This document provides details on building and using a battery desulfator circuit. It summarizes that the circuit uses pulses at the batteries' resonant frequency of 2-6 MHz to break up sulfate crystal deposits on the battery plates. The circuit consists of a 555 timer chip to pulse a MOSFET and induce current pulses into the batteries. Using this circuit for a month helped reclaim golf cart batteries with high internal resistance. The document provides parts lists and construction details for 12V and 24V versions of the battery desulfator circuit.
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released. Hence, the name pyrosequencing.
El documento resume la evolución política del Sexenio Democrático en España entre 1868 y 1874. Incluye la revolución de 1868 que derrocó a Isabel II, el establecimiento de un gobierno provisional, problemas durante la regencia incluyendo guerras, y el breve reinado de Amadeo de Saboya antes del establecimiento de la primera república.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as one of the leading tools for modifying the genomes of organisms ranging from E. coli to humans. In this presentation, we discuss various methods for generating the crRNA and tracrRNA components that are required for guiding the Cas9 endonuclease to genomic targets. You will also learn how to optimize a new 2-part CRISPR RNA system from IDT that offers multiple benefits over other technologies.
Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign DNA into the nucleus of eukaryotic cell. The cells which has incorporated exogenous DNA are called transfectants.
There are two types of Transfection possible,
Transient and
Stable Transfection.
In transient Transfection, the foreign DNA will not get incorporated in to the host genome, but genes are expressed for limited period of time (24-96 hrs).
Stable transfectants will have the foreign DNA incorporated into the genome.
Nanopore sequencing is a unique, scalable technology that enables direct, real-time analysis of long DNA or RNA fragments. It works by monitoring changes to an electrical current as nucleic acids are passed through a protein nanopore. The resulting signal is decoded to provide the specific DNA or RNA sequence.
This document discusses nanopore sequencing technology. It provides an overview of nanopore sequencing, including what nanopore sequencing is, the types of nanopores used (biological and solid state), advantages such as not requiring amplification or labeling, and challenges with processing large amounts of raw data. The document then examines raw nanopore data and the initial steps needed to process the data, including creating a training data set to predict genomic bases and releasing analysis packages to the community.
This document discusses solid phase PCR and suicide PCR techniques. Solid phase PCR involves DNA amplification occurring on a solid surface rather than in solution. Various solid surfaces can be used, and primers are covalently attached to the surface at their 5' end. While solid phase PCR has applications in identification and sequencing, it has lower amplification efficiency than conventional PCR. Suicide PCR involves two sequential rounds of PCR amplification using nested primer sets to reduce contamination risk and increase specificity when detecting pathogens in old samples.
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released. Hence, the name pyrosequencing.
El documento resume la evolución política del Sexenio Democrático en España entre 1868 y 1874. Incluye la revolución de 1868 que derrocó a Isabel II, el establecimiento de un gobierno provisional, problemas durante la regencia incluyendo guerras, y el breve reinado de Amadeo de Saboya antes del establecimiento de la primera república.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as one of the leading tools for modifying the genomes of organisms ranging from E. coli to humans. In this presentation, we discuss various methods for generating the crRNA and tracrRNA components that are required for guiding the Cas9 endonuclease to genomic targets. You will also learn how to optimize a new 2-part CRISPR RNA system from IDT that offers multiple benefits over other technologies.
Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign DNA into the nucleus of eukaryotic cell. The cells which has incorporated exogenous DNA are called transfectants.
There are two types of Transfection possible,
Transient and
Stable Transfection.
In transient Transfection, the foreign DNA will not get incorporated in to the host genome, but genes are expressed for limited period of time (24-96 hrs).
Stable transfectants will have the foreign DNA incorporated into the genome.
Nanopore sequencing is a unique, scalable technology that enables direct, real-time analysis of long DNA or RNA fragments. It works by monitoring changes to an electrical current as nucleic acids are passed through a protein nanopore. The resulting signal is decoded to provide the specific DNA or RNA sequence.
This document discusses nanopore sequencing technology. It provides an overview of nanopore sequencing, including what nanopore sequencing is, the types of nanopores used (biological and solid state), advantages such as not requiring amplification or labeling, and challenges with processing large amounts of raw data. The document then examines raw nanopore data and the initial steps needed to process the data, including creating a training data set to predict genomic bases and releasing analysis packages to the community.
This document discusses solid phase PCR and suicide PCR techniques. Solid phase PCR involves DNA amplification occurring on a solid surface rather than in solution. Various solid surfaces can be used, and primers are covalently attached to the surface at their 5' end. While solid phase PCR has applications in identification and sequencing, it has lower amplification efficiency than conventional PCR. Suicide PCR involves two sequential rounds of PCR amplification using nested primer sets to reduce contamination risk and increase specificity when detecting pathogens in old samples.
This document discusses nanopore sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. It provides details on their MinION and PromethION sequencing devices, including the design of the MinION flow cell and basecalling process. It also describes the MinION Access Program (MAP) and MinION Analysis and Reference Consortium (MARC) for evaluating and improving the nanopore sequencing platform. While showing promise, the document notes some areas still needing improvement for the technology to be fully ready for production, including flow cell quality and throughput.
NGS Targeted Enrichment Technology in Cancer Research: NGS Tech Overview Webi...QIAGEN
This slidedeck discusses the most biologically efficient, cost-effective method for successful NGS. The GeneRead DNA QuantiMIZE Kits enable determination of the optimum conditions for targeted enrichment of DNA isolated from biological samples, while the GeneRead DNAseq Panels V2 allow you to quickly and reliably deep sequence your genes of interest. Applications in translational and clinical research are highlighted.
Digital DNA-seq Technology: Targeted Enrichment for Cancer ResearchQIAGEN
Targeted DNA sequencing has become a powerful approach by achieving high coverage of the region of interest while keeping the cost of sequencing and complexity of data interpretation manageable. However, existing PCR-based target enrichment approaches introduce errors due to PCR amplification bias and artifacts, which significantly affects quantification accuracy and limit the ability to confidently detect low-frequency DNA variants. This webinar introduces a new digital sequencing approach that is based on the use of unique molecular indices (UMIs) - QIAseq Targeted DNA Panels. With UMIs, each unique DNA molecule is barcoded before any amplification takes place to correct for PCR errors. Detailed workflow and applications in cancer research will be presented. Join us and learn about this exciting novel digital DNAseq technology
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genomic research. NGS is faster, more accurate, and less expensive than traditional Sanger sequencing. The general steps for NGS involve library preparation through fragmentation and ligation of DNA with adapters, amplification, and sequencing. Several NGS platforms use reversible terminators to sequence DNA in a massively parallel fashion, identifying nucleotides based on detection of distinct fluorescent signals. Compared to first-generation sequencing, NGS allows for high-throughput, cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for amplifying a selected DNA sequence without cloning. It involves denaturing the DNA, annealing primers to the single-stranded DNA, and extending the primers via chain reaction. PCR has advantages over cloning in that it is more sensitive and faster, allowing for the study of scarce DNA amounts. Applications of PCR include comparing normal and mutant genes, detecting low-abundance sequences, forensic analysis, and prenatal diagnosis. Multiplex PCR simultaneously amplifies multiple regions using multiple primer pairs, such as detecting exon loss in large genes like CFTR.
Respecting authorship through good academic practice is one of the key values of higher education.
احترام الملكية الفكرية هي قيمة اكاديمية محورية
Plagiarism is the term used to describe the misuse of authorship. It is a serious academic offence
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
This document discusses batteries and battery chargers for DC and AC backup power systems. It provides an overview of common battery types used in industrial applications, including their typical lifetimes. It also outlines considerations for specifying batteries and chargers, such as load parameters, site conditions that impact battery life, and charger features that can improve battery maintenance and lifespan. The goal is to help ensure batteries perform as expected and last their intended lifetime.
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
it's a presentation to illustrate:
What is the battery?
When did the story of battery begin?
Types of the battery
How much do batteries weigh?
What does mAh mean in a battery?
Battery Technical Specifications
How to make automatic battery charger?
How do we improve the battery charging speed?
batteries in the future
The document discusses nuclear batteries, which generate electricity through radioactive decay rather than a chain reaction. It describes how beta and alpha particle emissions are captured to generate current, with applications including space technology, underwater devices, pacemakers, and electric vehicles. Nuclear batteries have the advantages of very long lifespans from decades to over 10 years compared to other battery types.
This document summarizes the modification of a Harmon Kardon Citation 12 amplifier to use power MOSFET circuitry instead of bipolar transistors. It describes the advantages of MOSFETs over bipolar transistors, including higher speed, immunity to second breakdown, and more even heat dissipation. The project replaces the original bipolar transistors with International Rectifier IRF-130 power MOSFETs. While MOSFETs have some sonic advantages, they require source resistors when paralleled to ensure even current sharing. This modification improves the speed and distortion of the classic Citation 12 design.
The design of an LED emergency light that switches on automatically when main power fails. Power to the LED is supplied by a battery that keeps charging when the main power is present. The circuit of the automatic LED light is designed, simulated and built with hardware. The simulation results and design details are provided. Complete circuit diagram, which is tested successfully, is given.
The document discusses marine electrical systems commonly found on small to medium auxiliary sailboats, including AC and DC systems, components, installation, repair, and troubleshooting. It covers topics such as shore power connections, electrical panels, battery chargers, inverters, hot water heaters, batteries, alternators, starters, and tools/materials for working on these systems. Safety precautions for working with batteries and electrical systems are also outlined.
This document summarizes the history and development of different battery technologies, including some of the earliest batteries such as the Baghdad Battery from 2000 years ago and Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile from 1799. It also discusses modern battery types like lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, and experimental battery technologies using quantum effects, radioactive decay, and thermoelectric generators. The document provides brief descriptions of the workings and advantages of these different battery designs.
The document is a seminar presentation on super capacitors. It begins with an introduction to capacitors and discusses why super capacitors were developed due to the need to store and release large amounts of electricity quickly. It then defines a super capacitor as an electrochemical capacitor that can store 100 times more energy than a regular capacitor. The presentation provides the history, working principle, construction, charging/discharging process, advantages, disadvantages and applications of super capacitors. It concludes by stating that super capacitors may replace batteries where high power storage is required.
This document provides a basic introduction to electronics and defines some key concepts. It explains that voltage causes current flow, and that current can be used to power devices. It defines voltage and resistance, the units used to measure them, and how components like batteries, resistors, ammeters and lamps function in simple circuits. The document aims to provide just enough knowledge to understand simple control circuits for devices described later.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including their components, operation principles, categories, and chemistries. It provides details on primary batteries that are single-use and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Specific battery types covered include alkaline batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and more. Hazards of batteries like explosions and chemical leakage are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including their components, principles of operation, categories, and chemistries. It provides details on primary batteries that are single-use and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Specific battery types covered include alkaline batteries, lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and more. Hazards of batteries like explosions and leakage are also summarized.
Electromagnetic relays were once widely used in automation but have been replaced by programmable logic controllers in most applications. Relays are still used in small applications where a PLC would be overkill. Relays use an electromagnet to attract an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, allowing it to make or break an electrical connection. They provide electrical isolation and allow low-voltage control of high-voltage circuits. Common relay applications include controlling high-voltage or high-current loads, isolating circuits at different voltages, and performing logic functions.
A solar power generation system with a seven level invertershashank chelpuri
This document proposes a new solar power generation system composed of a DC/DC boost converter and a novel seven-level inverter. The seven-level inverter uses only six switches, simplifying the circuit. It operates in different modes to produce varying output voltages. Simulation results show the system works as intended. Advantages of solar include being renewable, producing electricity and heat with little maintenance, while disadvantages are lack of power at night and during cloud cover.
Seminar presentation on nuclear batteriesPratik Patil
This seminar presentation discusses nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It covers why nuclear batteries are needed due to limitations of chemical batteries and other power sources. The presentation provides a brief history of nuclear batteries and defines key terms. It describes the energy production mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators. The presentation discusses considerations for nuclear fuel selection and applications of nuclear batteries in space, medical, mobile and underwater uses. It outlines advantages such as long lifespan and reduced waste, as well as challenges including high production costs and regulatory issues.
This document discusses nanopore sequencing technology from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. It provides details on their MinION and PromethION sequencing devices, including the design of the MinION flow cell and basecalling process. It also describes the MinION Access Program (MAP) and MinION Analysis and Reference Consortium (MARC) for evaluating and improving the nanopore sequencing platform. While showing promise, the document notes some areas still needing improvement for the technology to be fully ready for production, including flow cell quality and throughput.
NGS Targeted Enrichment Technology in Cancer Research: NGS Tech Overview Webi...QIAGEN
This slidedeck discusses the most biologically efficient, cost-effective method for successful NGS. The GeneRead DNA QuantiMIZE Kits enable determination of the optimum conditions for targeted enrichment of DNA isolated from biological samples, while the GeneRead DNAseq Panels V2 allow you to quickly and reliably deep sequence your genes of interest. Applications in translational and clinical research are highlighted.
Digital DNA-seq Technology: Targeted Enrichment for Cancer ResearchQIAGEN
Targeted DNA sequencing has become a powerful approach by achieving high coverage of the region of interest while keeping the cost of sequencing and complexity of data interpretation manageable. However, existing PCR-based target enrichment approaches introduce errors due to PCR amplification bias and artifacts, which significantly affects quantification accuracy and limit the ability to confidently detect low-frequency DNA variants. This webinar introduces a new digital sequencing approach that is based on the use of unique molecular indices (UMIs) - QIAseq Targeted DNA Panels. With UMIs, each unique DNA molecule is barcoded before any amplification takes place to correct for PCR errors. Detailed workflow and applications in cancer research will be presented. Join us and learn about this exciting novel digital DNAseq technology
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionized genomic research. NGS is faster, more accurate, and less expensive than traditional Sanger sequencing. The general steps for NGS involve library preparation through fragmentation and ligation of DNA with adapters, amplification, and sequencing. Several NGS platforms use reversible terminators to sequence DNA in a massively parallel fashion, identifying nucleotides based on detection of distinct fluorescent signals. Compared to first-generation sequencing, NGS allows for high-throughput, cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method for amplifying a selected DNA sequence without cloning. It involves denaturing the DNA, annealing primers to the single-stranded DNA, and extending the primers via chain reaction. PCR has advantages over cloning in that it is more sensitive and faster, allowing for the study of scarce DNA amounts. Applications of PCR include comparing normal and mutant genes, detecting low-abundance sequences, forensic analysis, and prenatal diagnosis. Multiplex PCR simultaneously amplifies multiple regions using multiple primer pairs, such as detecting exon loss in large genes like CFTR.
Respecting authorship through good academic practice is one of the key values of higher education.
احترام الملكية الفكرية هي قيمة اكاديمية محورية
Plagiarism is the term used to describe the misuse of authorship. It is a serious academic offence
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
This document discusses batteries and battery chargers for DC and AC backup power systems. It provides an overview of common battery types used in industrial applications, including their typical lifetimes. It also outlines considerations for specifying batteries and chargers, such as load parameters, site conditions that impact battery life, and charger features that can improve battery maintenance and lifespan. The goal is to help ensure batteries perform as expected and last their intended lifetime.
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
it's a presentation to illustrate:
What is the battery?
When did the story of battery begin?
Types of the battery
How much do batteries weigh?
What does mAh mean in a battery?
Battery Technical Specifications
How to make automatic battery charger?
How do we improve the battery charging speed?
batteries in the future
The document discusses nuclear batteries, which generate electricity through radioactive decay rather than a chain reaction. It describes how beta and alpha particle emissions are captured to generate current, with applications including space technology, underwater devices, pacemakers, and electric vehicles. Nuclear batteries have the advantages of very long lifespans from decades to over 10 years compared to other battery types.
This document summarizes the modification of a Harmon Kardon Citation 12 amplifier to use power MOSFET circuitry instead of bipolar transistors. It describes the advantages of MOSFETs over bipolar transistors, including higher speed, immunity to second breakdown, and more even heat dissipation. The project replaces the original bipolar transistors with International Rectifier IRF-130 power MOSFETs. While MOSFETs have some sonic advantages, they require source resistors when paralleled to ensure even current sharing. This modification improves the speed and distortion of the classic Citation 12 design.
The design of an LED emergency light that switches on automatically when main power fails. Power to the LED is supplied by a battery that keeps charging when the main power is present. The circuit of the automatic LED light is designed, simulated and built with hardware. The simulation results and design details are provided. Complete circuit diagram, which is tested successfully, is given.
The document discusses marine electrical systems commonly found on small to medium auxiliary sailboats, including AC and DC systems, components, installation, repair, and troubleshooting. It covers topics such as shore power connections, electrical panels, battery chargers, inverters, hot water heaters, batteries, alternators, starters, and tools/materials for working on these systems. Safety precautions for working with batteries and electrical systems are also outlined.
This document summarizes the history and development of different battery technologies, including some of the earliest batteries such as the Baghdad Battery from 2000 years ago and Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile from 1799. It also discusses modern battery types like lithium-ion batteries, solid-state batteries, and experimental battery technologies using quantum effects, radioactive decay, and thermoelectric generators. The document provides brief descriptions of the workings and advantages of these different battery designs.
The document is a seminar presentation on super capacitors. It begins with an introduction to capacitors and discusses why super capacitors were developed due to the need to store and release large amounts of electricity quickly. It then defines a super capacitor as an electrochemical capacitor that can store 100 times more energy than a regular capacitor. The presentation provides the history, working principle, construction, charging/discharging process, advantages, disadvantages and applications of super capacitors. It concludes by stating that super capacitors may replace batteries where high power storage is required.
This document provides a basic introduction to electronics and defines some key concepts. It explains that voltage causes current flow, and that current can be used to power devices. It defines voltage and resistance, the units used to measure them, and how components like batteries, resistors, ammeters and lamps function in simple circuits. The document aims to provide just enough knowledge to understand simple control circuits for devices described later.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including their components, operation principles, categories, and chemistries. It provides details on primary batteries that are single-use and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Specific battery types covered include alkaline batteries, lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and more. Hazards of batteries like explosions and chemical leakage are also mentioned.
The document discusses different types of batteries, including their components, principles of operation, categories, and chemistries. It provides details on primary batteries that are single-use and secondary batteries that can be recharged. Specific battery types covered include alkaline batteries, lithium batteries, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and more. Hazards of batteries like explosions and leakage are also summarized.
Electromagnetic relays were once widely used in automation but have been replaced by programmable logic controllers in most applications. Relays are still used in small applications where a PLC would be overkill. Relays use an electromagnet to attract an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, allowing it to make or break an electrical connection. They provide electrical isolation and allow low-voltage control of high-voltage circuits. Common relay applications include controlling high-voltage or high-current loads, isolating circuits at different voltages, and performing logic functions.
A solar power generation system with a seven level invertershashank chelpuri
This document proposes a new solar power generation system composed of a DC/DC boost converter and a novel seven-level inverter. The seven-level inverter uses only six switches, simplifying the circuit. It operates in different modes to produce varying output voltages. Simulation results show the system works as intended. Advantages of solar include being renewable, producing electricity and heat with little maintenance, while disadvantages are lack of power at night and during cloud cover.
Seminar presentation on nuclear batteriesPratik Patil
This seminar presentation discusses nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It covers why nuclear batteries are needed due to limitations of chemical batteries and other power sources. The presentation provides a brief history of nuclear batteries and defines key terms. It describes the energy production mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators. The presentation discusses considerations for nuclear fuel selection and applications of nuclear batteries in space, medical, mobile and underwater uses. It outlines advantages such as long lifespan and reduced waste, as well as challenges including high production costs and regulatory issues.
Rechargeable Sodium-ion Battery - The Future of Battery DevelopmentDESH D YADAV
This document provides an overview of rechargeable sodium-ion batteries and their potential as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries offer lower costs due to sodium's nearly unlimited supply compared to lithium. However, their commercial development has been hampered by electrode materials that swell significantly during charging and discharging. Researchers have now developed a composite material made of molybdenum disulfide and graphene nanosheets that shows potential as a sodium-ion battery anode by resisting the swelling reaction. This flexible paper electrode is also the first demonstrated to work at room temperature in a sodium-ion battery anode.
This document contains questions and answers related to automobile engineering. It discusses various topics in battery and ignition systems:
1. It lists the types of batteries as lead acid, alkaline and zinc air batteries and discusses their components like plates, electrolyte and container. It also describes the chemicals used and different charging methods.
2. Questions cover topics like distinguishing positive and negative battery plates, battery testing methods, battery ratings, starter motor drives like Bendix and overrunning clutches.
3. Ignition system types like battery coil, magneto coil and electronic coil systems are covered. Conventional, rotary distributor, spark plug and electronic ignition workings are explained.
4. Generator and charging system components
The document discusses the importance of reliable DC power supply systems in power stations. It notes that failure of the station's DC supply could have catastrophic consequences by rendering protection and control systems inoperative. The DC supply system is designed to minimize this risk of failure. The protection philosophy assumes DC failures are unlikely events. The DC system aims to provide continuous, high quality power under normal and abnormal operating conditions, acting as the ultimate backup power source when total AC supply fails.
A book for students and hobbyists to learn basic electronics through practical presentable circuits.
A handy guide for school science fair projects or for making personal hobby gadgets.
Design new panels and make new circuit designs.
For more info : please visit www.hobbyelectronics.in
1. Battery Desulfator Errata
In my battery desulfator article on page 84 of HP77, the value for C2
should have been 0.0022 µF, not 0.022 µF. My mistake.
I have put up a Web page that will give more details to help you build and
use the desulfator circuit. I will place updates there, and will add a
guestbook soon to allow comments and questions to be posted. I
encourage a group effort in this, since I don’t have all the answers.
Thanks.
Alastair Couper
kalepa@shaka.com
http://shaka.com/~kalepa/desulf.htm
3. Homebrew
Figure 2: 24 Volt Battery Desulfator When Q1 is in the non-conducting state, current is
drawn from the battery through L2 so that capacitor C4
can be charged slowly. Then Q1 is turned on for a brief
50 microseconds, causing the charge stored in C4 to
start flowing through L1.
When Q1 is turned off again, the stored inductive
energy in L1 has to continue to flow somewhere, so it
pulses back into the battery through diode D1. This
current pulse can get as high as 6 amps. The use of an
inductor to supply this pulse is what makes it possible
to restore badly sulfated batteries with a high internal
resistance. The peak voltage drop across the battery
can initially be as high as 50 volts. With continued
treatment, this peak voltage will decrease as the
battery’s internal resistance gradually declines.
This resonance is just like that of a stringed musical
Figure 2 shows the version for use in 24 volt systems.
instrument, where a pluck of the string creates a
Its only additional feature is the use of a 79L12 voltage
vibration of a specific tone. In the case of the battery,
regulator (component U2, Digi-Key part number
sulfur ions dissolved in the electrolyte take the place of
NJM79L12A-nd) to convert the 555’s input voltage
the string. A sufficiently energetic electrical “pluck,” or
down to 12 volts. Also L3 (Digi-Key part number
pulse, will cause a similar vibration of these ions, back
DN4518-nd) is increased in value over L1 in the 12 volt
and forth throughout the electrolyte.
unit, to compensate for the higher terminal voltage.
When this vibrational state is
occurring, there are uncountable Lead-Acid Battery Desulfator Parts List
collisions between the ions in the
electrolyte and the battery plates, Item Component Description Cost (US$)
as the back and forth vibration Q1 IRF9Z34 P channel MOSFET 1.82
continues. It is this rhythmic beating U1 LM555CN Timer IC 0.42
of the plates which causes the U2** 79L12 12 V regulator 0.36
breakup of the crystalline deposits,
D1 GI826CT Fast recovery diode, >6 A, 100 V 0.77
slowly but surely, for as long as the
electrical pulsations are applied. C1 30 µF, 16 V Electrolytic 0.23
C2 0.022 µF Disk ceramic 0.38
It is not unlike sandblasting a rough
C3 0.047 µF Disk ceramic 0.54
surface, but on a micro-physical
level. This is an advantage of C4* 100 µF, 16 V Electrolytic, low impedance type 0.44
electrical methods over the use of C5** 10 µF, 35 V Electrolytic 0.23
chemicals like EDTA. Rather than C6** 100 µF, 35 V Electrolytic 0.49
dissolving the sulfate deposit and R1 470 kΩ 1/4 W 0.15
allowing it to settle on the bottom of R2 22 kΩ 1/4 W 0.15
each cell, as with EDTA, the pulse
R3* 330 Ω 1/4 W 0.15
technique returns the sulfate back
into solution again. R4 330 Ω 1/4 W 0.15
R5** 1 kΩ 1/4 W 0.15
Circuit Details
L1* 220 µH (nominal) Ferrite inductor, 6+ A peak 2.08
The circuit is in essence a very
widely used form of switching DC- L2 1000 µH Ferrite choke, 100 mA 3.12
to-DC convertor, which can take a L3** 330 µH Ferrite inductor, 6+ A peak 2.08
DC voltage and step it up to a Case Aluminum project box 5.44
higher level. Figure 1 shows the Clip leads Alligator type, insulated (RS) 1.00
version which is specifically for 12 Board material 0.1" spaced copper pads 3.00
volt systems. The basic pulse rate
is set by the venerable 555 timer Total for 12 V Unit $19.84
* For 12 V unit only.
chip, U1, which switches the Total for 24 V Unit
** For 24 V unit only. $20.48
MOSFET Q1 at a 1 kHz rate.
Home Power #77 • June / July 2000 85
4. Homebrew
If an oscilloscope is available, it is easy to observe the into account the circuit’s behavior at different
ringing wave form across the battery terminals. It is frequencies.)
likely that more than one frequency will be apparent,
One way to keep the external equipment from shunting
due to all the wiring and other details of the setup. It
away the current pulse would be to take some ferrite
should be possible to see a small spark jump from the
toroid cores and slip them over the battery leads as
leads of the pulse generator as it is connected, a result
they leave the bank. This will increase the high
of the high peak voltage available (keep this in mind if
frequency impedance without affecting the DC
your batteries are not well ventilated). Depending on
performance of the circuitry.
the case, and the type of inductors used for L1 and L2,
a faint audio tone can also be heard when the circuit is The circuit as shown, with its approximately 6 amp peak
operating. Digi-Key part number DN4516-nd will work capacity, is probably strong enough to maintain a bank
for L1, and DN7437-nd will work for L2. of several hundred amp-hours. If you want to use the
circuit with larger banks, it will be necessary to select
There is no reverse polarity protection in this circuit, so
D1, L1, and L2 for higher current capacity. You will also
make sure that the leads are clearly marked. A mistake
need to vary the pulse width from the 555 accordingly,
will result in damaged components. Also, it is not a
so that Q1 is allowed to stay on for a longer period of
good idea to expose the 12 volt circuit to more than 16
each cycle. If you want to power the circuit from an
volts at the terminals.
auxiliary voltage source, so that the battery being
See the parts table for a detailed component list. But treated remains trickle charged, simply remove R3 and
don’t get too attached to using exactly these place 12 volts across C1.
components, or to buying new stuff. The homebrew
It’s best to construct the unit in a shielded case.
ethic is based on an ability to make do, come up with
Otherwise it is likely to generate a fair bit of radio
alternatives, and recycle. My first trial units had quite a
interference. The use of the shortest possible lead
bit that was clipped out of old junk circuit boards.
length is also a good idea. All the components are
Usage available from any general electronics distributor. Radio
It should be emphasized that pulsing energy to and Shack is as good a place as any for getting the case,
from the battery happens at less than 100 percent clip leads, circuit board, and other components.
efficiency. This circuit draws about 40 mA from the
Does It Work?
battery while in operation (less than 1 amp-hour per
If badly sulfated batteries are treated, it is convenient to
day), so some additional charging source is needed.
use a trickle charger of one or two amps. In this case,
For reconditioning a sulfated battery, I simply clip the
the simplest way to see that the circuit is having an
circuit across the battery terminals in parallel with a 30
effect is to note that the terminal voltage actually drops
watt solar panel.
each day as the batteries slowly charge. This is a result
In my initial testing, it took a month to partially reclaim a of the internal resistance of the cells decreasing as the
pair of golf cart batteries that had been allowed to sit, plates become slowly cleared of the sulfate, and more
discharged, for almost a year. They had such a high useful plate area comes in contact with the electrolyte.
internal resistance that a very small current would take Also, the specific gravity of the cells begins to rise
the terminal voltage over 16 volts. slowly, evidence that the sulfate is going back into
solution.
For use in a functioning power system, you can clip the
circuit across the main battery terminals, using as short To further check the progress, you could do a discharge
a lead length as possible. When external equipment, test, using a known load, to determine the useful
such as an inverter, is connected across a battery bank, capacity. This would involve measuring the length of
then additional low impedance paths are formed. The time taken by the load to drop the battery voltage from
desulfator’s current pulses will happily flow down these a high level to a low level. If you repeat this test, a
paths as well, and it serves no purpose for the pulses to gradual lengthening of this interval should be noted.
flow into the inverter.
In one system I worked with, at first the batteries would
I had initially thought that this shunting, or dilution, of not power even a small load. After treatment, they were
the current pulses away from the battery would be a able to run loads in the neighborhood of 5–10 amps for
problem. This has not proven to be the case, however, a few hours. This is far from “like new” condition, but it
because the impedance of typical inverters at was sufficient for them to be returned to use in the small
frequencies above 1 megahertz is not very low. (Note: PV system they were taken from. I expect that further
impedance is just a fancy word for resistance, taking treatment would have helped. It seems that the process
86 Home Power #77 • June / July 2000
5. Homebrew
is inherently slow. Lead sulfate is just not very willing to Mouser Electronics, 11433 Woodside Ave., Santee, CA
return into solution. 92071 • 800-346-6873 or 619-449-2300
Fax: 619-562-8796 • sales@mouser.com
Healthy Batteries
www.mouser.com
I have used this circuit in my main system for over a
year, and have not seen the need to equalize in that Radio Shack, 100 Throckmorton St., Fort Worth, TX
time (I do not own a generator). All of the cells’ 96102 • 800-843-7422 • 817-415-3011
electrolyte levels remain in step with each other, and Fax: 817-415-3240 • support@tandy.com
there has been no problem with starting big loads—a www.radioshack.com
sure sign of battery health. Patience is required in
Web sites of interest:
reclaiming weak and tired batteries, and no amount of
www.batterybes.com • www.innovativeenergy.com
desulfating will help a battery with a shorted cell, or one
that has lost plate material through excessive use. Home Power articles:
Batteries: How to Keep Them Alive for Years and
The device is especially useful for automotive batteries
Years…, by Windy Dankoff, HP69, page 46.
that sit for long periods. If you use a generator for
equalization, this technique is a must. When you live Batteries: What We Know About Them; How to Use
off-grid, silence is golden. Them, by John Wiles, HP58, page 66.
Access Preliminary Notes from the EDTA Trenches, by Stan
Author: Alastair Couper, Kaupo, Maui, HI 96713 Krute, HP 21, page 36.
kalepa@shaka.com
New Life for Sulphated Lead-Acid Cells, by Richard
Suppliers: Perez, HP20, page 23.
Digi-Key, PO Box 677, Thief River Falls,
MN 56701-0677 • 800-DIGIKEY or 218-681-6674
Fax: 218-681-3380 • sales@digikey.com
www.digikey.com
Home Power #77 • June / July 2000 87