the degree to which these services do not
meet
sufficient measures of equity and adequacy have grave
consequences
for the quality of life of families and individuals in need. In
addition,
given their direct experience with addressing human needs,
social ser-
vice agencies have a unique perspective to speak authoritatively
about
the root causes of social problems, and they have access to the
true ex-
perts on the solutions to social problems, their clients, or as
they are re-
ferred to in this paper, their constituents.
Trends in public policy making and social service delivery
support
the need for nonprofit human service agencies to leverage the
knowl-
edge and expertise of their constituents and staff to advocate for
social
justice. The devolutionary trend of public policy making from
federal to
state and local governments may make the policy-making
process more
accessible to community-based agencies as local decision-
makers are
physically located closer to them as compared to federal policy
decision-
6. makers. However, devolving policy making to local
governments typi-
cally goes hand-in-hand with budget cuts or block grants which
freeze
funding levels and therefore require states and nonprofit
agencies to do
more with less during recessions, natural disasters, or other
catastrophic
events that may cause an increase in the demand for social
services and
support. Furthermore, in an environment of scarce and
diminishing re-
sources (exacerbated by the War in Iraq and the reconstruction
of the
Gulf Coast), advocates for safety net programs often compete
with each
other for funding, and also compete with other interests with
greater
power, privilege, and resources. Consequently, social workers
must work
even harder to unify and mobilize themselves and their
constituents to
advance more equitable systems without being pitted against
each other.
Finally, the privatization and commercialization of social
services add
greater complexity to the policy advocacy process in two ways.
First,
agencies advocating to change policies of the implementing
agency
may be challenging peer agencies and thereby straining pre-
existing
inter-agency relationships. Second, privatization may add an
extra level
of bureaucracy to the policy advocacy process, as advocates
may need
7. to first meet with third-party contractor decision-makers prior
to gov-
ernment decision-makers in the process of achieving a desired
reform.
Despite these compelling reasons, it is unclear how many human
service agencies actually engage in advocacy activities. In
1998,
only 1.5% of public charities reported lobbying expenses (Boris
&
Krehely, 2002), but lobbying is just one among many types of
activities
28 ADMINISTRA TION IN SOCIAL WORK
included in advocacy practice. Advocacy also includes tasks
such as,
educating, skill-^building, mobilizing, organizing, researching,
analyzing,
letter-writing, protesting, petitioning, awakening power,
building relation-
ships, convening, facilitating, etc., and most of these tasks
never cross the
line to the legal definition of lobbying or grassroots lobbying
(Avner,
2004; Alliance for Justice, 2004), therefore, nonprofit agencies
have a lot
of opportunity to advance a social change agenda without
engaging in
lobbying. •
Another unresolved question in the literature that examines
nonprofit
advocacy is the extent to which agency advocacy behavior is
8. motivated
by self or agency-interest, for example, to protect funding
sources, or do
agencies have a broader purpose to their advocacy agenda that
includes
addressing structural and power inequities. The answer to these
questions
is usually not an either/or, and advocacy can certainly be done
to serve
both purposes. However, the answer to these questions might
influence
the strategies and tactics agencies use in their advocacy
practice, that is,
whether or not the agency engages in progressive advocacy, or
advocacy
that is mostly expert-driven and motivated primarily by agency-
interest.
The Policy Cycle as Rationale
for Institutionalized Advocacy Practice
Human services advocacy practice has been described as a
peripheral
function typically characterized as "ad hoc" and " i n e p t . . .
lacking con-
tinuity and coherence" (Gibelman & Kraft, 1996, p. 49).
Howlett and
Ramesh (2003) present a five-stage model of the policy cycle
that includes:
(1) agenda-setting; (2) policy formulation; (3) policy decision-
making;
(4) policy implementation; and (5) policy evaluation.
Understanding the
tedious and complex nature of these five stages gives insight on
why ad
hoc approaches to advocacy simply will not make the systemic
9. changes
necessary for reforrn, and therefore provides some rationale for
struc-
turing a human services advocacy program with dedicated staff
and
resources.
For example, Kingdon (1995) and Jansson (2003) describe an
agenda-
setting process where three "streams" converge and push a
policy idea
through a window of opportunity, placing it on a shortlist for
policy
consideration. These streams include:
• a problem stream, where social issues come to the
consciousness
of policy makers through agitation by a constituent or
constituency
group, or by an event that focuses the nation's or a jurisdiction's
Linda Plitt Donaldson 29
attention on a social concern. For example, Hurricane Katrina
has
focused the attention of the nation on the intersection of race,
class,
and poverty in a way that hasn't entered the consciousness of
the
dominant culture since the 1960s;
• a political stream, where the sentiment of the general public,
or
change in political actors through the election cycles generate a
10. shift in values and/or priorities that might support a particular
pol-
icy position;
• a policy stream, in which policy experts generate a series of
feasi-
ble options to address a recognized public problem.
In an effort to facilitate the flow of complementary issues and
policy
options down their respective streams, Kingdon (1995)
describes the
"policy entrepreneur" (p. 179) who is an important actor, or set
of actors
working together, to put an issue into the public consciousness,
often
through a media strategy, to shape or bend public opinion
toward their
view of the social problem and potential solutions. In addition,
policy
entrepreneurs should also be working with policy actors at think
tanks,
universities, government administrations, and within their own
coali-
tions to develop one or more policy solutions that are
technically feasi-
ble and that anticipate and respond to constraints that may be
raised by
policy decision-makers. Consequently, a policy entrepreneur's
job is to
facilitate the development of: problems into public issues;
policy ideas
into feasible policy solutions; and a fractured political climate
into one
that is disposed to one's policy position. All of these
simultaneous ef-
11. forts require an enormous amount of relationship-building with
many
and varied actors within and on the fringes of the public making
policy
process to get an issue on the short list of policy decision-
makers.
Furthermore, after getting the issue on the short list for
consideration,
the policy entrepreneur's work continues in the political stream.
For ex-
ample, in the case of legislation, the policy entrepreneur must
continue
to work the various in and out-flows in the legislative process
to ensure
that support for the bill'grows, that House and Senate
committees schedule
hearings for and votes on the bill, that it gets reported out of
committee, and
gets scheduled for a floor debate. While the bill is moving
through the
legislative branch, the policy entrepreneur needs to ensure that
it will
not get vetoed when and if it gets to the President or the
Governor. Be-
fore and once a bill is passed and signed, the policy
entrepreneur must
work with the administrative branch and the bill supporters to
ensure
that regulations are properly written, implemented, and enforced
while
monitoring unintended and potentially damaging consequences.
Even if
12. 30 ADMINISTRA TION IN SOCIAL WORK
the law is implemented successfully, policy entrepreneurs and
their al-
lies must continue to ensure that programs created from the law
are
given proper funding and support each year.
These policy cycle activities do not even include the important
tasks of
constituent organizing or reflection activities that are integral to
progres-
sive advocacy practice. Therefore, this greater understanding of
what's
involved in policy change may give evidence to the need for
agencies to
invest in full-time staff and resources to support advocacy
practice. If
such agency activities are continued as an add-on responsibility
of Ex-
ecutive Directors or Development Directors advocacy will
continue to
result in ad hoc, reactive approaches which often serve to
maintain ex-
isting systems that perpetuate human suffering.
CORE PRACTICE PRINCIPLES
FOR DEVELOPING AN AD VOCACY PROGRAM
No single framework exists for institutionalizing a progressive
advo-
cacy program within a human services agency. Developing such
a pro-
gram depends on a variety of internal and external factors,
including:
the organization's lifecycle stage; the values and philosophies of
13. agency
stakeholders (board, staff, volunteer, community, constituents);
organi-
zational structure; agency mission; and the agency's external
political
and economic contexts. Therefore, different strategies will be
required
for moving an agency along the continuum from social service
to pro-
gressive advocacy practice based on those factors. For example,
the de-
velopmental issues described by Stevens (2001) in her seven-
stage
nonprofit hfecycle model is a useful tool for managers and
capacity-
builders to consider, in relation to other contextual factors,
when integrat-
ing and deepening building blocks for a progressive advocacy
program.
Similarly, different models of integrating social service and
social change
functions will also emerge. For example, social service agencies
may
wish to partner with a grassroots community organizing project
to en-
gage and mobilize their constituents rather than build internal
capacity
for organizing. However, some universal core practice
principles for de-
veloping a progressive advocacy program are:
• Start Where the Agency Is: In direct social work practice,
clinicians
stress the principle of "starting where the client is" (Hepworth,
Rooney, & Larsen, 2002, p. 49), based on research showing that
14. Linda Plitt Donaldson 31
client readiness for change is an important consideration in the
helping process. This same principle holds true in efforts to
engage
organizations in change, particularly when introducing
programs
that seek social change which may challenge stakeholder
percep-
tions of the mission and puipose of human service agencies and
expose real or perceived vulnerabilities to funders.
A starting point for many human service agencies consider-
ing advocacy as a core function is one of providing direct
services
only, such as emergency services or mental health services. To
be-
gin moving further along the continuum toward a social service
agency with fully-integrated progressive advocacy program, one
must do a thorough assessment of the organization's readiness
for
change and develop a strategy according to a particular change
model. Appendix lists some characteristics of an ideal human
ser-
vices agency with a fully integrated progressive advocacy
program.
However, the view of what is ideal is subjective and that ideal
end-
point is part of the agency assessment process.
Leverage Knowledge and Expertise of Service Program Staff:
Good
advocacy is grounded in agency service and constituent experi-
ences. Therefore, it is incumbent on the advocacy staff to
ensure
15. that their advocacy is being done in support of and in
coordination
with the service programs by communicating regularly with ser-
vice staff through meetings or e-mail to share information and
to
engage them in advocacy activities.
Leverage the Knowledge and Expertise of Constituents: The
great-
est social change resource of any human service agency is its
constituents. Most agency constituents know more about social
prob-
lems than people with formal education but no experience living
with those issues. In addition, agency constituents also have
ideas
for solutions that are grounded in real community and life
experi-
ence and therefore have more meaning and practical appli cation.
Work in Coalitions: In addition to being a building block for
devel-
oping an advocacy program, working in coalitions is an
important
principle to consider when developing an advocacy program.
Join-
ing a coalition is often a first step to agency engagement in
advo-
cacy. Agency leadership beginning to explore integrating
advocacy
as a core function often think of attending a monthly coalition
meet-
ing as a low-investment toward learning the policy issues.
Only Practice Advocacy in Agency's A rea of Expertise: As
agencies
become known for their advocacy work and policy positions,
they
may be asked to speak about areas that are related to but beyond
16. 32 ADMINISTRATION IN SOCIAL WORK
their areas of expertise. In such cases, agencies should resist the
temptation to give visibility to their agency by responding affir -
matively to such requests. It is more important to be authentic
and
true to your area of competence and share opportunities for
visibil-
ity with complementary agencies.
These core principles form the foundation for the building
blocks
that comprise a progressive advocacy program within a human
services
agency. These building blocks are discussed in the next section.
BUILDING BLOCKS FOR DEVELOPING
AN ADVOCACY PROGRAM
WITHIN A HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY
The following framework describes the building blocks for a
pro-
gressive advocacy program within a human service agency. The
build-
ing blocks do not have to be put down in the order in which
they are
depicted in Figure 1. Consequently, they are not assigned
numbers to
help convey the idea that they can be swapped out and
rearranged based
on an agency's individual context. For example, the building
blocks, as
depicted, might convey that agency leadership that is supportive
17. of pro-
gressive advocacy is the foundation for a strong advocacy
program. In
fact, the literature shows that agency leadership is an important
predictor
of nonprofit advocacy practice. However, some agencies may
find that
meaningful opportunities to reflect on the structural causes that
bring
people in for services form the early foundation for an agency's
pro-
gressive advocacy practice.
Moreover, the building blocks should not infer that functions
should
be done internal to the agency. For example, an agency may
want to bring
in a consultant to facilitate reflections with staff and volunteers
or part-
ner with a grassroots community organizing group to engage
constitu-
ents in social change activities. What are important are the
functions,
not whether they are done internal to agency or in partnership
with an
external agency. Finally, Figure 1 shows the building blocks in
3-D
to convey the idea that there are degrees of depth or solidity to
each
block. For example, an agency whose constituent involvement
includes
a single seat on the Board and one opportunity per year to give
input on
agency priorities might reflect a thin or fairly hollow building
block, as
compared to an agency with a fully developed community
18. organizing
program.
Linda Pütt Donaldson 33
FIGURE 1. Building Blocks* for Developing a Progressive
Advocacy Program
in a Human Services Agency
Regular Opportunities for Reflection
* Institutionalized Practices for Meaningful Constituent
Involvement
Active and Meaningful Participation in Coalitions
Full-Time Staff Devoted to Advocacy
Diversified Funding Portfolio
Agency Leadership Fully Supportive of Progressive ,
Alvocacy Activities
*A core practice principle in developing a progressive
advocacy program is to meet the agency where it is.
Therefore:
• Building blocks can be developed in any order,
simultaneously, and to varying degrees;
• In reality, building blocks are always evolving
and getting stronger, deeper, and more solid over
time;
19. • Building blocks do not have to exist internal to
the agency, e.g., agencies may partner with an
organizing project to actively and meaningfully
engage constituents in social change rather than
have a CO program internal to the agency.
34 ADMINISTRATION IN SOCIAL WORK
Description of Building Blocks
• Advocacy Leadership Fully Supportive of Progressive
Advocacy
Activities: Leadership is a critical factor for transforming
nonprofit
social service agencies into agents of social change
(OMBWatch,
2002; Cohen, 2001; Donaldson, 2004). Gibelman and Kraft
(1996)
stated that "leadership, vision, and commitment on the part of
the
social welfare managers, etc are critical ingredients for building
the necessary foundation for effective advocacy" (p. 57).
Salamon
(1995) suggested that another factor influencing agency
advocacy
behavior is "leadership that seeks to return agencies to their
advo-
cacy roots" (p. 15). Saidel and Harlan (1998) found that
leadership
was a key factor influencing the advocacy activities of an
organi-
zation, and De Vita et al. (2004) identiñed leadership as the link
between an organization's capacity and its policy activities.
20. • Leadership, whether it is the Board of Directors, the Executive
Di-
rector, and/or the senior management team, needs to believe in
the
importance of advocacy, partly because it is so difficult to see
its
effects in the short term. Support from agency leadership can be
demonstrated by having advocacy functions written into the
mis-
sion statement, vision statement, and goals ofthe agency,
structur-
ing them with dedicated staff, and having a Board public policy
to
enhance and support the advocacy functions of the agency.
• Diversified Funding Portfolio: As local governments continue
to
try to reduce costs through privatization and contracting out
social
service functions, human service agencies are becoming more
reliant
' on government funding. The literature is divided on whether or
not
government funding impedes or enhances advocacy. Some
research
shows that government funding enhances advocacy (Donaldson,
2004; Kramer, 1994, 1985; Salamon, 1995; OMBWatch, 2002;
McCarthy & Castelli, 1997; Sosin, 1986; Gronbjerg, 1993).
Other
scholars find that government funding curbs agency advocacy
be-
havior (Smith & Lipsky, 1993; Wolch, 1990; Alexander, Nank,
&
Stivers, 1999; O'Connell, 1994; Wong, 1993; Reinelt, 1994;
Hudson,
21. 1998a; Epstein, 1981). A critique of these studies is that none
teases
out the motivation for the advocacy, that is, whether it is
motivated
by self-interest (organizational survival) or to create a more
inclusive
and just society (progressive advocacy). Either way, multiple
fund-
ing sources contribute to greater agency autonomy.
• Full-Time Staff Devoted to Advocacy: The activities
associated
with the policy cycle and constituency organizing offer a strong
Linda Plitt Donaldson 35
rationale for agencies to dedicate full-time staff to such
activities.
As mentioned above, most human service agency advocacy
activi-
ties are done as an add-on and often unwritten functions of a
pre-existing staff position, for example, the Executive Director,
a
Program Officer, or Resource Developer. When an agency's
only
advocacy activities are embedded within another position, those
activities tend to be ad hoc and unsystematic, and can be
demoraliz-
ing and overwhelming to the staff person doing them. An
agency
can be stuck in this phase for many years as it educates board
mem-
bers about the importance of advocacy, and fundraises for an
advo-
22. cacy position. Some agencies may even feel sufficiently
satisfied at
this level of advocacy activity. However, to move agency
advocacy
practice beyond an ad hoc stage, agencies must hire at least one
full-time person experienced in advocacy and social change
practice
and may be more, depending on various factors including the
size of
the agency, the variety of service programs offered, and the
viability
of issue coalitions, and other internal and external conditions.
Until
the philanthropic community embraces their role in funding
advocacy
and other social change actiyities, agencies will most likely
need to
fund progressive advocacy practice through their general
operat-
ing budget. Activities complementary to progressive advocacy
that
may be more palatable to grant makers are those associated with
civic engagement, leadership development, and community
devel-
opment.
Active and Meaningful Participation in Coalitions: Human
service
agencies and their constituents are competing with special
interests
with much greater financial resources and therefore easier
access to
policy decision-makers. Human service agencies can
demonstrate
power by building coalitions, which can be a terrific means for
col-
lective strategizing and advocacy practice. Coalitions have the
23. benefit
of pooling the resources of its members to lessen the burden on
any
one; they provide cover from potential retribution by the
advocacy
target, and also filter the avalanche of information received
through
the growing mass of media sources. Numerous studies detail the
importance of coalitions for advocacy (Kaufman, 2001; Libby &
Austin, 2002; Mizrahi & Rosenthal, 2001 ; Nelson, 1994;
Roberts-
DeGennaro, 1997; Tefft, 1987). Mizrahi and Rosenthal (2001)
iden-
tified four key success factors for coalitions: competent
leadership,
commitment, contribution, and conditions. Consequently,
partici-
pation in coalitions should support the flourishing of these fo.ur
characteristics.
36 ADMINISTRA TION IN SOCIAL WORK
• Institutionalized Practices for Meaningful Constituent
Involvement:
More research is needed to assess the degree to which even
agen-
cies that value advocacy as a core function engage its
constituents
in those efforts. One typology of advocacy strategies
(Donaldson,
2004) categorizes them as elite, mass, or empowerment. Elite
strate-
gies are those in which agency staff visit elected officials,
partici-
24. pate in policy working groups, and represent agency at
coalitions.
Mass strategies involve things like petitioning, protesting,
rallying,
letter-writing, and civil disobedience. Empowerment strategies
in-
clude skill-building and educating agency constituents;
engaging
them in building agency advocacy agenda; providing
transportation
for advocacy activities, and so on. In this study of 43 human
service
agencies, even agencies that engaged in advocacy seldom used
empowerment strategies in their practice. The choice of elite
over
empowerment strategies may be rooted in a variety of pragmatic
considerations. Use of all strategies is important, but
meaningful
constituent engagement is a crucial component of progressive
ad-
vocacy practice.
• Regular Opportunities for Reflection: Reflective practice is a
term
used by multiple disciplines to describe a process where
practitioners
meet together regularly to critically examine the theories,
values,
norms, and current contexts underlying their practice and how
they
inform the practice models and techniques they use. Although
more research is needed which examines the role of reflection
in
transforming agency cultures from social service to social
change,
regular opportunities for staff, volunteers, and constituents to
25. re-
flect together on the structural inequities and -isms at the root
of
human needs may raise consciousness about the need for institu-
tionalized progressive advocacy practice at the agency.
MOVING FROM SOCIAL SERVICE TO SOCIAL JUSTICE:
A CASE STUDY
The road toward building on social service to affect social
change is
different for every agency depending on a variety of internal
and exter-
nal factors. This case study of how an agency developed an
advocacy
program does not end with an agency that meets the ideal, but
one that
reached its peak advocacy capacity in terms of its internal and
external
constraints and is still evolving today. Despite the constraints,
the agency
Linda Plitt Donaldson 37
grew from one with an ad hoc advocacy program to one with an
institu-
tionalized program that included constituent involvement.
Agency Context and Birth of Advocacy Program
In 1993, Hope for the Homeless (HH)^ was a 23-year-old
community-
based homeless services agency located in an eastern urban
center with
26. a population of roughly 500,000 people. Between 1970 and
1993, the
agency's services expanded to address a range of needs for
people who
were homeless, including substance abuse treatment, housing,
medical
and dental services, socialization programs for the elderly, and
services
for people with mental illness. By 1993, the agency operated
more than
20 programs, employed more than 100 full-time staff, benefited
from
thousands of volunteers, and was supported by a multi-million
dollar
budget from diverse sources. In 1993, more than 80% of its
budget was
supported through private sources, including individual
donations, church
contributions, and private foundations.
In 1978, although HH is a secular organization, not associated
with
the local Catholic archdiocese, the founding Executive Director
was re-
placed by a Catholic priest with a Master's in Social Work,
years of ex-
perience running social service programs, and deeply held
values for
social justice. Moreover, he was a very savvy fund-raiser and
was able
to leverage his non-secular persona to raise money and
volunteer sup-
port. Under his leadership, the agency grew from a soup kitchen
with one
full-time staff person and two volunteers to a comprehensive,
multi-
27. million dollar social services agency for people who are
homeless.
In November 1993, a social worker with an advocacy/organizing
in-
terest was hired to provide direct services to residents in one of
HH's
long-term single room occupancy (SRO) housing programs. The
SRO
rents were subsidized through a local Section 8 program called
the Ten-
ant Assistance program (TAP). Within six months, the residents
began
receiving notices that the TAP program was being cut, so rent
subsidies
would no longer be available, and consequently all 93 residents
of the
program were at risk of returning to homelessness. The story of
how the
residents organized and successfully saved the TAP program is
docu-
mented elsewhere (Donaldson, 2004). However, an outcome
ofthe Save
TAP campaign was the formation of a grassroots organizing
group called
Citizens About Real Empowerment. Through the rest of her
employ-
ment in the SRO, the social worker met weekly with CARE, and
with the
help of HH's legislative aide, conducted a series of political
education
workshops. Following the political education workshops, CARE
took
28. 38 ADMINISTRATION IN SOCIAL WORK
on several other grassroots organizing activities, including
establishing
an orange hat patrol, saving a bus line, and testifying on
numerous other
issues associated with homelessness and poverty. The formation
of
,CARE was one way in which HH institutionalized constituent
involve-
ment in advocacy.
In the summer of 1995, the SRO social worker moved into the
legis-
lative aid position and negotiated new responsibilities for the
position
that were solely related to advocacy practice, and the position
was re-ti-
tled. Advocacy Coordinator (AC). The Executive Director fully
sup-
ported more sustained advocacy efforts and gave the AC a great
deal of
autonomy in selecting the issues in which the agency would
engage.
Furthermore, he supported her continued work with CARE.
Conse-
quently, the advocacy program at HH was born out of the
confluence of
four key factors:
1. Agency leadership (embodied in the ED) valuing and
supporting
the role of advocacy as a core function;
2. An experienced and passionate staff person dedicated full -
time to
29. advocacy and empowerment practice;
3. A growing rate of homelessness and undeniable needs that
required
systemic change only affected through advocacy and
organizing;
4. Documentation of need through the service experiences of the
agency enabling the AC to leverage the knowledge, expertise,
and
statistics of the various agency programs to support advocacy
ar-
guments.
Elynn (1992) writes that "advocacy capability must be
developed over
time," and leadership that valued advocacy and investment in a
full-
time position were essential to the birth ofthe advocacy
program. How-
ever, the AC had a lot to do to begin growing the program, and
her steps
in growing the capacity of the program are detailed below.
Developing the Advocaey Program
Developing organizational capacity can include hiring staff,
raising
money, finding volunteers, buying technology, organizing
constituents,
and developing knowledge and skills. The initial focus of
developing
the advocacy program centered around gaining knowledge about
the
political landscape to better understand the key elected and
appointed
30. city officials, and the personalities in and history ofthe key
stakeholder
groups engaged in advocacy around homelessness and poverty.
To gain
Linda Plitt Donaldson 39
this knowledge, the AC engaged in a series of activities over the
first 3-6
months.
• Surveyed Political Landscape
o Met with seasoned advocates who had years of experience
engag-
ing elected and appointed leaders and working in coalitions.
These advocates educated her about the personalities and idio-
syncrasies of the key players. Knowing more about the
personali-
ties of elected and appointed officials was very important in
tailoring advocacy messages; understanding the formal and
infor-
mal communications channels associated with particular offices
or positions; coordinating the right composition of an advocacy
team for office visits, and so on. In addition, their knowledge of
coalition politics was helpful to avoid getting caught in political
confiicts rooted in coalition history and personality differences.
° Met with all Council members and/or their human services
legis-
lative aides, and some Executive agency staff. The primary and
stated purpose of these meetings was to reintroduce key
political
actors to HH and its new advocacy staff person. The secondary
31. and unstated purpose of these meetings was to build
relationships
and to gain first-hand experience with the government officials
working with issues of homelessness and poverty.
o Regularly Attended and Became Active in Key Coalition
Meet-
ings. The AC immediately began to attend key coalition meet-
ings, and was careful to mostly listen to ideas and initiatives to
get a sense of the coalition dynamics. In the end, tasks support-
ing the agenda of the key coalitions became the focus of much
of
the work of the AC, particularly as they converged with the
priori-
ties of CARE and the work of the agency.
• Surveyed Media Landscape. The AC began to pay careful
attention
to stories and editorials related to homelessness and poverty
that ap-
peared in the primary print media. She created a filing system to
clip
and save relevant news articles, and stored in her rolodex the
names
and contact information of various reporters who covered home-
lessness and poverty issues. These contacts were useful when
trying
to engage media in coalition or agency-planned actions.
• The AC also planned to listen (and sometimes call in) to a
weekly
local radio show specifically geared toward local politics where
de-
cision-makers were often guests and they or their staff were
known
to be part of the listening audience. Coalition partners were
32. useful
40 ADMINISTRA TION IN SOCIAL WORK
in monitoring numerous media outlets, including community
and
ethnic newspapers, and local TV news stations.
• Negotiated Investment in Technology. In 1995, Internet and e-
mail
• capacity was limited to one or two staff people who needed
this
technology to transfer funds or do fund-raising. Arguing that e-
mail
and Internet access would increase productivity and
effectiveness of
advocacy efforts, the AC was able to secure the installation of a
line
to her computer and split the cost of her personal e-mail account
with the agency to use it for advocacy activities. A few years
later,
the agency invested in this technology for the entire agency.
Modest Expansion of the Advocacy Program
The above activities describe the initial steps taken as HH's
advocacy
program emerged. In 1998, the AC assumed additional
responsibilities
related to direct services, but was able to negotiate hiring
another full-
time staff person in the Advocacy Department to work with
CARE and
33. expand coverage on issues. In August 2000, the Advocacy
Department
started a social justice program to conduct facilitated exchanges
with
agency volunteers who served meals in the dining room. The
objective
of the Social Justice Program was to help volunteers reflect on
the struc-
tural inequities at the core of the condition of the homelessness
they
witnessed in the dining room. The Social Justice Coordinator
(SJC) de-
veloped a series of reflections around various topics related to
homeless
and the agency experience. The advocacy staff hoped that
volunteers
could be mobilized to support the social change activities of the
Advo-
cacy Department, but these hopes did not materialize for a
variety of
reasons discussed later in the paper. In addition to engaging
dining room
volunteers in reflections, the SJC conducted educational
workshops out-
side the agency and with new staff as part of their employee
orientation.
The social worker who developed HH's advocacy program left
the
agency in August 2003, but the department continued to be led
by a
committed and competent social worker. In a subsequent
strategic plan-
ning process, advocacy emerged as a top priority for agency
investment
and support. The growth of the advocacy department at HH is a
34. testament
to the agency's commitment to supporting advocacy as a core
agency
function. By 2003, the staff included 2.5 full-time staff,
including one
person working part-time with CARE. This staff enabled the
active in-
volvement and often leadership in a number of coalitions across
the city
and facilitated the work of CARE to effect change in local
housing
authority policies. In addition, the SJC was able to conduct
hundreds of
Linda Plitt Donaldson 41
facilitated reflections with volunteer and community groups on
issues of
poverty and homelessness. The positive evaluations from those
work-
shops demonstrated that they provoked critical thinking on the
issues
among the participants, although the long-term and
transformative out-
comes of those reflection opportunities are not known. In spite
of the
overall success of the department, advocacy practice had not yet
reached
an ideal model, and some of the limitations in achieving that
ideal are
described below.
LIMITATIONS ON ACHIEVING
PROGRESSIVE ADVOCACY PROGRAM
35. The case study shows how a homeless services agency
integrated ad-
vocacy practice as a core departmental function. However,
although it
contained the six building blocks of a progressive advocacy
program,
several factors prevented the building blocks from reaching
their full
depth, thereby limiting the extent to which the department fully
represented
a progressive advocacy program. Each of these factors is
described below.
Need for Greater Leadership Commitment
The existence of an advocacy program reflects the support of
the Ex-
ecutive Director and the senior management team. From 1993 to
2003,
the Board never appeared interested in the agency's advocacy
activities
and staff perceived this to be positive given the Board
composition. For
example, some perceived the Board as fully embracing HH's
charity role,
but much less comfortable with a social change role. The
Board's faith
and trust in the ED allowed him to give resources to this
function with
very little explanation. While the lack of Board involvement
helped to
stave off objections to the advocacy work, it also prevented the
leverag-
ing of the contacts and resources of individual Board members.
Prior to
36. 2003, advocacy was never reflected in the agency mission,
vision, or
value statements. However, after a 2003-2004 strategic planning
pro-
cess, "advocacy on behalf of the poor" and "empowering the
people we
serve" were listed as agency values. One might observe that the
phrase
"advocacy on behalf of the poor" reflects a paternalistic lens
toward cli-
ents rather than a lens equal partnership and responsibility for
social
change.
42 ADMINISTRA TION IN SOCIAL WORK
More Investment in Constituency Engagement
Over the years, a general hesitancy by the leadership to fully
embrace,
support, and unleash the power of agency constituency w as
demon-
strated in the low resources given to develop CARE membership
(half-
time staff), and the degree of internal advocacy required to
maintain
agency support for CARE as a mechanism to develop
constituent lead-
ership and political involvement. Efforts to expand and
institutionalize
constituent involvement agency-wide throughout all programs
was con-
tinually not supported by agency leadership. For example, the
AC sub-
37. mitted a concept paper for an agency-wide program where each
agency
program would run a political education group where program
partici-
pants could gather to share grievances and work collectively to
address
them. The concept paper included a timeline for implementation
and de-
scribed the power that such an effort could yield, but the
Executive Di-
rector did not see the value it would bring to the agency for the
required
investment. Despite repeated efforts to phase in an integrated
constituent
engagement program throughout agency programs, those efforts
failed
in the face of competing agency priorities and limited resources.
Vulnerability to Eunders
In addition, although agency leadership gave the advocacy
department
tremendous autonomy in selecting and framing the issues it
worked on,
leadership also asked the department to engage in advocacy to
address
agency interests, for example, protecting funding or adverse
effects
from proposed legislation or regulations. Over the years, the
advocacy
department would come under closer scrutiny and tighter
control b y .
agency leadership when the advocacy department targeted its
efforts
against potential funding sources. Even though the agency had
highly
38. diverse funding sources, it still felt hesitant about "biting the
hand that
fed it," even if the portions were quite small.
Small Department Relative to Agency Size
and Diversity of Constituent Needs
By the time the founding advocacy director left, the department
had
grown to include 21/2 full-time staff, and a program budget of
roughly
$150,000, approximately 1.5% of the agency's $10 million
operating
budget. Only one of the staff was doing advocacy full-time, the
other full-
time staff person split her time between CARE and the Social
Justice
Linda Plitt Donaldson 43
program. The Advocacy Director worked half-time doing
advocacy
while supervising other programs, including an emerging
housing de-
velopment department. Consequently, for a large agency with
more than
30 programs, additional staff were needed to adequately address
all of
the issues experienced by the entire agency's Constituenc y. For
example,
although the agency was active in numerous coalitions or
working groups
related to homelessness, housing, health care, substance abuse
treatment,
39. and income security, it was not active in coalitions for the
elderly, men-
tal health, workforce development, and many other iireas that
intersect
with homelessness. Additional staff were needed to actively
participate
and drive other advocacy priorities, and to also spend time
meaningfully
engaging constituents seeking services in all agency programs.
Minimal Opportunities for Reflection
The Advocacy Department envisioned offering social justice
reflec-
tions as a regular package of development workshops extended
to agency
staff. However, although new staff were asked to participate in
one re-
flection as part of their orientation, additional opportunities to
reflect
more deeply on homelessness were not provided as a regular
option for
staff based on a cost-benefit perception.
CONCLUSION
Developing an advocacy program in a human services program
re-
quires strong leadership, diverse funding sources, and full -time
staff
dedicated to advocacy. Achieving a progressive advocacy
program re-
quires agency commitment to awakening the power in the
constituency
it serves, strengthening it through leadership development,
allowing con-
40. stituent priorities to drive the agency's advocacy agenda, and
building
power through coalitions. Providing opportunities for staff,
volunteers,
and constituents to reflect on the advocacy practice and/or the
conditions
which bring about human need may re-energize movements,
deepen
understanding, and renew energy and creativity for the ongoing
work of
social change.
More research on each one of these factors as it relates to
human ser-
vice agency advocacy is needed. Possible research questions
include:
What leadership styles and characteristics lend themselves to
integrating
a progressive advocacy program at human service agencies?
What meth-
ods can be used to cultivate and nurture social change leaders?
Does
funding from local governments affect nonproflt human service
advocacy
44 ADMINISTRATION IN SOCIAL WORK
directed toward local policy decisions? Does funding source
change the
shape, motivation behind, and purpose of nonprofit human
service
advocacy? How do you integrate participatory decision-making
models
into social service and social change organizations in a way that
41. advances
task-centered goals? What is the best way to link community
organizing
and social service activities for social change? How do we
evaluate advo-
cacy and constituent development activities? Does reflection on
under-
lying causes of human needs truly create a commitment to social
change
practice within participants, and what are the factors that create
that
change? What are the stages in the organizational
transformation process
from social service to social change, and what does it take to
move agen-
cies along that continuum?
Research findings on organizational characteristics related to
advocacy
could be applied to developing social work and nonprofit
management
curricula that advance advocacy practices and inform the
development
of institutional models that support a mission of social justice.
For ex-
amples, social work curricula should include content on
participatory
decision-making, popular education, and other tools to help
students
learn how to meaningfully engage constituents in policy
processes.
Foundation year social work should include a course on policy
practice
that includes analyzing policies, developing an advocacy
strategy, en-
gaging in various tactics, and using media to advance advocacy
42. mes-
sages. The dual focus of the social work profession to service
and
justice should be stressed and infused throughout the foundation
year.
Social work students should learn about how racism and other
forms of
oppression have been constructed and discuss strategies to
begin to de-
construct these inequities through policy and organizational
structures.
Management courses should include content on transformational
lead-
ership (Burns, 1978) or other leadership styles that go beyond
manage-
ment and embrace leadership for a shared purpose. Implications
for
social work practice include the importance of nonprofit human
service
agency leadership to integrate and strengthen the building
blocks for
progressive advocacy practice. Social workers at entry and mid-
levels
should be prepared to advocate for and support efforts within
their own
agency to develop these building blocks.
Gibelman and Kraft (1996) stated that in light of government's
ever-
decreasing investment in social welfare programs, "advocacy
needs to be
institutionalized and strengthened as a program of service" (p.
43) more
than ever. Social workers make up a large share ofthe staff
employed by
human service agencies. Consequently, social work educators
43. have a
responsibility to develop within social work students an
appreciation
Linda Plitt Donaldson 45
for integrating direct service and macro practice functions. As
the na-
tion continues to shift its priorities and dollars away from
domestic is-
sues and toward global threats, the devolutionary trend of
government
service programs will only worsen. Social work educators and
others
who care about social justice must act now to prepare those
working
with disenfranchised populations how to argue for policies and
pro-
grams that uplift and empower people.
NOTES
1. Direct lobbying involves communicating directly with a
policy decision-maker to
express an opinion about specific or proposed legislation.
Grassroots lobbying in-
volves communicating the agency's opinion about specific or
proposed legislation to
the general public, including a call to action.
2. The agency name has been changed.
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doi: 10.1300/J147v32n02_03
48 ADMINISTRA TION IN SOCIAL WORK
APPENDIX
Ideal Characteristics of a Human Service Agency
with a Fully Integrated Progressive Advocacy Program
1. Advocacy/social change activities are written into the
mission statement,
vision statement, and core values of the agency;
2. The agency budget has a line-item supporting at least one or
more full-
time staff people to carry out activities of the advocacy
department.
3. The advocacy department has the support of a
communications officer
to help frame media messages, plan and implement a
communications
strategy to support advocacy goals, and develop relationships
with print
media reporters and TV/radio personalities.
4. The advocacy program is valued equally to service functions
(as dem-
onstrated on organizational chart and in resource allocation
practices);
51. 5. Institutionalized practices exist to build the agency advocacy
agenda
from constituent experiences and priorities. For example,
service pro-
grams could run weekly popular education and current affairs
groups
that could be a vehicle for airing and building a strategy to
address col-
lective grievances. This strategy could inform and dri ve the
overall
agency advocacy agenda.
6. Regular opportunities for staff and volunteers to reflect on
structural in-
equities and "isms" which underlie the reasons their
constituents seek
services.
7. The agency has mechanisms to mobilize donors, volunteers,
constitu-
ents, and other key stakeholders to advance a social change
agenda.
8. The agency board has a policy or advocacy committee which
gives sup-
port to advocacy activities, including giving solicited advice,
making
strategic phone calls, visiting elected officials, and mobilizing
their own
well-placed contacts.
9. A strategic planning process that meaningfully includes
constituents
and staff at all levels where building an advocacy agenda and
action
52. ' plan are one of the focus areas.
10. A diversified funding portfolio to minimize dependency on
one or two
funders.