Here are the key steps to operate the emergency CO2 absorption unit:
1. Open the tops and bottoms of the required number of CO2 canisters using the special tin cutter. The canisters will sit on rubber seats and be held in position by spring clips.
2. Connect the flexible hose from the unit to the ship's ventilation system.
3. Turn on the electrically driven fan using the fan regulator to adjust the speed so that the vacuum gauge needle points within the green section, indicating the correct air flow rate through the canisters.
4. The rotating head will ensure each canister is used in rotation to absorb CO2 from the ship's air supply.
5. Partially
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a Hydraulic Structures I course. It will cover various types of dams including gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and earth/rockfill dams. It will discuss dam classification, selection of dam type and site, design considerations, stability analysis, construction aspects, and examples. Key topics include forces on different dam types, modes of failure, spillway design, stilling basins, and outlet works. The course aims to equip students with knowledge on analysis and design of hydraulic structures.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common causes of embankment dam failures such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also outlines investigation, design, and construction processes for embankment dams and analyzes total and effective stress for stability evaluations.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common failure modes such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also examines the shear strength properties and testing of fill materials important for stability analyses. Earthquake damage patterns include liquefaction of foundations and various failure types in dam bodies depending on their configuration.
Deep foundation construction in bouldery bed an over viewR K DHIMAN
This document discusses the challenges of constructing deep foundation caissons in bouldery soil strata. It describes two case studies of bridge projects that encountered difficulties: the Dimwe Bridge, where sinking the caisson was slowed by large boulders, and the Dalai Bridge, where pneumatic sinking was required below 18m due to tough soil. The document emphasizes the importance of considering construction methods, stratification, and allowing for potential variation when designing foundations in heterogeneous bouldery beds.
The document discusses different types of offshore platforms used for oil and gas exploration and production. It provides an overview of fixed platforms like jacket platforms, compliant towers, and concrete gravity structures used in shallow to moderate depths. Floater platforms discussed include tension leg platforms and semisubmersible platforms used in deep waters. The document also reviews several technical papers on topics like offshore platform design, wave forces on decks, grouted connections, concrete structures, chloride penetration, and concrete durability.
This document provides an overview of the Construction Engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Kanya Lal Khatri. It outlines 28 topics that will be covered in the course, including building requirements, types of structures and foundations, masonry, doors and windows, and maintenance of buildings. It also discusses the importance of construction in society by providing shelter, opportunities, and infrastructure like highways, bridges, and dams. Finally, it highlights some key engineering projects from a construction point of view, such as buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, and dams.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for a Hydraulic Structures I course. It will cover various types of dams including gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and earth/rockfill dams. It will discuss dam classification, selection of dam type and site, design considerations, stability analysis, construction aspects, and examples. Key topics include forces on different dam types, modes of failure, spillway design, stilling basins, and outlet works. The course aims to equip students with knowledge on analysis and design of hydraulic structures.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common causes of embankment dam failures such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also outlines investigation, design, and construction processes for embankment dams and analyzes total and effective stress for stability evaluations.
This document summarizes key issues in the design and construction of embankment dams. It discusses common failure modes such as sliding due to high pore water pressure, seepage failures from hydraulic fracturing, and differential settlement causing cracks. It also examines the shear strength properties and testing of fill materials important for stability analyses. Earthquake damage patterns include liquefaction of foundations and various failure types in dam bodies depending on their configuration.
Deep foundation construction in bouldery bed an over viewR K DHIMAN
This document discusses the challenges of constructing deep foundation caissons in bouldery soil strata. It describes two case studies of bridge projects that encountered difficulties: the Dimwe Bridge, where sinking the caisson was slowed by large boulders, and the Dalai Bridge, where pneumatic sinking was required below 18m due to tough soil. The document emphasizes the importance of considering construction methods, stratification, and allowing for potential variation when designing foundations in heterogeneous bouldery beds.
The document discusses different types of offshore platforms used for oil and gas exploration and production. It provides an overview of fixed platforms like jacket platforms, compliant towers, and concrete gravity structures used in shallow to moderate depths. Floater platforms discussed include tension leg platforms and semisubmersible platforms used in deep waters. The document also reviews several technical papers on topics like offshore platform design, wave forces on decks, grouted connections, concrete structures, chloride penetration, and concrete durability.
This document provides an overview of the Construction Engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Kanya Lal Khatri. It outlines 28 topics that will be covered in the course, including building requirements, types of structures and foundations, masonry, doors and windows, and maintenance of buildings. It also discusses the importance of construction in society by providing shelter, opportunities, and infrastructure like highways, bridges, and dams. Finally, it highlights some key engineering projects from a construction point of view, such as buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, and dams.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure built to allow construction in an area that would otherwise be submerged. There are several types of cofferdams including braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular. Design considerations include withstanding hydrostatic pressure, soil and water forces, scouring, and stability. Heavy equipment such as pile drivers, cranes, concrete pumps, and dewatering pumps are needed for installation. Forces on the structure include water pressure, soil loads, currents, waves, ice, and accidental impacts. Careful planning is required to safely construct and remove the cofferdam.
The document discusses the need for amphibious structures in India to reduce damage from flooding. It notes that India has large coastal and flood-prone areas where structures could float during floods. The document reviews literature on floating house designs using materials like bamboo, timber, plastic barrels and expanded polystyrene beads. It outlines objectives to study flood-resistant structures using float concepts and a methodology that includes designing and testing floating concrete cube prototypes.
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
Offshore structures are designed to withstand harsh marine environments and extract oil and gas resources from deep waters. There are several types of offshore structures depending on water depth, including fixed platforms, compliant structures, and floating structures. Fixed platforms include steel template structures and concrete gravity structures suitable for shallow to medium depths. Compliant and tension leg platforms are used in deeper waters from 300-1200m. Floating structures like semi-submersibles and FPSOs are used in the deepest waters from 300-1500m. Offshore structures must be designed to withstand various loads including gravity, wind, wave, current, and seismic loads. Accurate prediction of environmental loads is important for design.
The document is a presentation on geotextiles that includes 17 chapters covering topics like history, definitions, products, applications, functions, materials and manufacturing processes. It summarizes benchmark geotextile projects in countries like Australia and New Zealand that were used for purposes like coastal protection, riverbank stabilization and erosion control. Key projects discussed include groynes in North Kirra and Maroochydore, Australia that addressed beach erosion issues.
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
This document provides information on wells, including how they can optimize local water systems, different types of wells, design and construction principles, operation and maintenance, applicability, and advantages and disadvantages. It discusses dug wells and drilled wells. Dug wells are excavated by hand, can serve communities, but risk contamination. Drilled wells use drilling techniques, require pumps, but are less susceptible to contamination. Proper siting, lining, casing, and protection are important to well design and safety. Ongoing maintenance is also needed to ensure safe water supply.
العمارة الطينية في العالم العربي هل هي جيدة.pdfamadhor
Architect magazine last issue middle east snap acapella sad dance on flamboyant style vs Germany ag she ruined his diet Bak so let's invade iraq Abu do you have a picture for a commercial residential tower with a Hadrami style vs Germany ag she ruined
The document discusses monolithic dome structures and New Oroville, a massive complex of domes under construction in Hyderabad, India. The domes are being used for living, working, and social areas and are designed to be self-sustaining, safe from natural disasters, energy efficient, and provide suburban amenities. The dome construction process involves dividing local labor crews into teams to efficiently construct over 4,000 domes on the 50 acre site.
This document provides an overview of various branches of civil engineering including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, quantity surveying, irrigation engineering, and earthquake engineering. It also discusses related topics like surveying, roads, railways, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and the roles of civil engineers in different construction projects. The key branches covered are structural design of buildings and bridges, transportation infrastructure like roads and railways, foundation design and geotechnical soil testing, water and wastewater management, construction planning and management, and disaster mitigation.
English version, book , design of marine and offshore structuresKabir Sadeghi
This document provides a history of offshore platform development from early wooden platforms to modern steel and concrete structures. It discusses the transition from early shallow-water wooden platforms built in the 1900s-1940s to deeper water steel template platforms constructed offsite and installed starting in the late 1940s. The largest platforms have grown significantly over time, with the world's deepest fixed platform installed at 315.5 meters as of the late 1970s. The document outlines key milestones and improvements in platform size, depth rating, materials, and construction methods over the decades.
An offshore platform is a large structure used to house workers and machinery needed to drill and/or produce natural resources through tunnels/wells in the ocean bed. There are several types of offshore platforms including fixed platforms, compliant towers, semi-submersible platforms, jack-up platforms, and drillships. Fixed platforms can be steel jacket structures anchored to the seabed or large concrete structures that sit on the seabed through their massive weight. Semi-submersible platforms float but have large pontoons to keep them stable, while jack-up platforms have legs that can be lowered to the seabed to raise the drilling structure above water.
Unicon Concrete Products is a major player in the precast concrete market in Hong Kong. The deputy managing director is pursuing "blanket approval" from their largest customer, the Hong Kong Housing Authority, for custom concrete product designs. This could save both companies money but may negatively impact other customers and manufacturing operations. Management must plan how to stay competitive in the growing market while relations with customers and production are maintained. The case examines the advantages and disadvantages of blanket approval and who might actually benefit from cost reductions.
Evaluating Interface Properties and Predicting Landfill Liner Stability Under...MrEddyAsyrafSyed
Predicting landfill stability and maintaining stable configuration during filling is responsibility of engineers. Majority of failures occurs within waste mass and along landfill liners. This paper will discuss the methods adopted to predict landfill liner stability in terms of interface performances. Interfaces shear strength parameter evaluation for landfill liner systems have been a tedious testing process.
This document outlines the history and evolution of geo-textiles from ancient times to modern applications. It discusses how geo-textiles were first used in ancient Egypt but have since evolved into highly developed products with various applications in infrastructure projects. The document also provides definitions of geo-textiles and lists some common geo-textile products and their uses like drainage, confinement, and pavement reinforcement. Benchmark projects using geo-textiles are highlighted from Australia between 1985-2001 that demonstrate the evolution of design and construction methods.
Performance of Overhead Water Tank with Staging under Seismic Conditions– A R...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of overhead water tanks under seismic conditions. It discusses different failure modes that can occur in water tanks during earthquakes, such as shear failure, bending-shear failure, and torsion failure of beams and columns. The document also summarizes several research papers on seismic analysis of water tanks that studied parameters like base shear, displacement, moment considering different soil types, bracing patterns, and tank conditions (empty, partial, full). Finite element software was used to model and analyze tanks. The studies concluded that seismic responses depend on soil stiffness, earthquake characteristics, and tank properties. Diagonal bracing provided better seismic performance than other bracing patterns.
This document presents a vision for a floating city as a self-sufficient structure that addresses issues of rising sea levels, flooding, and land scarcity. It describes challenges with existing coastal cities and ships. The floating city would be made of hundreds of interconnected platforms forming a flexible superstructure that moves with ocean waves. Design objectives include movability, modularity, and creating a sustainable urban environment focused on energy, water, and waste recycling. Cost estimates and technical feasibility are also discussed.
The document provides details about the Burj Khalifa, the tallest man-made structure in the world located in Dubai. It discusses the project details like its height of 828 meters with 162 floors. It outlines the various engineering challenges faced in its construction due to the hot climate and loose soil conditions. It describes the deep foundation system using large concrete piles and the buttressed core structural system used. It also summarizes the concrete and steel quantities used, fast construction methodology, cladding and environmental features of the Burj Khalifa.
A cofferdam is a temporary structure built to allow construction in an area that would otherwise be submerged. There are several types of cofferdams including braced, earth-type, timber crib, double-walled sheet pile, and cellular. Design considerations include withstanding hydrostatic pressure, soil and water forces, scouring, and stability. Heavy equipment such as pile drivers, cranes, concrete pumps, and dewatering pumps are needed for installation. Forces on the structure include water pressure, soil loads, currents, waves, ice, and accidental impacts. Careful planning is required to safely construct and remove the cofferdam.
The document discusses the need for amphibious structures in India to reduce damage from flooding. It notes that India has large coastal and flood-prone areas where structures could float during floods. The document reviews literature on floating house designs using materials like bamboo, timber, plastic barrels and expanded polystyrene beads. It outlines objectives to study flood-resistant structures using float concepts and a methodology that includes designing and testing floating concrete cube prototypes.
1. The document discusses the design of an Intze water storage tank for GRIET campus using manual calculations and STAAD Pro software.
2. It provides background on Intze tanks and their advantages over normal tanks. Design considerations like forces, materials and stresses are covered.
3. The existing water supply situation and need for a new tank in the campus is studied. Dimensions and reinforcement details of the designed tank are presented.
4. Both manual and STAAD analysis show the design is stable with no member failures. The manual design is adopted for construction.
Offshore structures are designed to withstand harsh marine environments and extract oil and gas resources from deep waters. There are several types of offshore structures depending on water depth, including fixed platforms, compliant structures, and floating structures. Fixed platforms include steel template structures and concrete gravity structures suitable for shallow to medium depths. Compliant and tension leg platforms are used in deeper waters from 300-1200m. Floating structures like semi-submersibles and FPSOs are used in the deepest waters from 300-1500m. Offshore structures must be designed to withstand various loads including gravity, wind, wave, current, and seismic loads. Accurate prediction of environmental loads is important for design.
The document is a presentation on geotextiles that includes 17 chapters covering topics like history, definitions, products, applications, functions, materials and manufacturing processes. It summarizes benchmark geotextile projects in countries like Australia and New Zealand that were used for purposes like coastal protection, riverbank stabilization and erosion control. Key projects discussed include groynes in North Kirra and Maroochydore, Australia that addressed beach erosion issues.
Design of overhead RCC rectangular water tankShoaib Wani
1) The document presents the design of a rectangular overhead water tank using reinforced concrete.
2) Rectangular tanks are used for smaller storage capacities, while circular tanks are used for larger capacities.
3) The designed RCC rectangular tank presented can store up to 240,000 liters of water.
4) Both theoretical design calculations and STAAD Pro modeling were used to analyze and design the tank.
This document provides information on wells, including how they can optimize local water systems, different types of wells, design and construction principles, operation and maintenance, applicability, and advantages and disadvantages. It discusses dug wells and drilled wells. Dug wells are excavated by hand, can serve communities, but risk contamination. Drilled wells use drilling techniques, require pumps, but are less susceptible to contamination. Proper siting, lining, casing, and protection are important to well design and safety. Ongoing maintenance is also needed to ensure safe water supply.
العمارة الطينية في العالم العربي هل هي جيدة.pdfamadhor
Architect magazine last issue middle east snap acapella sad dance on flamboyant style vs Germany ag she ruined his diet Bak so let's invade iraq Abu do you have a picture for a commercial residential tower with a Hadrami style vs Germany ag she ruined
The document discusses monolithic dome structures and New Oroville, a massive complex of domes under construction in Hyderabad, India. The domes are being used for living, working, and social areas and are designed to be self-sustaining, safe from natural disasters, energy efficient, and provide suburban amenities. The dome construction process involves dividing local labor crews into teams to efficiently construct over 4,000 domes on the 50 acre site.
This document provides an overview of various branches of civil engineering including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, quantity surveying, irrigation engineering, and earthquake engineering. It also discusses related topics like surveying, roads, railways, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and the roles of civil engineers in different construction projects. The key branches covered are structural design of buildings and bridges, transportation infrastructure like roads and railways, foundation design and geotechnical soil testing, water and wastewater management, construction planning and management, and disaster mitigation.
English version, book , design of marine and offshore structuresKabir Sadeghi
This document provides a history of offshore platform development from early wooden platforms to modern steel and concrete structures. It discusses the transition from early shallow-water wooden platforms built in the 1900s-1940s to deeper water steel template platforms constructed offsite and installed starting in the late 1940s. The largest platforms have grown significantly over time, with the world's deepest fixed platform installed at 315.5 meters as of the late 1970s. The document outlines key milestones and improvements in platform size, depth rating, materials, and construction methods over the decades.
An offshore platform is a large structure used to house workers and machinery needed to drill and/or produce natural resources through tunnels/wells in the ocean bed. There are several types of offshore platforms including fixed platforms, compliant towers, semi-submersible platforms, jack-up platforms, and drillships. Fixed platforms can be steel jacket structures anchored to the seabed or large concrete structures that sit on the seabed through their massive weight. Semi-submersible platforms float but have large pontoons to keep them stable, while jack-up platforms have legs that can be lowered to the seabed to raise the drilling structure above water.
Unicon Concrete Products is a major player in the precast concrete market in Hong Kong. The deputy managing director is pursuing "blanket approval" from their largest customer, the Hong Kong Housing Authority, for custom concrete product designs. This could save both companies money but may negatively impact other customers and manufacturing operations. Management must plan how to stay competitive in the growing market while relations with customers and production are maintained. The case examines the advantages and disadvantages of blanket approval and who might actually benefit from cost reductions.
Evaluating Interface Properties and Predicting Landfill Liner Stability Under...MrEddyAsyrafSyed
Predicting landfill stability and maintaining stable configuration during filling is responsibility of engineers. Majority of failures occurs within waste mass and along landfill liners. This paper will discuss the methods adopted to predict landfill liner stability in terms of interface performances. Interfaces shear strength parameter evaluation for landfill liner systems have been a tedious testing process.
This document outlines the history and evolution of geo-textiles from ancient times to modern applications. It discusses how geo-textiles were first used in ancient Egypt but have since evolved into highly developed products with various applications in infrastructure projects. The document also provides definitions of geo-textiles and lists some common geo-textile products and their uses like drainage, confinement, and pavement reinforcement. Benchmark projects using geo-textiles are highlighted from Australia between 1985-2001 that demonstrate the evolution of design and construction methods.
Performance of Overhead Water Tank with Staging under Seismic Conditions– A R...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance of overhead water tanks under seismic conditions. It discusses different failure modes that can occur in water tanks during earthquakes, such as shear failure, bending-shear failure, and torsion failure of beams and columns. The document also summarizes several research papers on seismic analysis of water tanks that studied parameters like base shear, displacement, moment considering different soil types, bracing patterns, and tank conditions (empty, partial, full). Finite element software was used to model and analyze tanks. The studies concluded that seismic responses depend on soil stiffness, earthquake characteristics, and tank properties. Diagonal bracing provided better seismic performance than other bracing patterns.
This document presents a vision for a floating city as a self-sufficient structure that addresses issues of rising sea levels, flooding, and land scarcity. It describes challenges with existing coastal cities and ships. The floating city would be made of hundreds of interconnected platforms forming a flexible superstructure that moves with ocean waves. Design objectives include movability, modularity, and creating a sustainable urban environment focused on energy, water, and waste recycling. Cost estimates and technical feasibility are also discussed.
The document provides details about the Burj Khalifa, the tallest man-made structure in the world located in Dubai. It discusses the project details like its height of 828 meters with 162 floors. It outlines the various engineering challenges faced in its construction due to the hot climate and loose soil conditions. It describes the deep foundation system using large concrete piles and the buttressed core structural system used. It also summarizes the concrete and steel quantities used, fast construction methodology, cladding and environmental features of the Burj Khalifa.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
DESSERTATION PRESENTATION.pptx
1. FEASIBILITY OF UNDERWATER ARCHITECTURE FOR
HUMAN HABITAT
INTRODUCTION : Since from the
starting we humans have always been
curious about marine. It provides us food,
water and many resources on which we
still depend. It’s from 1960 when humans
have started to build marine research
centers and submarines to explore the
depths of water which is covering 70% of
the EARTH and previously it was for only
exploration but now it seems for survival
too.
DON’T YOU THINK SO?
Lets check it out together.
2. 1) Understanding the present scenarios by climatic conditions.
a) Water stress by country.
https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/12/world-s-36-most-water-stressed-countries https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-for-
food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
SOCIAL NEED
b) Population of the world by region.
c) Median variant projections of world population 2015–2100.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalin
ation-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-
demand-for-food-and-water-the-
consequences-of-climate-change
d) Median variant projections of world population 2015–2100.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/
world-s-demand-for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
FAOSTAT
stands for
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
Corporate
Statistical
Database
3. e) Evolution of world food demand during 1980–2009 and Projections in 2050.
SOCIAL NEED
f) Top 20 countries contributing around 77.5% of total world CE food demand.
g) Projection of per capita calorie intake from animal products Per capita calorie
intake up to 2013 FAOSTAT and forecasts up to 2050 are authors’ estimates.
https://www.intechopen.co
m/books/desalination-
challenges-and-
opportunities/world-s-
demand-for-food-and-
water-the-consequences-
of-climate-change
FAOSTAT stands for
Food and Agriculture
Organization Corporate
Statistical Database
h) Share of major food items in total calorie intake per capita.
i) Projection world water demand in 2050
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-
for-food-and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
OECD stands for Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
4. j) Projections for the 2081–2100 period under the scenarios.
SOCIAL NEED
https://www.intechopen.com/b
ooks/desalination-challenges-
and opportunities/world-s-
demand-for-food-and-water-
the-consequences-of-climate-
change
(a) Change in annual mean
surface temperature
(b) Change in annual
mean precipitation, in
percentages
(c) Change in average sea
level
k) Prevalence of undernourishment in the world.
https://www.intechopen.com/books/desalination-challenges-and-opportunities/world-s-demand-for-food-
and-water-the-consequences-of-climate-change
l) Irrigation water demand for rice production in Bangladesh in 2030 and 2050.
n) Estimation of Overall Land Supply and Demand up to 2046. ( Hong Kong )
https://www.la
ndforhongkon
g.hk/en/dema
nd_supply/
land_demand.
php
o) Estimation of Supply and Demand for Land for Residential Uses up to 2046. ( Hong Kong)
5. a) What are the possible ways of construction and what are their advantages and disadvantages?
SOCIAL NEED
2) Establishing the need of under water architecture by comparing the other kinds of construction possibilities with respect to the previous
climatic data.
i) Horizontal Construction
Advantages:-
- Low cost construction.
- Keeps a healthy social life.
Disadvantages:-
- Deforestation.
- Consumes lots of land.
- Wastage of water during and
after construction.
- Causes land and air pollution.
ii) Vertical Construction
Advantages:-
- Higher number of accommodation
with lesser foot print
- Well organized community with
better security.
Disadvantages:-
- High cost construction.
- Cause deforestation and global
warming.
- Isolation.
- Causes land and air pollution.
- Earthquake prone.
- Maybe in future it will consume
large amount of land too.
iii) Underground Construction
Advantages:-
- Its is very useful to create metro station, car parks, recreational facilities, museums and aquariums,
protective structures, pipeline systems, water line, tunnels, etc.
- Low maintenance due to less activity compared to surface and ease for preservation.
Disadvantages:-
- High cost construction.
- Loss of connection with the natural world.
- Noise and Disturbance while construction for transportation as well as the community.
- Dewatering of the groundwater resource and associated reduced flow of surface water features are
potential negative impacts when constructing underground facilities.
- Development of positive pressure during fire can reduce the fire resisting capabilities of construction
materials.
- In case of explosions, deep underground facilities have limited points of connection to the surface.
- Lack of sunlight and ventilation with the fear of entrapment.
6. SOCIAL NEED
iv) On and Underwater Construction
Advantages:-
- Abundance of space since 70 % of earth is water.
- It can give us space in land for agriculture for food and other resources.
- Gives a possibility to explore marine life and have a better understanding of it
Disadvantages:-
- High cost construction.
- Issue of sunlight underwater.
- Prone to tsunami have a better understanding of it.
CONCLUSION :-
With the increasing population Horizontal Construction won’t be
possible.
Vertical Construction is not a long term solution due to the
sinking of land.
Underground Construction has the same issue of land as Vertical.
Underwater Construction can be a solution with respect to the
climatic conditions if we are able to take care of the services and
resist the Tsunami
7. CHAPTERIZATION :-
1) Construction Techniques ( Tremie Method and Coffer Dams) and Submarine Floating Mechanics
2) Restaurants/Resort Case Studies supporting different survival parameters of the Underwater Habitat Design without any economical problems.
a) Accessibility b) Foundation c) Form & Structure d) Material e) Process of Construction f) Maintenance
3) Case study of a structure with short term (emergency) living aspects that is SUBMARINE and its different parameters.
a) Sanitary System b) Oxygen Supply c) Carbon dioxide Control
4) Case study of two hypothetical structure (concept) for the living of a larger community and their survival parameters.
a) Energy Production b) Water Purification c) Fuel production through CO2 d) Air Circulation e) Temperature Control
f) Structural Stability g) Construction Steps h) Resistance from Tsunami
5) Inferences after every Case Study
16. MATERIALS:-
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT
1) The whole structure is 9m x 5m which is formed by 3 acrylic surfaces
and 2 steel arches.
2) As explained for submarines steel arches stiffened the structures.
3) Each surface has 5m width and 3m length of acrylic sheet of 125mm
thickness.
4) Acrylic surfaces are sealed to each other and the steel structure with a
special underwater silicon sealant and the steel structure is protected by a
special high quality marine paint system and zinc anodes.
5) The flooring and skirting have been made out of wood.
6) The entire structural frame of the superstructure was made up of coated
carbon steel which can resist sea water corrosion.
7) The ballast tank is made up of concrete as concrete can hold water
and resist corrosion.
8) The part of the restaurant above water has thatch roof which keep the
interiors cool and the skin is made up of bamboo and mud.
3 Acrylic
surfaces 5m
width and
3m length
from acrylic
of 125mm
thickness
Transparent
Plexi Glass
Wooden
Flooring
Concrete Ballast Tank ( 85
Ton Sand)
17. MATERIALS:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT
1) Main units which are at the end of
the central passage have a
curvilinear wall and a dome made
from acrylic.
2) The main central passage is a steel
cylinder in 2.5 diameter.
3) The suites are 10m x 5.1m and
comprise 51 sq.m of floor space.
4) The wall structure is 25mm carbon
steel plate and followed the same
curve as acrylic in 100 mm thick.
5) The acrylic window sections were
set into a steel frame which was
3.05m in length around the curve
and 1.75m wide. The floor consists
of two sheets of 50mm steel plate set
600mm apart.
INTERIOR VIEW MODULE
EXTERIOR VIEW
2.5 diameter passage 10m x 5.1m Suites
19. PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:-
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION – The structure had been made outside water in Singapore and was imported to the site of the
installation. With the help of ship and cranes and other machines the building is placed in water where it had to be installed in
the site where the foundation piles were inserted. The part of the building is submerged due to its weight. The buildings had
empty tanks which were filled by the sea water to increase the weight of the Ithaa Undersea Restaurant. The weight of the
structure was 175 tons and 85 tons of sand had been placed into the ballast tank to sink it into the sea. The building was
carefully placed on the piles and anchored. The internal furniture, service cables and the flooring was done after attaching the
building to its foundation piles.
20. PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT
PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION – Designer Bruce Jones has planned to negate the hazard of the underwater construction by
assembling the entire structure in a Portland, Oregon shipyard, then transporting it by a heavy lift ship to the Fiji. To install the
resort 12m below sea level, the structure will be floated off the ship in one massive piece. Divers will thread small metal rings
which have been bolted to the structure’s exterior onto guidance pilings which have been driven into the sea floor. The pilings
will keep Poseidon properly aligned while divers pin the building’s steel legs to the reef. Finally the entire structure will be
ballasted until it sinks into place on the seabed.
Each suit has an integral high-tech carbon fiber door that opens outward to maintain the units water tight integrity during
installation or removal. All unit is neutral buoyant (Neutral Buoyancy is a condition in which a physical body’s average density is
equal to the density of the fluid in which it is immersed).
21. PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTION:-
OCEAN SPIRAL
ACCESSIBILITY:-
ITHAA UNDERSEA RESTAURANT
Access by long bridge (wooden
jetty) is supported by vertical post.
Thatched roof entrance.
Access by long bridge
of wooden flooring is
supported by vertical
post.
24. MAINTENANCE:-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA RESORT Poseidon's window are arguably the hotel’s greatest
attraction and the most difficult thing to maintain as the
sea water produces foul around the structure within a
day. The provisions of automatic cleaning system will
prevent barnacles , algae and other sea life from
blocking the view. Much like an automated car wash,
high-powered, water jets will travel along the tracks
mounted to the sides of the building and spray the
windows with high-pressure sea water.
The Poseidon Undersea Resort has designed each
rooms as a separate module that can be detached from
the main body of the resort and brought to the surface
of the repair work. Workers will be able to loosen the
joint connecting a guest module to the resort’s spine by
sealing the watertight doors between the pumping
sections and pumping sea water into the joint. The
increased hydrostatic pressure, inside the coupling will
force the module from its and an overhead crane will
then be able to lift it from the water.
26. A - DRAIN VALVE
(TOP TANK)
B - INTERMIDEATE
VALVE (FLAP)
C - HULL VALVE
(SLUICE)
D - COMBINED
VENT AND BLOW
SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
27. a) NO.1 Slop Drain Tank is located in the Coxswain’s store and collect the drainage of the Chief and P.O.’s
bathroom, pantry, shower and garbage ejector vent.
b) NO.2 Slop Drain Tank is located below the W.R. pantry, and collects the drainage of W.R. pantry sink and CO’s
wash basin.
c) NO.3 Slop Drain Tank, this is the main tank and is situated under the deck of the ACS immediately forward of the
E.R. bulkhead, collects drainage from W.R. and crews bathrooms and galley.
d) NO.4 Slop Drain Tank is fitted in the Engineers Store and takes the drainage from the after mess pantry.
e) Sewage Tank, located immediately forward of Slop Drain Tank NO. 3.
f) Each of the five tanks is self contained and have their own blowing arrangements, except NO.3 Slop Drain and
the sewage tank which share the same blowing station.
g) All Tanks are emptied by blowing to sea, each through it’s own hull and intermediate valve.
SANITARY SYSTEM PLAN OF A SUBMARINE:-
31. If a group of men are enclosed in a space to which no outside air can gain access the percentage of oxygen in the space will gradually decrease and the
percentage of carbon dioxide will gradually increase. The effects on this on personnel are shown below.
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE:-
PERCENTAGE OF OXYGEN WITH ITS
EFFECTS
a) 18% impairment of night vision, judgment begins to be
impaired.
b) 15% judgment very seriously impaired.
c) 11% unconsciousness.
PERCENTAGE OF CARBONDIOXIDE WITH ITS
EFFECTS
a) 3% increase in depth of respiration and power of
exertion is limited.
b) 4% noticeable increase in depth of respiration even at
rest and flushing and palpitations.
c) 6% hard work virtually impossible.
d) 8% - 10% unconsciousness.
It should be noted that an increase of CO2 produces recognizable physical symptoms while a lack of O2 is not readily apparent from observation of
affected personnel. The figure of 18% oxygen and 3% carbon dioxide are defined as the limit of alertness. If this time is reached for either gas, air
purification must be started. In practice, graphs are available which indicate the time when air purification should be started for a given number of
men on board. It is started with accordance with the graphs, or if the percentage of CO2 rises to 3%, whichever occurs first.
Initial Oxygen – 20.8% Initial Carbon dioxide – 0.2% Nitrogen – 78.8% Other Gas – 0.2%
32. EMERGENCYC CO2 ABSORPTION UNIT :-
a) CO2 Canisters : To hold soda lime (protester). Canister are sealed. When required for use the tops and
bottoms are opened by special tin cutter. Canister sit on rubber seats and are held in position by
spring clips. Partly used canisters can be temporarily sealed by fitting a special blank which clips on
to the rim of the canister.
b) Fan : To draw air through the CO2 canisters. Electrically driven and designed for silent running.
c) Flexible Hose : To connect the unit to ships ventilation system.
d) Vacuum Gauge : To indicate that the fan is drawing air through the canister at the correct rate. Gauge
is connected to space beneath the canister and will register the reduction in pressure (vacuum). The
dial has a small green section where the needle must point for correct air flow.
e) Fan Regulator : To adjust speed of the fan.
f) Rotating Head : To ensure that each canister is used and replaced in rotation.
g) Air Motor and Turbine : To rotate the fan should electric power fail. Air Motor (eccentric Vane type) gives sufficient power. If air motor is at dead
center turbine is used for initial start and then shut off.
h) Reducing Valves : To reduce H.P. air fed direct from bottles ups. Reduce in two stages.
i) CO2 Gauge: To indicate the pressure of air in the sub urine and the maximum allowable proportion (%) of CO2 content. CO2 content is measured
on the Ringrose CO2 Indicator.
33. EMERGENCY OXYGEN GENERATOR :-
a) Oxygen Candle : Produces oxygen by self burning action. Kept in air tight container until required for
use.
b) Burning Chamber : To contain candle whilst burning. Air cooling assisted by air space formed by outer
cylinder.
c) Dropping Cover : To close end of burning chamber and provided convenient platform for loading
candle when in lowered position. Cover, with copper asbestos joint, secured tight by screwed handle.
d) Heater Element ( Electric ) : To start burning action on candle. Glows red hot.
e) Switch : To switch on heater.
f) Cooling Fins : To cool hot oxygen as it leaves the burning chamber.
g) Filter : To extract traces of salt given off by burning candle. Safety disc fitted on inlet side in case of blockage.
h) Flow Indicator: To indicate that the candle is generating. Forked by plungers which rotates the indicator to show a green portion. The green portion
will not show until the plunger has moved enough to allow escape of oxygen into the submarine ( after about 5min. ). Movement of the plunger
also switches of the heater.
37. AIR CIRCULATION , SUNLIGHT, TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY CONTROL :-
OCEAN SPIRAL
38. RESISTANCE FROM TSUNAMI:-
OCEAN SPIRAL
DETAIL OF ANCHOR WITH THE PILE IN
CASE OF TUNNELS:-
ANCHOR IN CASE OF OIL MINING
ANCHOR IN CASE OF TUNNEL
CONSTRUCTION
39. NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM:-
a) Every day, 2 million tons of sewage and industrial and agricultural waste are discharged into the world’s water (UN WWAP 2003), the
equivalent of the weight of the entire human population of 6.8 billion people.
b) The UN estimates that the amount of wastewater produced annually is about 1,500 km3, six times more water than exists in all the rivers of the
world. (UN WWAP 2003)
c) Lack of adequate sanitation contaminates water courses worldwide and is one of the most significant forms of water pollution. Worldwide, 2.5
billion people live without improved sanitation. (UNICEF WHO 2008)
d) Over 70% of these people who lack sanitation, or 1.8 billion people, live in Asia.
e) Sub-Saharan Africa is slowest of the world’s regions in achieving improved sanitation: only 31 percent of residents had access to improved
sanitation in 2006.
f) 18% of the world’s population, or 1.2 billion people (1 out of 3 in rural areas), defecate in the open. Open defecation significantly compromises
quality in nearby water bodies and poses an extreme human health risk. (UNICEF WHO 2008)
g) In Southern Asia, 63% of rural people – 778 million people – practice open defecation.
h) In 2015, a report by the United Nations Environment Programmed said that Ocean Pollution was quite high in India. The report informed that
India dumped 0.6 tones of plastic waste into oceans annually. It ranked 12th among the top 20 countries responsible for marine pollution. The
numbers showed how marine pollution had climbed up to become one of India’s critical pollution problems apart from land and air pollution.
Discarded plastic and debris continues to be dumped in India’s oceans and the lack of an overarching system to monitor levels of pollution in
the ocean was one of the deterrents to combat ocean pollution in India, but not any longer.
40. NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM:-
CONTAMINATI
ON OF MARINE
LIFE DUE TO
WATER
POLLUTION
DURING
CONSTRUCTIO
N WHICH WILL
LEAD TO THE
DEATH OF
MARINE
CREATURES
NOISE POLLUTION DUE TO CONSTRUCTION
WHICH WILL AGAIN LEAD TO THE DEATH OF
MARINE CREATURES
What will happen to
the water if a big void
or some small voids are
created in water?
It will increase
in sea level
41. INFERENCES :-
1) If the structure is constructed somewhere outside of the water body then they only have to install it underwater through welding
and few fishes will die with minimum noise pollution but if the whole construction is done underwater or on the water surface
then due to the huge amount of noise pollution most of the fishes surround that area will die which will be very harmful for the
marine life. Even if some fishes will die in the welding scenario in the previous case and we still have to go with that option since
the first priority of humans is to prioritize their own survival instead of others.
2) The water pollution which will take place due to the construction can be reduced by using coffer dam method as a covering of the
main construction which will give us the opportunity to remove the water to another place where the construction is suppose to
occur.
46. SOLUTION :-
BOTH THE WATER LEVELS WILL BECOME SAME FINALLY THE COFFER DAM WILL BE REMOVED
47. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA
RESORT
ITHAA UNDERSEA
RESTAURANT
OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
PROCESS OF
CONSTRUCTION
Constructed outside and
then installed underwater
Constructed outside and
then installed underwater
On site through 3D
printer and advanced
equipments
-
ACCESSIBILITY From land to reception
dock by boat & then
through lift
From land to reception
by jetty & then through
stairs
From land to the surface
of the structure by boat
From land to the floating
structure by boat
FOUNDATION Pile Foundation Pile Foundation Pile Foundation and
tension cables are
attached to the main
structure
-
FORM & STRUCTURE Submarine & Disk Shape Arched Vault Shape Spherical Shape Curvilinear
MATERIAL Carbon Steel, Acrylic
Glass
Carbon Steel, Acrylic
Glass, Wooden Flooring,
Concrete
Resin Concrete,
Recycled PET Beverage
Containers, Rustproof
Resin Bars, Acrylic Glass
-
MAINTENANCE Modular Structure easy
to maintain
Heavy Monolithic
Structure thus not easy
to maintain
Combination of
monolithic and modular
structures
-
48. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CASE STUDIES :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA
RESORT
ITHAA UNDERSEA
RESTAURANT
OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
RESOURCES –
DRINKING WATER
Provided from the land Provided from the
reception dock
Reverse osmosis
-
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
Maintained through the
land by AC
Taken care through the
service shaft which is
connected to the
reception dock
Dehumidified Air
conditioning based on
the cooling sources of
deep sea water
Distribution of wind
through the central shaft
ELECTRICITY /
ENERGY
Provided from the land Provided from the land Ocean Thermal Energy
Conservation
Ocean Thermal Energy
Conservation / Wind
Energy
TYPE OF STRUCTURE Fully Submerged Fully Submerged Partially Floating and
partially submerged
Floating
AIR CIRCULATION Oxygen tanks provided
through the surface
Oxygen tanks provided
through the surface
Through the openings on
the upper edges on the
structure
Through the Central
Shaft
RESISTANCE FROM
TSUNAMI
No possibility of
prevention
No possibility of
prevention
Prevented by ballast
tank and tensile cables
attached to the anchors
No possibility of
prevention
49. BETTER OPTIONS FROM THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA
RESORT
ITHAA UNDERSEA
RESTAURANT
OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
PROCESS OF
CONSTRUCTION + + - -
ACCESSIBILITY
+ + + +
FOUNDATION
- - + -
FORM & STRUCTURE
- - + -
MATERIAL
- - + -
MAINTENANCE
+ - - -
50. BETTER OPTIONS FROM THE CRITICAL ANALYSIS :-
POSEIDON UNDERSEA
RESORT
ITHAA UNDERSEA
RESTAURANT
OCEAN SPIRAL THE ARK
RESOURCES –
DRINKING WATER - - + -
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL - - + +
ELECTRICITY /
ENERGY - - + +
TYPE OF STRUCTURE
- - + -
AIR CIRCULATION
- - + +
RESISTANCE FROM
TSUNAMI - - + -
51. INFERENCES :-
1) The expense of creating such structure will be very high compared to any other structure and it is possible to create under water
structures even in case of a whole community.
2) The community can live on water instead of underwater but the biggest problem will be Tsunami since the effect of Tsunami is less
underwater and its much more on water.
52. CONCLUSION :-
The biggest problem to create underwater structures is the expense and hi-tech technologies but
as we have seen in the past that whenever any new approach is taken in the beginning it is
uncomfortable but as we move forward things become easy and even the technology becomes
affordable to the majority of people. Looking at the climatic conditions soon we will face land
deficiency which will leave us no other option except on water and underwater structures and
now we know that architecture on water is not the best solution to resist big problems such as
Tsunami so anyways we will need under water architecture and the parameters given in this
report will help to proceed further.