Determination of Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in Urban and Rural Households using Anthropometric Measurements: A Case Study of Kabarnet Division, Kenya
Food security has currently received a lot of attention globally but particularly in the developing
countries Since the first World Food Conference of 1974, the main focus has shifted from global and national to
household and individual food security and from food availability to food accessibility. However, food
insecurity is still a challenge. UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 239 million people in subSaharan
Africa were hungry/undernourished in 2010. Additionally, Sub- Saharan African countries had an
increase in the average prevalence of stunting of children less than five years of age, with the number
increasing from 35 million in 1980 to 47 million in 1995. This number is expected to rise to over 49 million by
2015. This study thus aimed to investigate the nutritional status of pre-school children in urban and rural
households of Kabarnet division, Baringo district. This was done to ascertain the current health and nutritional
status of the Kenyan preschoolers population at large.The study was conducted in Baringo County which is in
the Rift Valley region in Kenya.The study population was all pre-school children aged 3 to 5 years (36-60
months) living in households within the selected locations in Kabamet division of Baringo County.Using the
national prevalence levels of stunting of 33.1% for BaringoCounty, a sample size 340 respondents was
chosen.For anthropometric data collection, measurements were taken twice during the study (i.e. first and
second surveys). These measurements included height, body weight and mid-upper arm circumference of the
sampled children.Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version
21. The findings indicated that there existed a high level of food insecure households (57.2%) in the second
survey which was a clear indication of the food security problem. Rural households (REL) were less (7.5%) food
secure than urban (UKM) households (12.5%) three months after harvest. In both surveys most of the food
secure households had an average daily income of more than Kshs. 100.Malnutrition levels in Kabarnet division
were high among the pre-school children in both surveys. Both male and female children were equally
malnourished. However, higher rates of stunting were reported among male children in both surveys. The study
recommends that programs and interventions, which are aimed at improving household food security and
malnutrition among pre-school children in Kabamet division, BaringoCounty, should be put in place to include
both rural and urban households
Determinants of children's nutritional status among primaryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of primary school children from farming households in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Anthropometric data was collected from 175 children aged 5-11 through surveys of their parents. The data showed high rates of malnutrition among the children based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Regression analysis found that factors like the mother's education, child's sex, household size and income, and living conditions were significantly associated with the child's nutritional status. The study concluded that many children suffered from issues like obesity, stunting and wasting, and recommendations were made to address the high levels of malnutrition among this group.
Effect of family structure on nutritional status of pre school children (2 – ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effect of family structure on the nutritional status of 300 pre-school children in rural Nigeria. The majority of children had married parents from monogamous families with 4-5 family members. Anthropometric measurements found most children had normal weight and height, though 25% were stunted and 35% were obese. Regression analysis indicated that a child's position as the first or second born and living in a polygamous family significantly influenced their weight-for-age. A child's position also influenced their height-for-age and weight. The age of parents and single parent families significantly influenced children's BMI.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
Analysis of the significance of fishing on food security status ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the significance of fishing on food security status of rural
households around Lake Ziway and Lake Langano in Ethiopia. 344 rural households were surveyed, with 179
being fishing households and 165 being non-fishing households. Food security was measured using a food
security index calculating daily per capita calorie availability and requirements. Propensity score matching
methods were used to estimate the average treatment effect of fishing on food energy intake, accounting for
observable and unobservable factors. Results found that fishing households had significantly higher food energy
intake compared to non-fishing households, indicating the positive impact of fishing on household food security.
The study suggests promoting income diversification and
Early-Life Undernourishment in Developing Countries: Prevalence, Impacts over...Young Lives Oxford
This document summarizes a presentation on early-life undernourishment in developing countries. It discusses the prevalence of undernutrition in young children, the impacts of early-life undernutrition over the life cycle based on data from nutritional studies in Guatemala and other countries. It also examines determinants of early-life nutrition and production relationships. The presentation outlines the prevalence of undernutrition, long term impacts on outcomes like education, economic productivity, and health based on longitudinal studies, and conclusions.
This study assessed the nutritional status of school-age children in urban slums in India. The researchers found high rates of malnutrition, with over 30% of children wasted and nearly 20% stunted. Younger children, those from joint families, and those whose mothers had low education levels were most at risk. Interventions like nutrition education and food fortification were recommended to address the poor nutritional status found.
Determinants of children's nutritional status among primaryAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the nutritional status of primary school children from farming households in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Anthropometric data was collected from 175 children aged 5-11 through surveys of their parents. The data showed high rates of malnutrition among the children based on weight-for-age, weight-for-height, and height-for-age. Regression analysis found that factors like the mother's education, child's sex, household size and income, and living conditions were significantly associated with the child's nutritional status. The study concluded that many children suffered from issues like obesity, stunting and wasting, and recommendations were made to address the high levels of malnutrition among this group.
Effect of family structure on nutritional status of pre school children (2 – ...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effect of family structure on the nutritional status of 300 pre-school children in rural Nigeria. The majority of children had married parents from monogamous families with 4-5 family members. Anthropometric measurements found most children had normal weight and height, though 25% were stunted and 35% were obese. Regression analysis indicated that a child's position as the first or second born and living in a polygamous family significantly influenced their weight-for-age. A child's position also influenced their height-for-age and weight. The age of parents and single parent families significantly influenced children's BMI.
Assessment of nutritional status of household members in a rural nigerian pop...Alexander Decker
This study assessed the nutritional status of household members in 50 rural Nigerian households comprising 202 individuals. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. Results showed 56% of households obtained food through market purchases and homegrown sources, while 22% relied solely on market purchases. Food was mostly distributed individually (42%) or collectively (32%). Fathers received the largest share of food (36%), followed by mothers (30%). Nutritional status revealed high rates of underweight children (67.2%) but normal weight parents (55.4%). Male-headed households had better nutritional status. The study concluded improper food allocation led to high rates of malnutrition among this population.
Analysis of the significance of fishing on food security status ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study analyzing the significance of fishing on food security status of rural
households around Lake Ziway and Lake Langano in Ethiopia. 344 rural households were surveyed, with 179
being fishing households and 165 being non-fishing households. Food security was measured using a food
security index calculating daily per capita calorie availability and requirements. Propensity score matching
methods were used to estimate the average treatment effect of fishing on food energy intake, accounting for
observable and unobservable factors. Results found that fishing households had significantly higher food energy
intake compared to non-fishing households, indicating the positive impact of fishing on household food security.
The study suggests promoting income diversification and
Early-Life Undernourishment in Developing Countries: Prevalence, Impacts over...Young Lives Oxford
This document summarizes a presentation on early-life undernourishment in developing countries. It discusses the prevalence of undernutrition in young children, the impacts of early-life undernutrition over the life cycle based on data from nutritional studies in Guatemala and other countries. It also examines determinants of early-life nutrition and production relationships. The presentation outlines the prevalence of undernutrition, long term impacts on outcomes like education, economic productivity, and health based on longitudinal studies, and conclusions.
This study assessed the nutritional status of school-age children in urban slums in India. The researchers found high rates of malnutrition, with over 30% of children wasted and nearly 20% stunted. Younger children, those from joint families, and those whose mothers had low education levels were most at risk. Interventions like nutrition education and food fortification were recommended to address the poor nutritional status found.
This study examined malnutrition among school-aged children in rural and urban areas of two districts in Ethiopia. The researchers collected anthropometric and dietary intake data from 886 children and analyzed differences in stunting and thinness between settings. The prevalence of stunting was higher in rural (42.7%) versus urban (29.2%) areas. In rural areas, factors associated with stunting included recent fever, consumption of animal foods, and family cattle ownership. In urban areas, only older age and the head of household's education were associated with stunting. Thinness was linked to household size and rice farming in rural communities and animal food intake and head of household literacy in urban communities. The study found varying factors impacting malnutrition
This study examined the nutritional status of adolescent girls in urban and rural areas of Ethiopia. It found:
1) Stunting was significantly more prevalent in rural girls (40.9%) compared to urban girls (17.8%).
2) While underweight and overweight rates were similar between urban and rural girls, urban girls had significantly higher mean height-for-age and BMI-for-age scores.
3) Malnutrition affected both urban and rural girls, but stunting was a particular problem for those living in rural areas, indicating a need to address nutritional issues facing adolescent girls in different settings.
Nutritional status of boarding and non boarding children in selected schools ...Alexander Decker
This study assessed and compared the nutritional status of boarding and non-boarding children aged 8-10 years in selected private schools in Accra, Ghana. A total of 124 children participated, with 94 being non-boarders and 30 boarders. Anthropometric measurements and 24-hour dietary recalls were collected. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was low at 0.8% each, while overweight and obesity were higher at 12.1% and 11.3%, respectively. Nutrient intakes of calcium and energy were inadequate for many children. No significant differences were found in nutritional status or nutrient intakes between boarding and non-boarding children.
This study examined how women's bargaining power and control over household assets affected adoption of biofortified orange sweet potatoes (OSP) in Uganda. Data was collected through surveys of households that participated in an agricultural development project promoting OSP. The results showed that women played an important role in deciding to adopt and grow OSP, often jointly with their husbands. Adoption was highest when plots were jointly controlled but women led crop choices. Adoption was lowest when plots were under exclusive male control. Higher female control over non-land assets correlated with higher child vitamin A intake, showing women's role in nutrition. The project successfully increased child vitamin A consumption regardless of women's asset control.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
This study assessed awareness levels about immunization programs among low socioeconomic families in rural West Bengal. A survey was conducted covering 590 children aged 1-5 years. The results showed that mothers had higher awareness than other family members. Factors like education level, caste, occupation, family size and distance from health centers influenced immunization rates. Full immunization was higher for males (56%) compared to females (23%). Children supported by integrated child development services had significantly higher full immunization (75%) than non-supported children (30%). The study concluded immunization awareness among rural families needs to be improved, especially for females and disadvantaged groups.
Subsistence and commercialisation: contributions of NTFPs to food security an...CIFOR-ICRAF
NTFPs (non-timber forest products) can contribute to food security and nutrition by providing micronutrients from both plant and animal sources, acting as a "safety-net" during times of need, and increasing dietary diversity. However, commercialization of NTFPs risks decreased local availability, a shift to purchased foods lower in nutrients, and unequal distribution of benefits. Market integration is often associated with a "nutrition transition" involving both undernutrition and overnutrition. While income from NTFP commercialization could improve diets, it does not always, and education is needed alongside. Maintaining NTFPs as foods has potential to address micronutrient deficiencies while preserving traditional food systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mohieldin et al. - Unknown - The impact of feeding practices on prevalence of...Moawia Alshiek
- An estimated 9.5 million children under 5 died in 2006, with two-thirds of deaths occurring in the first year of life. Undernutrition contributes to 35% of child deaths.
- Nearly 20 million children under 5 suffer from severe acute malnutrition, most living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Proper nutrition in infancy and early childhood is essential for growth, health and development.
- Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of illness and mortality in children under 5. Up to 70% of diarrheal episodes may be foodborne. Food contaminated during processing can transmit diarrheal diseases and is a major factor in malnutrition.
The effect of household characteristics on child mortality in ghanaAlexander Decker
- The study examined the relationship between household characteristics and child mortality in Ghana using 2011 survey data.
- Key findings were that child mortality rates varied significantly by region, with the highest rates in the northern regions and the lowest in the eastern region. Mortality was also higher in rural areas, among mothers with lower education levels, and children who were not breastfed.
- Factors most strongly associated with increased child mortality were mothers' education levels, breastfeeding practices, number of children ever born, region of residence, and materials used for house floors. Household structure, water source, and toilet facilities were not related to child mortality.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Web of a problem exclusive breastfeeding ratesDenise Breheny
This document discusses factors that contribute to low rates of exclusive breastfeeding in the United States. It begins by outlining the Healthy People 2010 goals for breastfeeding initiation and duration, which have not been met. Major health organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. The document then examines reasons why mothers experience difficulties breastfeeding and cease breastfeeding, such as breast discomfort, perceptions of insufficient milk, lack of support, and the need to return to work. Identifying groups at higher risk, like low-income mothers and those returning to work, can help address barriers and improve breastfeeding outcomes.
Higher maternal educational attainment is associated with decreased exclusive breastfeeding and increased use of formula in both urban and rural Peru. Exclusive breastfeeding rates are significantly higher in rural versus urban mothers across all education levels. Urban mothers also report higher use of other fluids in addition to breastfeeding compared to rural mothers. Targeted breastfeeding campaigns should focus on mothers with higher education and those in urban areas to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices.
Jonathan Wells
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The New Nutrition Reality: Time to Recognize and Tackle the Double Burden of Malnutrition!
DEC 1, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:15 AM EST
Assessing the Food Security Determinants among Rural Households in Kano, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Food security is a serious challenge in Nigeria as a whole and Kano in particular. Numerous factors combine to make households food insecure, especially the rural households in Kano State. The aim and objective of the study is to indicate the food status of the rural households and identify the major determinants of food security in the region. Using a sample size of 326 rural households from eight local government areas in Kano, this study assessed the food security of rural households through a food security index (FSI). A binary regression was applied to identify the factors that determine food security in rural Kano. The FSI result revealed that 60% of the rural households are food insecure. Binary regression outcome revealed that age of household head, education, involvement in farming, farm size, expenditure, livestock ownership, household size and income of household members were found to be statistically significant factors. It is suggested that household heads, especially males, should curtail the size of the household; women in the study area need to be educated on the basic nutritional requirements and minimum standards of hygiene so that households; food security could be improved.
This study examined malnutrition among school-aged children in rural and urban areas of two districts in Ethiopia. The researchers collected anthropometric and dietary intake data from 886 children and analyzed differences in stunting and thinness between settings. The prevalence of stunting was higher in rural (42.7%) versus urban (29.2%) areas. In rural areas, factors associated with stunting included recent fever, consumption of animal foods, and family cattle ownership. In urban areas, only older age and the head of household's education were associated with stunting. Thinness was linked to household size and rice farming in rural communities and animal food intake and head of household literacy in urban communities. The study found varying factors impacting malnutrition
This study examined the nutritional status of adolescent girls in urban and rural areas of Ethiopia. It found:
1) Stunting was significantly more prevalent in rural girls (40.9%) compared to urban girls (17.8%).
2) While underweight and overweight rates were similar between urban and rural girls, urban girls had significantly higher mean height-for-age and BMI-for-age scores.
3) Malnutrition affected both urban and rural girls, but stunting was a particular problem for those living in rural areas, indicating a need to address nutritional issues facing adolescent girls in different settings.
Nutritional status of boarding and non boarding children in selected schools ...Alexander Decker
This study assessed and compared the nutritional status of boarding and non-boarding children aged 8-10 years in selected private schools in Accra, Ghana. A total of 124 children participated, with 94 being non-boarders and 30 boarders. Anthropometric measurements and 24-hour dietary recalls were collected. The prevalence of stunting and underweight was low at 0.8% each, while overweight and obesity were higher at 12.1% and 11.3%, respectively. Nutrient intakes of calcium and energy were inadequate for many children. No significant differences were found in nutritional status or nutrient intakes between boarding and non-boarding children.
This study examined how women's bargaining power and control over household assets affected adoption of biofortified orange sweet potatoes (OSP) in Uganda. Data was collected through surveys of households that participated in an agricultural development project promoting OSP. The results showed that women played an important role in deciding to adopt and grow OSP, often jointly with their husbands. Adoption was highest when plots were jointly controlled but women led crop choices. Adoption was lowest when plots were under exclusive male control. Higher female control over non-land assets correlated with higher child vitamin A intake, showing women's role in nutrition. The project successfully increased child vitamin A consumption regardless of women's asset control.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
This study assessed awareness levels about immunization programs among low socioeconomic families in rural West Bengal. A survey was conducted covering 590 children aged 1-5 years. The results showed that mothers had higher awareness than other family members. Factors like education level, caste, occupation, family size and distance from health centers influenced immunization rates. Full immunization was higher for males (56%) compared to females (23%). Children supported by integrated child development services had significantly higher full immunization (75%) than non-supported children (30%). The study concluded immunization awareness among rural families needs to be improved, especially for females and disadvantaged groups.
Subsistence and commercialisation: contributions of NTFPs to food security an...CIFOR-ICRAF
NTFPs (non-timber forest products) can contribute to food security and nutrition by providing micronutrients from both plant and animal sources, acting as a "safety-net" during times of need, and increasing dietary diversity. However, commercialization of NTFPs risks decreased local availability, a shift to purchased foods lower in nutrients, and unequal distribution of benefits. Market integration is often associated with a "nutrition transition" involving both undernutrition and overnutrition. While income from NTFP commercialization could improve diets, it does not always, and education is needed alongside. Maintaining NTFPs as foods has potential to address micronutrient deficiencies while preserving traditional food systems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mohieldin et al. - Unknown - The impact of feeding practices on prevalence of...Moawia Alshiek
- An estimated 9.5 million children under 5 died in 2006, with two-thirds of deaths occurring in the first year of life. Undernutrition contributes to 35% of child deaths.
- Nearly 20 million children under 5 suffer from severe acute malnutrition, most living in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Proper nutrition in infancy and early childhood is essential for growth, health and development.
- Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of illness and mortality in children under 5. Up to 70% of diarrheal episodes may be foodborne. Food contaminated during processing can transmit diarrheal diseases and is a major factor in malnutrition.
The effect of household characteristics on child mortality in ghanaAlexander Decker
- The study examined the relationship between household characteristics and child mortality in Ghana using 2011 survey data.
- Key findings were that child mortality rates varied significantly by region, with the highest rates in the northern regions and the lowest in the eastern region. Mortality was also higher in rural areas, among mothers with lower education levels, and children who were not breastfed.
- Factors most strongly associated with increased child mortality were mothers' education levels, breastfeeding practices, number of children ever born, region of residence, and materials used for house floors. Household structure, water source, and toilet facilities were not related to child mortality.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Web of a problem exclusive breastfeeding ratesDenise Breheny
This document discusses factors that contribute to low rates of exclusive breastfeeding in the United States. It begins by outlining the Healthy People 2010 goals for breastfeeding initiation and duration, which have not been met. Major health organizations recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months. The document then examines reasons why mothers experience difficulties breastfeeding and cease breastfeeding, such as breast discomfort, perceptions of insufficient milk, lack of support, and the need to return to work. Identifying groups at higher risk, like low-income mothers and those returning to work, can help address barriers and improve breastfeeding outcomes.
Higher maternal educational attainment is associated with decreased exclusive breastfeeding and increased use of formula in both urban and rural Peru. Exclusive breastfeeding rates are significantly higher in rural versus urban mothers across all education levels. Urban mothers also report higher use of other fluids in addition to breastfeeding compared to rural mothers. Targeted breastfeeding campaigns should focus on mothers with higher education and those in urban areas to promote exclusive breastfeeding practices.
Jonathan Wells
POLICY SEMINAR
Virtual Event - The New Nutrition Reality: Time to Recognize and Tackle the Double Burden of Malnutrition!
DEC 1, 2020 - 09:30 AM TO 11:15 AM EST
The double burden of malnutrition: Etiological pathways and consequences for ...
Similar to Determination of Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in Urban and Rural Households using Anthropometric Measurements: A Case Study of Kabarnet Division, Kenya
Assessing the Food Security Determinants among Rural Households in Kano, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Food security is a serious challenge in Nigeria as a whole and Kano in particular. Numerous factors combine to make households food insecure, especially the rural households in Kano State. The aim and objective of the study is to indicate the food status of the rural households and identify the major determinants of food security in the region. Using a sample size of 326 rural households from eight local government areas in Kano, this study assessed the food security of rural households through a food security index (FSI). A binary regression was applied to identify the factors that determine food security in rural Kano. The FSI result revealed that 60% of the rural households are food insecure. Binary regression outcome revealed that age of household head, education, involvement in farming, farm size, expenditure, livestock ownership, household size and income of household members were found to be statistically significant factors. It is suggested that household heads, especially males, should curtail the size of the household; women in the study area need to be educated on the basic nutritional requirements and minimum standards of hygiene so that households; food security could be improved.
Influence of Mothers’ Participation in Intra-Household Decision Making on Nut...Hudu Zakaria
The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on the nutritional status of their children. The paper relied solely on analysis of data for Northern Region of Ghana, collected as part of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future population baseline survey conducted in 2012. Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in examining mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on children’s weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height which were used as proxies for children’s nutritional status. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Region is still far from achieving the MDG 1 target of attaining 1.8% malnutrition prevalence rate, as stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence rates among children in the region were found to be 27%, 25% and 13% respectively. The analysis also found mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making, ownership and control of household resources as significant in influencing positively children’s nutritional status. Increasing participation and power of women in intra-household decision making process are imperative in improving children nutritional status and reducing malnutrition prevalence among children under five years. It is therefore recommended that programmes and projects aimed at promoting sustainable nutritional wellbeing among children should consider empowering mothers of children so as to promote their status and barging power in intra-household decision making process.
Exploring dietary diversity, nutritional status of adolescents amongfarmhouse...Olutosin Ademola Otekunrin
Purpose –This study aims to explore dietary diversity (DD) and nutritional status of adolescents among rural farm households in Southwestern Nigeria. It analyses whether higher commercialization levels of farm households translate to better nutrition. Design/methodology/approach –This study was conducted in Ogun and Oyo States of Southwestern Nigeria, using primary data from352 farm households with a total of 160 adolescent members. The individual version of dietary diversity score (DDS) of nine food groups was used to calculate adolescent DDS over a 24-h recall period. World Health Organization AnthroPlus software was used in analyzing adolescents’ anthropometric data (height-for-age z-score and body mass index-for-age z-score) while household crop commercialization index (CCI) was estimated for each farm household. Separate logit models were used to examine thedriversof adolescents’ DDandmalnutrition. Findings –Thestudyfindings indicated that 100% of the adolescents consumed starchy staples while 0%, 3.1% and 12.5% consumed organ meat, milk/milk products and eggs, respectively. Results revealed that 74.1%and21.2%ofboyswerestuntedandthinwhiletheprevalenceinadolescent girls was 50.7%and9.3%, respectively. Prevalence of stunting was found to be very high (60%–83%) in all the four CCI levels’ households indicating that belonging to highly commercialized households (CCI 3–4) may not necessarily translate to better nutrition of adolescent members. Food expenditure (p < 0.01) and access to piped water (p <0.01) negatively influenced adolescents’ stunting mainly because of lower expenditure on food items and lower percent of household having access to piped water, respectively, while education (p < 0.01) had positive effects on adolescents’ DD. Originality/value –Previous studies have contributed to the body of knowledge concerning the link between agricultural commercialization and nutrition using under-five children of the households. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the influence of CCI on DDSandnutritional status of adolescent members of farm households in Nigeria. This study fills this existing knowledge gap in investigating adolescents’ DD and malnutrition among smallholder farm households.
Association Between Bio-fortification and Child Nutrition Among Smallholder H...Premier Publishers
This study examined the relationship between biofortification and child stunting in Uganda using panel data from 6 districts over 3 years. A panel logistic regression was estimated to study the association between child stunting and household production of biofortified crops. The results confirmed a strong association between production of biofortified varieties and reduced child stunting. Other factors associated with lower stunting included male gender, older child age, higher birth weight, greater dietary diversity, more education of caregiver, better antenatal care, smaller household size, and better access to water and livestock. The findings provide empirical support for Uganda's policies promoting biofortified crops to address malnutrition.
Hidden hunger among pre schoolers in matisi peri-urban location, tran-nzoia d...Alexander Decker
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Productive Safety Net Program Determinants and their Impact on Rural Household Food Security in Somali Regional State: The Case of Kebri Dehar District) Ethiopia
Prevalence of malnutrition_and_associated_factors_AmanualNuredin
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This document provides background information and outlines the objectives and methodology for a study on acute malnutrition among children aged 6-59 months in Ewa district, Afar region, Ethiopia. Specifically:
- It discusses the high prevalence of malnutrition in Ethiopia and Afar region.
- The general objective is to assess the prevalence of acute malnutrition and associated factors, while specific objectives are to determine malnutrition prevalence and identify associated factors.
- A cross-sectional study will be conducted at health centers, collecting data from caregivers and anthropometric measurements of children. Factors like socioeconomics, childcare, maternal health, and environment will be examined.
- 113 children will be sampled proportionally from health centers
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Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on rural household food security in Kebri Dehar District. The study used surveys of 334 households and statistical analyses. It found that factors like household size, age of the head, and distance to markets influenced decisions to participate in PSNP. Propensity score matching analysis found that PSNP participation increased household calorie intake by 214.5 Kcal/Adult/Day, indicating a positive impact on food security. The study concluded PSNP significantly improved food security for participating rural households in the district.
1. The study evaluated the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on rural household food security in Kebri Dehar District.
2. A binary logit model and propensity score matching were used to analyze factors influencing participation in the PSNP and the impact of participation on food security, respectively.
3. The results found that household size, age of the household head, and distance to market influenced decisions to participate in the PSNP. Participating households had 214.5 more kilocalories per adult per day than non-participating households, indicating the PSNP had a positive and significant impact on rural household food security.
1. The study evaluated the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) on rural household food security in Kebri Dehar District.
2. Using survey data from 334 households, the study found that factors like household size, age of the household head, distance to market, and livestock ownership influenced decisions to participate in the PSNP.
3. The results of a propensity score matching analysis showed that households participating in the PSNP had 214.5 more kilocalories per adult per day on average compared to non-participating households, indicating that the PSNP had a positive and significant impact on rural household food security.
Food Security in Africa: challenges and policy options to ensure Africa's futureCIMMYT
Presentation by Dr. Kwadwo Asenso-Okyere (IFPRI) at Wheat for Food Security in Africa conference, Oct 8, 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Determination of Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in Urban and Rural Households using Anthropometric Measurements: A Case Study of Kabarnet Division, Kenya
1. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME)
e-ISSN: 2320–7388,p-ISSN: 2320–737X Volume 5, Issue 5 Ver. I (Sep. - Oct. 2015), PP 46-52
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/7388-05514652 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
Determination of Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in
Urban and Rural Households using Anthropometric
Measurements: A Case Study of Kabarnet Division, Kenya
Robert M. Aming’a
Department of Science Education
University of Eldoret, Kenya
aminga2006@yahoo.com
Charlotte A. Serrem
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
University of Eldoret, Kenya
charlottejes@gmail.com
Grace M. Mbagaya
Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
University of Eldoret, Kenya
mbagayag@gmail.com
Abstract: Food security has currently received a lot of attention globally but particularly in the developing
countries Since the first World Food Conference of 1974, the main focus has shifted from global and national to
household and individual food security and from food availability to food accessibility. However, food
insecurity is still a challenge. UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 239 million people in sub-
Saharan Africa were hungry/undernourished in 2010. Additionally, Sub- Saharan African countries had an
increase in the average prevalence of stunting of children less than five years of age, with the number
increasing from 35 million in 1980 to 47 million in 1995. This number is expected to rise to over 49 million by
2015. This study thus aimed to investigate the nutritional status of pre-school children in urban and rural
households of Kabarnet division, Baringo district. This was done to ascertain the current health and nutritional
status of the Kenyan preschoolers population at large.The study was conducted in Baringo County which is in
the Rift Valley region in Kenya.The study population was all pre-school children aged 3 to 5 years (36-60
months) living in households within the selected locations in Kabamet division of Baringo County.Using the
national prevalence levels of stunting of 33.1% for BaringoCounty, a sample size 340 respondents was
chosen.For anthropometric data collection, measurements were taken twice during the study (i.e. first and
second surveys). These measurements included height, body weight and mid-upper arm circumference of the
sampled children.Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version
21. The findings indicated that there existed a high level of food insecure households (57.2%) in the second
survey which was a clear indication of the food security problem. Rural households (REL) were less (7.5%) food
secure than urban (UKM) households (12.5%) three months after harvest. In both surveys most of the food
secure households had an average daily income of more than Kshs. 100.Malnutrition levels in Kabarnet division
were high among the pre-school children in both surveys. Both male and female children were equally
malnourished. However, higher rates of stunting were reported among male children in both surveys. The study
recommends that programs and interventions, which are aimed at improving household food security and
malnutrition among pre-school children in Kabamet division, BaringoCounty, should be put in place to include
both rural and urban households.
Key Words: Nutritional Status, Urban and Rural Households, Anthropometric Measurements.
I. Introduction
Since the World Food Conference of 1974, food security has received a lot of attention particularly in
the developing countries (Maxwell& Slater, 2003). The main focus has shifted from global and national to
household and individual food security and from food availability to food accessibility (Barrett& Maxwell,
2007).
Studies conducted by Nakabo-Ssewanyana (2003) and UNDP (2010) have indicated that everyday
about 1 billion people in developing countries go without food. For instance, in South Asia one person in four
goes hungry while in sub-Saharan Africa it is as high as one in three. UN Food and Agriculture Organization
estimates that 239 million people in sub-Saharan Africa were hungry/undernourished in 2010 (UNDP, 2010;
Fields, 2015). In Kenya more than three-quarters of food insecure people are in rural areas and half of these live
in farm households in marginal lands such as Baringo district where this study was done (Von Braun, 2007;
Ngugi&Nyariki, 2005).
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There are important differences between household food security issues in rural and urban areas. As
indicated in some studies (Nakabo-Ssewanyana, 2003; UNDP, 2010; Melgar-Quinonezet al., 2007), household
food security in urban areas is primarily a function of the real wage rate and of the level of employment. The
deplorable health environment in poor urban areas sometimes makes the urban food security situation
qualitatively different from the rural situation (Von Braun, 2007). Although the prevalence of food insecurity is
lower in urban areas than in rural areas, urban poverty with chronic food insecurity will become an increasingly
important problem in the future (Maxwell, 1999; Ruelet al., 1998).
Globally, the number of stunted children declined from 221 million in 1980 to 100million in 2010
(Blacket al., 2013). Sub- Saharan African countries had an increase in the average prevalence of stunting of
children under five years of age, with the number increasing from 35 million in 1980 to 47 million in 1995
(Grantham-McGregoret al., 2007). This number is expected to rise to over 49 million by 2015 (Von Braun,
2007). The Eastern Africa region is the most affected in sub-Saharan Africa. Between the period 1980-2000, the
number of stunted pre-school children increased from about 12.9 million to 24 million. This trend is estimated to
continue, leading to about 25 million stunted children by 2015 (Bhutta& Black, 2013).
One of the major goals of the Kenyan government is to improve the quality of life of its population
(Godfrayet al., 2010). It is the government’s policy that nutrition objectives are considered in development
projects and that priority is given to collection and analysis of information on nutritional status of the population
so that programs to eliminate nutritional deficiencies may be designed (GoK, 2007). However, according to the
Welfare Monitoring Surveys (WMS) as at 2006, Baringo district had 33.1% of pre-school children stunted,
11.3% were acutely wasted and 31.0% were underweight (Muoki, 2012). The Kenya Demographic and Health
Survey (KDHS, 2003) findings indicated that 31% of pre-school children in Kenya were stunted with 11 %
being severely stunted. Compared to national levels, the results of the KDHS (2003) showed no significant
improvement in percentages of stunting, under nourishment and underweight in Baringo district (UNICEF,
2010; KDHS, 2003). Prevention of malnutrition becomes more feasible and cost effective if the groups at risk
are identified in time and the causes of malnutrition are clearly understood. Against this background, there is a
need to continually investigate the underlying causes of child malnutrition in different communities and settings.
Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of pre-school children in urban and
rural households of Kabarnet division, Baringo district. This was done to ascertain the current health and
nutritional status of the Kenyan preschoolerspopulation at large.
II. Methodology
The study was conducted in Baringo County which is in the Rift Valley region in Kenya. The county
has a population of 555,561 (2009 census) and an area of 11,075.3 km2
(4,276.2 sq mi) (KNBS, 2013). The
county is occupied by the Tugen, Pokot and Njemps.A cross-sectional study was conducted in the two locations
(Rural Ewalel Location- REL and Urban Kabarnet Municipality-UKM) of BaringoCounty.
The study population was pre-school children aged 3 to 5 years (36-60 months) living in households
within the selected locations in Kabamet division of BaringoCounty.The sample size was determined as
recommended by Wittes (2002). Using the national prevalence levels of stunting of 33.1% for Baringocounty
(KDHS, 2003), a sample size 340 respondents was chosen.
A structured interview was used to get qualitative data from the mothers/caregivers of the pre-school
children involved in the study. In addition, the mother/caregiver reported the age of the child. The reported age
was cross-checked from either the immunization cards/birth certificates or birth notification certificates.
For anthropometric data collection, measurements were taken twice during the study (i.e. first and
second surveys). These measurements included height, body weight and mid-upper arm circumference of the
sampled children. The measurements were taken at the children’s home under a shade. For all measurements
heavy clothes were removed. The children wore only light clothes. Two research assistants worked together to
ensure correct positioning of the child for accurate and reliable results. After positioning the child each
researcher took the measurements separately and the two sets were compared. If there was no difference it was
recorded as correct. Whenever there was a difference, which exceeded the pre-set limit of ten millimeters in
height and five hundred grams in weight, the measurements were repeated and the average measurement was
recorded.
The height was taken while the child stood on a horizontal surface against a wall with heels together,
chin tucked and stretched upwards to full extent and the head in the 'Frankfurt plane’. The hands and arms
hanged relaxed and the feet flat on the ground. While in the same standing position, the Mid-upper arm
circumference was taken with the participants in a standing position. The participant’s arms hanged relaxed just
away from the trunk. The measurements were taken perpendicularly on the axial line of the upper arm at the
level marked for the triceps skin fold. Measurements were done with reinforced plastic tapes in duplicate and
accurate to the nearest 0.1cm. The cutoff point was put at 9.0cm. The body weight was measured by digital
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pressure sensitive bathroom scale precise to nearest 0.1kg. The weighing scale was calibrated regularly with
standard weights.
Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for
windows 2007.
III. Results And Discussion
Socio-demographic characteristics
The study established the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as these are likely to
influence household food security, diet and nutritional status of the pre-school children. The findings of the
study showed that majority of the households in REL 146 (91.3%) and UKM 121 (75.6%) were male- headed
(Table 1).UKM had more female-headed households 39 (24.4%) compared to REL households, which had 14
(8.7%). All the respondents (mother/care giver) in the urban households were employed unlike the rural
households, which had 10 (6.3%) of the respondents unemployed. This implies that majority of respondents
(24.4%) in the urban areas were employed compared to their counterparts in the rural areas (8.7%). Most of the
respondents were in full time employment (68.1% for REL and 75.6% for UKM).The results also indicated that
all the respondents had formal education with most having attained high school education (66.3% for REL and
60.6% for UKM households). About a third (29.4%) of UKM household heads had formal education beyond
high school. Majority of the respondents in UKM and REL households (70% and 68% respectively) were
married. In UKM households a bigger number (52%) of the study children belonged to the age category 45-51
months.
Table 4.1: The socio-demographic characteristics of the households
Variable description UKM (n= 160) REL (n=160)
Frq % Frq %
Household head
Male 121 75.6 146 91.3
Female 39 24.4 14 8.7
Occupation of mother/caregiver
Off farm employment _ _ 39 24.3
Permanent employment 121 75.6 109 68.1
Casual employment 39 24.4 2 1.3
Unemployed - - 10 6.3
Level of education of mother/caregiver
Beyond high school 47 29.4 39 22.5
High school 97 60 106 66.3
Lower/upper primary 16 10 18 11.3
Age categories of the study children
36-44 months 32 20 29 18
45-51 months 83 52 90 56
52-60 months 45 28 41 26
Marital status of the respondents
Married 112 70 109 68
Single 29 18 35 22
Nutritional status during the two surveys
According to the findings of the study, pre-school children in the first survey had stunting, wasting and
underweight levels of 34.1%, 9.8% and 31.2% respectively (Table 2).
Table 2: Nutritional status during the two surveys
Survey Height-for- age (stunting)
-2SD
Weight-for- height (wasting)
-2SD
Weight-for- age
(underweight)
-2SD
First survey
(n=320)
34.1 9.8 31.2
Second survey
(n=320)
34.3 11.7 32.0
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In the second survey the pre-school children had stunting, wasting and underweight levels of 34.3%, 11.7% and
32.0% respectively. Generally the results show that the preschool children were more malnourished in the
second survey as indicated by the t-test (Table 3). The t-tests show that at the significance level of 0.05, stunting
p = 0.045, wasting p = 0.000 and underweight p = 0.029. This means there was a significant difference of
means of the levels of nutritional status of pre-school children between the two surveys. It means the nutritional
status of the pre-school children were significantly different during the two surveys. The percentage of wasting
was particularly high in the second survey.
Table 3: t-test for nutritional status during the 2 surveys
Nutritional
status per
survey
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Std.
Diff
Std. Error
Diff
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Height-for-age
(stunting)
Equal
variances
assumed
2.55 0.11 1.436 638 0.045 -0.791 6.92E-02 0.655 2.547
Weight-for-
height
(wasting)
Equal
variances
not
assumed
1.26 0.00 3.406 638 0 -0.661 6.92E-02 0.655 2.547
Weight-for-age
(Underweight)
Equal
variances
assumed
1.55 0.11 2.2 638 0.029 -0.641 6.92E-02 0.655 2.547
Nutritional status in REL and UKM households
The findings of the study indicate that the percentage of stunting, wasting and underweight in the first
survey for UKM households was 11.1%, 4.6% and 11.9% respectively (Table 4). REL households had 23.0%,
5.2% and 19.3% percentages of stunting, wasting and underweight respectively in the first survey. Pre-school
children from REL households were more malnourished in the first survey. Stunting was 11.1% and 23.2% for
UKM and REL households’ pre-school children respectively in the second survey. Wasting was 5.7% and 6.0%
for UKM and REL households’ pre-school children respectively in the second survey. Underweight was 12.3%
and 19.7% for urban and rural households’ pre-school children respectively in the second survey. Both surveys
indicate that the pre-school children from REL households were more malnourished than those in UKM
households. The percentages of stunting, wasting and underweight rose in both UKM and REL households in
the second survey.
Table 4: Nutritional status in REL and UKM households during the two surveys
Surveys Location Height-forage
(stunting) -2SD
Weight- for- height
(wasting) -2SD
Weight-forage-
(underweight)-2SD
1st
survey (n=320) UKM (n=160) 11.1 4.6 11.9
REL (n=160) 23 5.2 19.3
2nd
survey (n=320) UKM (n=160) 11.1 5.7 12.3
REL (n=160) 23.2 6 19.7
The results (Table 5) show that at the significance level of 0.05, stunting p = 0.045, wasting p = 0.030 and
underweight p = 0.029. This means there was a significant difference in means of nutritional status of pre-school
children between REL and UKM households in the first survey. It indicates that there were significant
differences in the nutritional status of pre-school children in REL and UKM households in the first survey.
5. Determination of Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in Urban and Rural Households using
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Table 5: t-test for location of a household and nutritional status during the 1st
surveys
Nutritional status
per survey
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Std.
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Height-for-age
(stunting)
Equal
variances
assumed
2.547 0.111 1.006 638 0.045 -0.491 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Weight-for-height
(wasting)
Equal
variances
not
assumed
1.256 0.001 8.436 638 0.03 -0.567 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Weight-for-age
(Underweight)
Equal
variances
assumed
1.547 0.111 9.996 638 0.029 -0.7 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
The results (Table 6) show that at the significance level of 0.05, stunting p - 0.001 wasting, p = 0.000 and
underweight p = 0.009. This means that there was a significant difference of means of nutritional status of pre-
school children between REL and UKM households in the second survey. It indicates that there were significant
differences in the nutritional status of pre-school children in REL and UKM households in the second survey.
Table 6: t-test for Location of a household and nutritional status during the second survey
Nutritional
status per
survey
F Sig. t df Sig.
(2-
tailed)
Mean Std.
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Height-for-age
(stunting)
Equal
variances
assumed
3.588 0.111 1.536 638 0.001 -0.871 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Weight-for-
height (wasting)
Equal
variances
not
assumed
1.256 0.001 1.006 638 0.000 -0.861 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Weight-for-age
(Underweight)
Equal
variances
assumed
1.547 0.111 1.500 638 0.009 -0.811 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Nutritional status by age category by survey
The findings of the study indicate that in the first survey, stunting was high among the 52-60 month
olds (15.1%) (Table 7). Wasting was high among the 36-44 month old (4.2%). Underweight was noted in the
45-51 month old (18.2%). In the second survey, stunting was still higher among the 52-60 month old (15.2%).
Wasting was high among the 36-44 and 45-51 month old (4.5%). Underweight was highest among the 45-51
month old (18.3%). The results reveal a high prevalence of malnutrition among preschool children aged 36-60
months in Kabamet division.
Table 7: Nutritional status by age category during the two surveys
Survey Age
category in months
Height-for-age
(stunting)-2SD
Weight-for- height
(wasting) -2SD
Weight-for-age
(underweight)-2SD
1st
survey 36-44 10.3 4.2 7.0
45-51 8.7 3.8 18.2
52-60 15.1 1.8 6.0
2nd
survey 36-44 10.2 4.5 7.4
45-51 8.9 4.5 18.3
52-60 15.2 2.7 6.3
Nutritional status by sex by survey
According to the findings of the study, in the first and second surveys stunting was high among male
pre-school children (24.0%) compared to the female pre-school children (10.1 %) (Table 8). Wasting and
underweight was high among females (6.4% and 18.0% respectively). The trend of stunting, wasting and
underweight remained the same for both sexes in the two surveys except that the percentages were higher in the
second survey. The results in Table 4.29 indicates that at the significance level of 0.05, stunting p = 0.023,
wasting p = 0.11 and underweight p = 0.000. This means there was a significant difference of means of
6. Determination of Nutritional Status of Pre-School Children in Urban and Rural Households using
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nutritional status between male and female pre-school children in the two surveys. It means that sex had a
significant effect on nutritional status of pre-school children.
Table 8: Nutritional status by sex during the two surveys
Survey Sex
Height- for- age (stunting)-2SD Weight- for- height (wasting)
-2SD
Weight-for-age(underweight)-
2SD
1st
survey Male 24.0 3.4 13.2
Female 10.1 6.4 18.0
2nd
survey Male 24.1 4.7 13.6
Female 10.3 7.2 18.4
Table 9: t-test for nutritional status by sex during the two surveys
Nutritional status
and sex
F Sig. t df Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Std.
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
Height-for-age
(stunting)
Equal
variances
assumed
4.253 0.111 1.512 638 0.023 -0.871 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Weight-for-height
(wasting)
Equal
variances
not
assumed
2.365 0.001 1.567 638 0.011 -0.761 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
Weight-for-age
(Underweight)
Equal
variances
assumed
1.222 0.111 2.122 638 0.000 -0.511 6.92E-02 0.6554 2.547
IV. Conclusion
There is a problem of household food security in Kabamet division, which is significantly influenced
by seasonality and location of the households, household headship and average daily household income. The
high level of food insecure households (57.2%) in the second survey is a clear indication of the food security
problem. Rural households (REL) were less (7.5%) food secure than urban (UKM) households (12.5%) three
months after harvest. In both surveys most of the food secure households had an average daily income of more
than Kshs. 100.
Malnutrition levels in Kabarnet division were high among the pre-school children in both surveys. Both
male and female children were equally malnourished. However, higher rates of stunting were reported among
male children in both surveys.
From the findings, it was concluded that household food security has a significant influence on diet and
nutritional status of pre-school children in urban and rural households of Kabamet division, Baringo district
during the two different seasons.
V. Recommendation
Programs and interventions, which are aimed at improving household food security and malnutrition
among pre-school children in Kabamet division, Baringo district, should be put in place to include both rural
and urban households. Efforts to improve household food security and child nutrition in Kabamet division
should be broad based so as to include poverty reduction by increasing household incomes accompanied by
improvements in education of the population.
Women empowerment in Kabarnet division should be top on the agenda and supported by the
government. The education of mothers/caregivers is important for controlling income. The preferences of
mothers/caregivers and fathers differ and could suggest that the partners’ power over resources is a function of
their education. This calls for longterm investment in formal education of girls beyond primary level and
informal education of women in Kabarnet division. Nutrition education for the mother/caregivers on regulation
of quantities of food intake and balancing and varying foods will go along way in improving the nutritional
status of pre-school children in Kabamet division.
Further research is recommended to establish the possible reasons for the high rates of stunting among
male pre-school children in Kabamet division as revealed in the study. The researcher also recommends on
future research to assess the physiologic and psychological effects of periodic food fluctuations on children’s
health.
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