This document discusses ethical issues related to statistical work done by the U.S. government. It begins by explaining why ethics are important, even for statisticians, to avoid potential harms. It then describes two types of harm: traditional harms like manipulating data or plagiarism, and extraordinary harms like using data to target vulnerable groups for human rights abuses. The document provides examples of when government data systems have been misused in this way, like identifying Jews for the Holocaust. It hypothesizes factors that may contribute to such extraordinary harms, like bureaucratic opportunism and professional zeal. Finally, it discusses ethical guidelines and how they can provide guidance to help prevent harms.
Research Paper - Recruitment Issues in the Public SectorMarsha Noel
This document summarizes recruitment issues faced by the public sector and recommendations from previous research. It discusses that the public sector faces challenges such as a slow bureaucratic recruitment process, an inability to attract certain groups like young college graduates, and subjective recruitment practices. Previous studies examined how demographic factors and job qualities influence preferences for public sector work. They found recruitment could be improved by streamlining hiring procedures, improving marketing of government jobs, focusing on organizational culture and a competence-based approach. The document aims to further explore recruitment issues and provide suggestions based on past research to help modernize public sector recruitment strategies.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the academic and professional experience of Ines Mergel. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Syracuse University, teaching in the areas of public administration and information studies. Her education includes a Doctorate from the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland and a Master's from the University of Kassel in Germany. Her research focuses on social media adoption and use in government. She has published numerous journal articles, book chapters, and two authored books on this topic.
The document discusses three perspectives on environmental ethics: anthropocentric, biocentric, and ecocentric. It also outlines Aldo Leopold's land ethic of viewing humans as citizens within the land community. The document then presents a model for addressing environmental problems through scientific assessment, risk analysis, public education, political action, and evaluation. It acknowledges this process is idealized and complex environmental problems are rarely addressed so systematically.
Transdisciplinary Research in Higher Education: Towards a Paradigm for Sustai...IOSRJBM
This document discusses transdisciplinary research (TDR) as a paradigm for sustainable development in higher education. It defines TDR as a problem-centered research approach that integrates diverse academic and non-academic perspectives to generate knowledge. The document presents TDR on a continuum between disciplinary and transdisciplinary research, noting that TDR goes beyond disciplines to involve stakeholders across sectors. It describes key characteristics of TDR as accepting diverse perspectives, including all stakeholders in the research process, and viewing interdisciplinary spaces as rich in knowledge. The document argues that complex sustainable development challenges require TDR's cooperative approach across boundaries to effectively address problems and develop practical solutions.
Yannick Le Guern toward a french entrepreneurial model for public policy imp...Yannick Le Guern
This document discusses the need for a new entrepreneurial model for implementing public policy in France. It presents the Processual Action Entrepreneurship Model (PAEM) developed by think tanks to reconstruct public policy implementation through an entrepreneurial lens. The PAEM involves analyzing implementation processes, involving actors in changes, and constructing collective entrepreneurial representations to avoid traditional resistances. It allows understanding power relations and anticipating conflicts to transcend problems. The model proposes developing a systemic entrepreneurial organization based on autonomy, responsibility, involvement, initiatives, and management. Case studies show how the PAEM can improve the efficacy of changes in public policy.
This document summarizes a study examining equal employment opportunities in the recruitment and selection processes of human resources in Macedonia. The study was conducted among both HR managers and job applicants to determine if both groups share the same views on the existence of equal opportunities in these processes. The document provides background on equal employment opportunity concepts and legislation in Macedonia guaranteeing non-discrimination. It also describes the recruitment, selection, and legal processes in place and examines whether equal opportunity is regularly practiced or if latent discrimination exists outside the legal framework.
This curriculum vitae summarizes Ines Mergel's educational and professional background. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Syracuse University, with affiliations in Public Administration and Information Studies. Her education includes a Dr. oec. from University of St. Gallen and an MBA from University of Kassel. Her research focuses on social media adoption in government and network analysis. She has published numerous journal articles, book chapters, and two authored books on these topics.
This document discusses ethical issues related to statistical work done by the U.S. government. It begins by explaining why ethics are important, even for statisticians, to avoid potential harms. It then describes two types of harm: traditional harms like manipulating data or plagiarism, and extraordinary harms like using data to target vulnerable groups for human rights abuses. The document provides examples of when government data systems have been misused in this way, like identifying Jews for the Holocaust. It hypothesizes factors that may contribute to such extraordinary harms, like bureaucratic opportunism and professional zeal. Finally, it discusses ethical guidelines and how they can provide guidance to help prevent harms.
Research Paper - Recruitment Issues in the Public SectorMarsha Noel
This document summarizes recruitment issues faced by the public sector and recommendations from previous research. It discusses that the public sector faces challenges such as a slow bureaucratic recruitment process, an inability to attract certain groups like young college graduates, and subjective recruitment practices. Previous studies examined how demographic factors and job qualities influence preferences for public sector work. They found recruitment could be improved by streamlining hiring procedures, improving marketing of government jobs, focusing on organizational culture and a competence-based approach. The document aims to further explore recruitment issues and provide suggestions based on past research to help modernize public sector recruitment strategies.
This curriculum vitae summarizes the academic and professional experience of Ines Mergel. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Syracuse University, teaching in the areas of public administration and information studies. Her education includes a Doctorate from the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland and a Master's from the University of Kassel in Germany. Her research focuses on social media adoption and use in government. She has published numerous journal articles, book chapters, and two authored books on this topic.
The document discusses three perspectives on environmental ethics: anthropocentric, biocentric, and ecocentric. It also outlines Aldo Leopold's land ethic of viewing humans as citizens within the land community. The document then presents a model for addressing environmental problems through scientific assessment, risk analysis, public education, political action, and evaluation. It acknowledges this process is idealized and complex environmental problems are rarely addressed so systematically.
Transdisciplinary Research in Higher Education: Towards a Paradigm for Sustai...IOSRJBM
This document discusses transdisciplinary research (TDR) as a paradigm for sustainable development in higher education. It defines TDR as a problem-centered research approach that integrates diverse academic and non-academic perspectives to generate knowledge. The document presents TDR on a continuum between disciplinary and transdisciplinary research, noting that TDR goes beyond disciplines to involve stakeholders across sectors. It describes key characteristics of TDR as accepting diverse perspectives, including all stakeholders in the research process, and viewing interdisciplinary spaces as rich in knowledge. The document argues that complex sustainable development challenges require TDR's cooperative approach across boundaries to effectively address problems and develop practical solutions.
Yannick Le Guern toward a french entrepreneurial model for public policy imp...Yannick Le Guern
This document discusses the need for a new entrepreneurial model for implementing public policy in France. It presents the Processual Action Entrepreneurship Model (PAEM) developed by think tanks to reconstruct public policy implementation through an entrepreneurial lens. The PAEM involves analyzing implementation processes, involving actors in changes, and constructing collective entrepreneurial representations to avoid traditional resistances. It allows understanding power relations and anticipating conflicts to transcend problems. The model proposes developing a systemic entrepreneurial organization based on autonomy, responsibility, involvement, initiatives, and management. Case studies show how the PAEM can improve the efficacy of changes in public policy.
This document summarizes a study examining equal employment opportunities in the recruitment and selection processes of human resources in Macedonia. The study was conducted among both HR managers and job applicants to determine if both groups share the same views on the existence of equal opportunities in these processes. The document provides background on equal employment opportunity concepts and legislation in Macedonia guaranteeing non-discrimination. It also describes the recruitment, selection, and legal processes in place and examines whether equal opportunity is regularly practiced or if latent discrimination exists outside the legal framework.
This curriculum vitae summarizes Ines Mergel's educational and professional background. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Syracuse University, with affiliations in Public Administration and Information Studies. Her education includes a Dr. oec. from University of St. Gallen and an MBA from University of Kassel. Her research focuses on social media adoption in government and network analysis. She has published numerous journal articles, book chapters, and two authored books on these topics.
This document summarizes theories in public administration from 1800 to 1980. It covers the classical era from 1800-1950s which was based on scientific management, bureaucracy, and administrative management. Theories included Frederick Taylor's scientific management, Max Weber's bureaucracy, and Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management. The neoclassical era from the 1920s-1930s incorporated the human element and included theories from Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, and Elton Mayo. Abraham Maslow introduced the hierarchy of needs and Frederick Herzberg the motivation-hygiene theory. Douglas McGregor proposed theory X and theory Y. The modern era integrated the classical and human relations approaches and included decision making theory from Herbert Simon and industrial human
Culture matters: a test of rationality on economic growthnida19
There are widespread debates as to whether cultural values have a bearing on economic growth. Scholarly articles have actually had conflicting results with proponents arguing there is whiles opponents have thought otherwise. The aim of this paper is to verify the assertions made by these two schools of thought from the perspective of culture as a rationality component using an input-output growth model. We basically employed an approach that sought to define and aggregate cultural values under rationality indices: instrumental, affective, value and traditional rationality from 29 countries with data from world value survey (1981-2009).
We systematically had them tested in an endogenous growth model alongside traditional economic variables. We conclude that when these cultural variables are combined with the so-called economic variables, there is an improvement in the model explanation than before. In addition, two of these cultural indices indicated a statistically positive effect on economic growth (instrumental and affective rationality). However, traditional
rationality index was also robust but with a negative coefficient. Value rationality showed a somewhat weaker link to economic growth and was statistically insignificant. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
This document summarizes a study that examined behaviors and factors that contribute to researchers' success in obtaining federal grant funding. The study analyzed survey responses from 286 faculty across disciplines. It found that behaviors like submitting more research proposals, having a larger research team, publishing more papers, attending association meetings, and obtaining funding from major agencies like NIH and NSF significantly predicted the dollar value of awards received. Education in grant writing was also a significant predictor of funding success. The study aimed to identify a profile of successful grant-getting behaviors that could be applied across disciplines.
Applying multiple streams theoretical framework to college matriculation poli...Alexander Decker
This document applies Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze China's college matriculation policy reform for children of migrant workers. It discusses how the problem stream indirectly opened the policy window by raising awareness of the issue, while the political stream directly opened it through organized advocacy efforts. However, the policy stream was absent due to a lack of viable alternatives meeting criteria. As a result, the policy window closed without a policy being adopted, contributing to the reform's perceived failure except in some localities.
Focus on understanding social science theories. Some of the contents are:
Understanding theory
Theoretical concepts
Theoretical models
Using and evaluating a theory
Constraints in building theory
1) The document analyzes internet addiction levels of individuals according to various variables based on a survey of 596 people in Kırşehir, Turkey.
2) It finds that most individuals had low levels of internet addiction according to age groups, gender, and profession, though students and those under age 19 tended to have higher addiction levels.
3) Males generally had higher internet addiction scores than females, and scores differed significantly between those aged 19 and below versus older age groups.
Invited talk: Using Social Media and Mobile Devices to Mediate Informal, Professional, Work-Based Learning
John Cook
Bristol Centre for Research
in Lifelong Learning and Education (BRILLE)
University of the West of England (UWE)
http://www.uwe.ac.uk/research/brille/
http://people.uwe.ac.uk/Pages/person.aspx?accountname=campus\jn-cook
Invited talk: Centre for Learning, Knowing and Interactive Technologies, Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol
26th February, 12.30 to 13.45
This document provides an overview of policy and policy analysis. It defines policy as statements that guide decision making and actions. Public policy refers to actions taken by government to address problems. Policy analysis involves investigating and producing information to evaluate policy options using multiple methods. There are two major fields - analysis of existing policy and analysis for new policy. The document also outlines various approaches, methodologies, and dimensions for analyzing policies, including effectiveness, unintended effects, equity, cost, feasibility, and acceptability.
The document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the issue of human trafficking. It focuses on how human resources and organizational leadership can help educate employees to recognize signs of human trafficking. Large sporting events are identified as locations where traffickers take advantage of the crowds and movement of people. The paper outlines the steps of an interdisciplinary research approach, identifying that human trafficking is a complex problem requiring insights from multiple disciplines. Relevant disciplines discussed include law enforcement, transportation, technology, and literature on the health impacts on victims. The goal is to develop training to help employees identify and respond to human trafficking.
(Sesión 3) lectura 2 dutrenit & puchet, book of kulhman&ordonez, fin...Alberto Aguayo Lara
This document discusses tensions in Mexico's science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy by examining the country's trajectory of institution building for STI and interactions between its innovation practice, policy, and theory.
Mexico has made long-term efforts to develop STI institutions since the 1930s, but financial support has remained low, below 0.5% of GDP. While a 2002 law strengthened STI governance, recommendations from mainstream models may not fit Mexico's conditions. Rules and actions forming Mexico's innovation system are shaped both by practice and by laws and policies, creating tensions. Analyzing how these can harmoniously "dance together" is key to strengthening Mexico's national innovation system.
Understand the Meaning of Research, Social Research & Social Work Research and How Social Workers should do Research ?Social Work Research is the application of Research methods to the production of knowledge that Social Workers need to solve problems they confront in the practice of Social Work.Learn the types of Types of Social Work Research
Effects of internal_social_media_and_ocb____research_proposal[1]SohailTariq16
This research proposal aims to examine the impact of internal social media on employee engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. The student proposes to investigate whether internal social media engages employees, the effect of positive voice behavior on employee engagement, and whether internal social media affects organizational citizenship behavior. The proposal outlines the research questions, contribution, objectives, theoretical model relating internal social media to employee engagement and citizenship behavior, and provides a literature review on internal communication, social media, and their benefits and challenges.
Easton constructed a systems theory model of politics that defines the basic processes of any political system. The model views the political system as converting "inputs" from the environment, like demands and support from citizens, into "outputs" like policies, plans and programs. There is also "feedback" as citizens react to outputs. The environment outside the political system also influences inputs, decision-making, outputs and feedback. However, critics argue the model presents an overly mechanical and rigid view of politics that better describes stable democracies and has a "black box" view of how decisions are made inside the political system.
This paper explores implementing campus carry safely at Texas Tech University in light of Senate Bill 11 going into effect in August 2016. It will use an interdisciplinary approach drawing on perspectives from organizational leadership and human resource development to analyze relevant literature on this topic. The paper conducts research on how to maintain campus safety given increased gun access and proposes insights from applying Repko's 10-step process for interdisciplinary studies. Maintaining safety is the top priority in determining how to best implement this new law allowing concealed carry by license holders over 21 on campus.
The age discrimination in employment act of 1967 was an expansion rock73
The document discusses the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967, which expanded the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to protect job applicants and employees aged 40 and older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA applies to federal, state, and local governments as well as organizations with 20 or more employees. It prohibits discrimination concerning hiring, firing, promotion, layoffs, benefits, compensation, job assignments, training, and retaliation against those who file charges or participate in ADEA investigations and proceedings.
This research paper utilizes communication studies and personal financial planning to understand how media affects attitudes towards hydraulic fracturing and financial health in boomtown communities. It conducts an interdisciplinary literature review to analyze how framing in media can shape views of fracking, and how those views then influence financial decisions. The paper develops an understanding of both the communication of information and the financial impacts of changing economic conditions in boomtowns. It aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the complex relationship between media, attitudes, and financial health for residents of communities experiencing an oil and gas boom.
This document outlines several theoretical approaches to public policy:
1. Institutional theory views public policy as an output of government institutions which give policies legitimacy.
2. Rational theory holds that policymakers should select the policy that maximizes social benefits over costs.
3. The garbage can model critiques rational theory, arguing that organizations function by problems and solutions intersecting unpredictably.
4. Incremental theory sees policy as continuing previous approaches with minimal changes. Other theories discussed include mixed scanning, interest groups, elites, game theory, and public choice. Theories help simplify reality and direct research, though most real policies combine elements of multiple theories.
Understanding barriers to youth entrepreneurship as a career choice for youthMasum Hussain
People say this is the age of business as it is backed by sophisticated technologies, blessed by loads of relevant information. & in this business age the young people are leading from the front as entrepreneurs. Wherever you go from Silicon Valley to Middle East young talents are making significant marks in creating new businesses even sometime more efficiently than the older experienced people. Think of Mark Zukerbourgh, or Michael Yung, they are shaking the world with their innovational business ventures, & people like them are at speed in growing. Different studies provide proof that the young people are the greatest contributors in the arena of business.
Sylhet is a division & a major city of North Eastern area of Bangladesh. This city is rapidly growing than the other cities of this country because of her peoples increasing purchasing power as the area is booming with business projects, a lots of liquid money is in the hands of the peoples as a result of remittance provided by the people living abroad. As we know many people of this area lives in different wealthy country of the world mainly in the United Kingdom (as we know in London there is a town named ‘ Bangla Town’ mainly inhabited by the Sylheties) & middle east many families have enough money in hand almost all the time. Problem with the Sylheti’s is that though they have money they are not interested in investing them in the country for business purpose as most of them are risk averse , & do not know the ABC of business.
This document outlines barriers to entrepreneurship, including environmental barriers such as a lack of raw materials, skilled labor, good machinery, infrastructure, and funds. Personal barriers include an unwillingness to invest money, lack of confidence, motivation, patience, and inability to dream. Social barriers involve low social status and customs/traditions that inhibit entrepreneurship.
The document discusses various barriers to entrepreneurship including social, economic, cultural, political, and personal barriers. Socially, entrepreneurship may be discouraged if a society values safety over risk-taking or considers business people inferior. Economically, barriers include lack of access to capital, unreliable labor markets, and inadequate infrastructure. Culturally, strong adherence to traditions and taboos can stifle entrepreneurial spirit. Politically, instability, burdensome regulations, and excessive government interference hamper new ventures. On a personal level, lack of commitment, perseverance, clear vision, and tolerance for ambiguity can inhibit entrepreneurship.
This document summarizes theories in public administration from 1800 to 1980. It covers the classical era from 1800-1950s which was based on scientific management, bureaucracy, and administrative management. Theories included Frederick Taylor's scientific management, Max Weber's bureaucracy, and Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management. The neoclassical era from the 1920s-1930s incorporated the human element and included theories from Mary Parker Follett, Chester Barnard, and Elton Mayo. Abraham Maslow introduced the hierarchy of needs and Frederick Herzberg the motivation-hygiene theory. Douglas McGregor proposed theory X and theory Y. The modern era integrated the classical and human relations approaches and included decision making theory from Herbert Simon and industrial human
Culture matters: a test of rationality on economic growthnida19
There are widespread debates as to whether cultural values have a bearing on economic growth. Scholarly articles have actually had conflicting results with proponents arguing there is whiles opponents have thought otherwise. The aim of this paper is to verify the assertions made by these two schools of thought from the perspective of culture as a rationality component using an input-output growth model. We basically employed an approach that sought to define and aggregate cultural values under rationality indices: instrumental, affective, value and traditional rationality from 29 countries with data from world value survey (1981-2009).
We systematically had them tested in an endogenous growth model alongside traditional economic variables. We conclude that when these cultural variables are combined with the so-called economic variables, there is an improvement in the model explanation than before. In addition, two of these cultural indices indicated a statistically positive effect on economic growth (instrumental and affective rationality). However, traditional
rationality index was also robust but with a negative coefficient. Value rationality showed a somewhat weaker link to economic growth and was statistically insignificant. The policy implications of these findings are also discussed.
This document summarizes a study that examined behaviors and factors that contribute to researchers' success in obtaining federal grant funding. The study analyzed survey responses from 286 faculty across disciplines. It found that behaviors like submitting more research proposals, having a larger research team, publishing more papers, attending association meetings, and obtaining funding from major agencies like NIH and NSF significantly predicted the dollar value of awards received. Education in grant writing was also a significant predictor of funding success. The study aimed to identify a profile of successful grant-getting behaviors that could be applied across disciplines.
Applying multiple streams theoretical framework to college matriculation poli...Alexander Decker
This document applies Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze China's college matriculation policy reform for children of migrant workers. It discusses how the problem stream indirectly opened the policy window by raising awareness of the issue, while the political stream directly opened it through organized advocacy efforts. However, the policy stream was absent due to a lack of viable alternatives meeting criteria. As a result, the policy window closed without a policy being adopted, contributing to the reform's perceived failure except in some localities.
Focus on understanding social science theories. Some of the contents are:
Understanding theory
Theoretical concepts
Theoretical models
Using and evaluating a theory
Constraints in building theory
1) The document analyzes internet addiction levels of individuals according to various variables based on a survey of 596 people in Kırşehir, Turkey.
2) It finds that most individuals had low levels of internet addiction according to age groups, gender, and profession, though students and those under age 19 tended to have higher addiction levels.
3) Males generally had higher internet addiction scores than females, and scores differed significantly between those aged 19 and below versus older age groups.
Invited talk: Using Social Media and Mobile Devices to Mediate Informal, Professional, Work-Based Learning
John Cook
Bristol Centre for Research
in Lifelong Learning and Education (BRILLE)
University of the West of England (UWE)
http://www.uwe.ac.uk/research/brille/
http://people.uwe.ac.uk/Pages/person.aspx?accountname=campus\jn-cook
Invited talk: Centre for Learning, Knowing and Interactive Technologies, Graduate School of Education, University of Bristol
26th February, 12.30 to 13.45
This document provides an overview of policy and policy analysis. It defines policy as statements that guide decision making and actions. Public policy refers to actions taken by government to address problems. Policy analysis involves investigating and producing information to evaluate policy options using multiple methods. There are two major fields - analysis of existing policy and analysis for new policy. The document also outlines various approaches, methodologies, and dimensions for analyzing policies, including effectiveness, unintended effects, equity, cost, feasibility, and acceptability.
The document discusses using an interdisciplinary approach to address the issue of human trafficking. It focuses on how human resources and organizational leadership can help educate employees to recognize signs of human trafficking. Large sporting events are identified as locations where traffickers take advantage of the crowds and movement of people. The paper outlines the steps of an interdisciplinary research approach, identifying that human trafficking is a complex problem requiring insights from multiple disciplines. Relevant disciplines discussed include law enforcement, transportation, technology, and literature on the health impacts on victims. The goal is to develop training to help employees identify and respond to human trafficking.
(Sesión 3) lectura 2 dutrenit & puchet, book of kulhman&ordonez, fin...Alberto Aguayo Lara
This document discusses tensions in Mexico's science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy by examining the country's trajectory of institution building for STI and interactions between its innovation practice, policy, and theory.
Mexico has made long-term efforts to develop STI institutions since the 1930s, but financial support has remained low, below 0.5% of GDP. While a 2002 law strengthened STI governance, recommendations from mainstream models may not fit Mexico's conditions. Rules and actions forming Mexico's innovation system are shaped both by practice and by laws and policies, creating tensions. Analyzing how these can harmoniously "dance together" is key to strengthening Mexico's national innovation system.
Understand the Meaning of Research, Social Research & Social Work Research and How Social Workers should do Research ?Social Work Research is the application of Research methods to the production of knowledge that Social Workers need to solve problems they confront in the practice of Social Work.Learn the types of Types of Social Work Research
Effects of internal_social_media_and_ocb____research_proposal[1]SohailTariq16
This research proposal aims to examine the impact of internal social media on employee engagement and organizational citizenship behavior. The student proposes to investigate whether internal social media engages employees, the effect of positive voice behavior on employee engagement, and whether internal social media affects organizational citizenship behavior. The proposal outlines the research questions, contribution, objectives, theoretical model relating internal social media to employee engagement and citizenship behavior, and provides a literature review on internal communication, social media, and their benefits and challenges.
Easton constructed a systems theory model of politics that defines the basic processes of any political system. The model views the political system as converting "inputs" from the environment, like demands and support from citizens, into "outputs" like policies, plans and programs. There is also "feedback" as citizens react to outputs. The environment outside the political system also influences inputs, decision-making, outputs and feedback. However, critics argue the model presents an overly mechanical and rigid view of politics that better describes stable democracies and has a "black box" view of how decisions are made inside the political system.
This paper explores implementing campus carry safely at Texas Tech University in light of Senate Bill 11 going into effect in August 2016. It will use an interdisciplinary approach drawing on perspectives from organizational leadership and human resource development to analyze relevant literature on this topic. The paper conducts research on how to maintain campus safety given increased gun access and proposes insights from applying Repko's 10-step process for interdisciplinary studies. Maintaining safety is the top priority in determining how to best implement this new law allowing concealed carry by license holders over 21 on campus.
The age discrimination in employment act of 1967 was an expansion rock73
The document discusses the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967, which expanded the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to protect job applicants and employees aged 40 and older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA applies to federal, state, and local governments as well as organizations with 20 or more employees. It prohibits discrimination concerning hiring, firing, promotion, layoffs, benefits, compensation, job assignments, training, and retaliation against those who file charges or participate in ADEA investigations and proceedings.
This research paper utilizes communication studies and personal financial planning to understand how media affects attitudes towards hydraulic fracturing and financial health in boomtown communities. It conducts an interdisciplinary literature review to analyze how framing in media can shape views of fracking, and how those views then influence financial decisions. The paper develops an understanding of both the communication of information and the financial impacts of changing economic conditions in boomtowns. It aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the complex relationship between media, attitudes, and financial health for residents of communities experiencing an oil and gas boom.
This document outlines several theoretical approaches to public policy:
1. Institutional theory views public policy as an output of government institutions which give policies legitimacy.
2. Rational theory holds that policymakers should select the policy that maximizes social benefits over costs.
3. The garbage can model critiques rational theory, arguing that organizations function by problems and solutions intersecting unpredictably.
4. Incremental theory sees policy as continuing previous approaches with minimal changes. Other theories discussed include mixed scanning, interest groups, elites, game theory, and public choice. Theories help simplify reality and direct research, though most real policies combine elements of multiple theories.
Understanding barriers to youth entrepreneurship as a career choice for youthMasum Hussain
People say this is the age of business as it is backed by sophisticated technologies, blessed by loads of relevant information. & in this business age the young people are leading from the front as entrepreneurs. Wherever you go from Silicon Valley to Middle East young talents are making significant marks in creating new businesses even sometime more efficiently than the older experienced people. Think of Mark Zukerbourgh, or Michael Yung, they are shaking the world with their innovational business ventures, & people like them are at speed in growing. Different studies provide proof that the young people are the greatest contributors in the arena of business.
Sylhet is a division & a major city of North Eastern area of Bangladesh. This city is rapidly growing than the other cities of this country because of her peoples increasing purchasing power as the area is booming with business projects, a lots of liquid money is in the hands of the peoples as a result of remittance provided by the people living abroad. As we know many people of this area lives in different wealthy country of the world mainly in the United Kingdom (as we know in London there is a town named ‘ Bangla Town’ mainly inhabited by the Sylheties) & middle east many families have enough money in hand almost all the time. Problem with the Sylheti’s is that though they have money they are not interested in investing them in the country for business purpose as most of them are risk averse , & do not know the ABC of business.
This document outlines barriers to entrepreneurship, including environmental barriers such as a lack of raw materials, skilled labor, good machinery, infrastructure, and funds. Personal barriers include an unwillingness to invest money, lack of confidence, motivation, patience, and inability to dream. Social barriers involve low social status and customs/traditions that inhibit entrepreneurship.
The document discusses various barriers to entrepreneurship including social, economic, cultural, political, and personal barriers. Socially, entrepreneurship may be discouraged if a society values safety over risk-taking or considers business people inferior. Economically, barriers include lack of access to capital, unreliable labor markets, and inadequate infrastructure. Culturally, strong adherence to traditions and taboos can stifle entrepreneurial spirit. Politically, instability, burdensome regulations, and excessive government interference hamper new ventures. On a personal level, lack of commitment, perseverance, clear vision, and tolerance for ambiguity can inhibit entrepreneurship.
This document proposes a model of entrepreneurial motivation that integrates aspects of previous models involving the venture startup process and entrepreneurship. The proposed model exhibits the relationship between implementation and outcomes, describing factors that influence the startup decision and sustained entrepreneurial behavior. It incorporates individual characteristics and environmental influences, and suggests entrepreneurs are motivated when they perceive a strong relationship between their strategies and firm outcomes meeting their personal goals and expectations. The model generates five hypotheses for future research testing its framework.
The document discusses motivation and factors influencing entrepreneurship. It notes that motivation is important for management and initiates and guides goal-oriented behavior. Both internal factors like ambition and external factors like government support can influence entrepreneurship. The document also examines different motivations for becoming an entrepreneur such as making money, continuing family business, or being creative. It explores measures of entrepreneurial success and how success of a venture can be its own reward.
The document discusses several factors related to entrepreneurial motivation and characteristics. It outlines that locus of control, need for achievement and independence, and willingness to take risks are key motivations. Entrepreneurial characteristics are shaped by one's childhood, education, values, age, work history, role models, and support systems. The document also examines background, motivational, economic, and reward factors that influence entrepreneurship. Finally, it outlines various personal, environmental, financial, and societal barriers that entrepreneurs may face.
This systematic review analyzed 92 academic articles published between 1989 and 2019 on the relationship between family role and entrepreneurship. A cluster analysis identified 5 main areas of research: (1) cultural dimensions and gender issues; (2) family business and succession; (3) parental role models and entrepreneurial intentions; (4) entrepreneurship and self-employment; and (5) family support and women entrepreneurs. The review found this is a relatively new but multidisciplinary field of study. Bibliometric analysis was used to identify the most productive authors, countries, and journals in order to provide an overview of trends in this area of research.
The Role of Personalitytraits in Predicting the Individualdesire Forentrepren...QUESTJOURNAL
This study examined the relationship between personality traits and entrepreneurial desire among university students. A survey was administered to 120 students measuring their levels of the Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness) and entrepreneurial tendencies. Results found entrepreneurial desire was positively correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, but negatively correlated with neuroticism. Regression analysis indicated extraversion was the strongest predictor of entrepreneurial desire among the personality traits studied. The study concludes personality traits, particularly extraversion, are important factors influencing individuals' interest in entrepreneurship.
The document discusses various research methods including quantitative, qualitative, participatory, market research, documentation review, focus groups, historical research, and appreciative inquiry. It provides details on the techniques, tools, advantages, and limitations of each method. Quantitative methods use surveys and statistics while qualitative methods rely on interviews and observations. Participatory research prioritizes community empowerment. Market research helps organizations understand customer needs.
Role of organizational structure in university entrepreneurshipAlexander Decker
This document discusses the role of organizational structure in university entrepreneurship based on interviews with entrepreneurship experts in Iran. The interviews identified several key requirements for an entrepreneurial university structure: total orientation toward entrepreneurship, enriched roles with autonomy and flexibility, and agility. Structural mechanisms like managerial, legal, and communication mechanisms were also seen as important. An entrepreneurial university structure was said to require these entrepreneurial traits and mechanisms to effectively support university entrepreneurship and the commercialization of research.
Characteristics Of The Methodological Approach And Data...Megan Espinoza
This document discusses methodological approaches for research. It describes the study as using an exploratory research inquiry to identify and analyze best practices related to innovation in project management in the construction sector. The research design is explained as blueprint for conducting a study with maximum control over interfering factors. Research projects can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. This study uses an exploratory approach to develop a framework to increase project management competencies in construction.
This document provides an overview of action research and organization development from the perspective of Peter Reason and Kate McArdle. It discusses their backgrounds and purposes in writing about this topic. The document then defines action research as a participatory, democratic process aimed at developing practical knowledge to address issues of importance to people and communities. It outlines several traditions and approaches within action research, including organizational change research, cooperative inquiry, and appreciative inquiry. It also discusses strategies of action research at the individual, small group, and organizational levels.
Ageism In Working Life A Scoping Review On Discursive ApproachesMichele Thomas
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This document discusses the various stages of the advocacy policy planning cycle. It identifies the main stages as issue identification, research analysis, setting goals and objectives, packaging advocacy messages, identifying targets and creating allies, assessing resources, developing an action plan, and monitoring and evaluation. Each stage is discussed in detail, providing examples and references from other sources. The cycle is described as sequential but also allowing for overlap and flexibility based on the issue and context. The overall process aims to systematically plan and implement advocacy initiatives to achieve policy changes.
An explorative treatment of idiosyncratic supposition of management values in...Alexander Decker
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Leadership: Essence of Success in Social Sector of Bihar (India)iosrjce
Leaders have been found to play a pivotal role in running and developing NGOs. This study aims to
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development of their NGOs. The study explicitly shows the positive and significant nexus between leader’s style
and strategy with leadership effectiveness and its sweeping impact on employees’ motivation, commitment,
employee’s satisfaction and well being as well as on enhancement of employees’ work performance and
organizational productivity through leadership practices including information sharing, problem solving,
motivation, performance rewards and role-playing
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The document outlines the research proposal for a study examining the effectiveness of social media advertisements and their impact on consumer perception of a vodka brand. The study aims to determine the influence of social media advertising on customer satisfaction. The objectives are to examine the impact on purchasing decisions and customer satisfaction. The methodology will use both primary research through surveys and secondary research reviewing journal articles. Ethical considerations discussed include informed consent, privacy, integrity, social responsibility, and minimizing harm.
^ Acadumy of Management Journal2001. Vol. 44. No. 2. 219-237.docxhanneloremccaffery
^ Acadumy of Management Journal
2001. Vol. 44. No. 2. 219-237.
A SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY OF CAREER SUCCESS
SCOTT E. SEIBERT
MARIA L. KRAIMER
•̂ ' ' ' Cleveland State University
ROBERT C. LIDEN
University of Illinois at Chicago
A model integrating competing theories of social capital with research on career
success was developed and tested in a sample of 448 employees with various occupa-
tions and organizations. Social capital was conceptualized in terms of network struc-
ture and social resources. Results of structural equation modeling showed that net-
work structure was related to social resources and that the effects of social resources
on career success were hilly mediated by three network benelits: access to information,
access to resources, and career sponsorship.
Organizational researchers have begun to de-
velop increasingly comprehensive models of career
success using demographic, human capital, work-
family, motivational, organizational, and industry
variables (e.g., Dreher & Ash, 1990; Judge & Bretz,
1994: Judge, Cable. Boudreau, & Bretz. 1995; Kirch-
meyer, 1998). Although this work has provided
considerable evidence regarding the determinants
of career outcomes, the roles of informal interper-
sonal behaviors have not been fully explored (Judge
& Bretz, 1994; Pfeffer, 1989). Popular advice for
getting ahead in one's career rarely fails to mention
the importance of networking for the achievement
of career goals (e.g., Bolles, 1992; Kanter, 1977).
Indeed, Luthans, Hodgetts, and Rosenkrantz (1988)
found that the most successful managers in their
study spent 70 percent more time engaged in net-
working activities and 10 percent more time en-
gaged in routine communication activities than
their less successful counterparts. Recent advances
in social capital theory (Coleman, 1990) have begun
to provide a finer-grained analysis of the ways in-
dividuals' social networks affect their careers in
organizations (Burt, 1992, 1997; Ibarra, 1995;
Podolny & Baron, 1997; Sparrowe & Popielarz,
1995). This theoretical perspective has the poten-
Data were collected and the manuscript was submitted
and processed while Scott E. Seibert was in the Manage-
ment Department at the University of Notre Dame and
Maria L. Kraimer was a graduate student at the Univer-
sity of Illinois at Chicago. Support for this project was
provided by the Management Department at the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame and the Alumni Office of the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame. The current investigation is part of a
larger study of career success.
tial to considerably enhance scholars' knowledge of
the role of social processes in career success.
The first purpose of the current study was to
integrate the current conceptualizations of social
capital as they pertain to career success. Tbree dif-
ferent theoretical approaches—weak tie theory
(Granovetter, 1973), structural hole theory (Burt,
1992), and social resource theory (Lin, 1990)—
focus on different network properties as r.
Professional inquiry is one of the most important aspects.pdfsdfghj21
Professional inquiry is important for research and discussion, especially given changes to education systems due to the pandemic. Proper professional inquiry helps individuals and fields pursue excellence through a culture of collaborative enquiry. Three articles are analyzed to understand professional inquiry strategies and opportunities for improvement. The first develops a dialectical approach to strategic planning by examining assumptions and suggesting innovative alternatives. The second presents dialectical inquiry as a structured qualitative research method to study organizational processes. It uses assumptions, counter-assumptions, and contradictions to abandon assumptions and emerge with new models from existing data. The third emphasizes the importance of credibility in professional inquiry sources and considering established resources over social media when researching practices and policies.
Human Rights Its Meaning and Practicein Social Work Field S.docxSusanaFurman449
Human Rights: Its Meaning and Practice
in Social Work Field Settings
Julie A. Steen, Mary Mann, Nichole Restivo, Shellene Mazany, and Reshawna Chapple
The goal of the study reported in this article was to explore the conceptualizations of human
rights and human rights practice among students and supervisors in social work field settings.
Data were collected from 35 students and 48 supervisors through an online survey system
that featured two open-ended questions regarding human rights issues in their agency and
human rights practice tasks. Responses suggest that participants encountered human rights
issues related to poverty, discrimination, participation/self-determination/autonomy, vio-
lence, dignity/respect, privacy, and freedom/liberty. They saw human rights practice as en-
compassing advocacy, service provision, assessment, awareness of threats to clients’ rights,
and the nature of the worker–client relationship. These results have implications for the
social work profession, which has an opportunity to focus more intently on change efforts
that support clients’ rights. The study points to the possibilities of expanding the scope of
the human rights competency within social work education and addressing the key human
rights issues in field education.
KEYWORDS: accreditation standards; educational policy; field education; human rights;
social work education
In the most recent edition of Social Work Speaks,
the National Association of Social Workers
(NASW) (2015b) announced that “the struggle
for human rights remains a vital priority for the social
work profession in the 21st century” (p. 186). The
International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)
(2012), which is the international umbrella organiza-
tion for national social work associations, has inte-
grated the concept of human rights into their
Statement of Ethical Principles. Through this docu-
ment, they call on social workers to “uphold and
defend” (IFSW, 2012) the human rights of clients.
In addition, they present international human rights
conventions as key to “social work practice and
action” (IFSW, 2012). Although NASW (2015a)
does not explicitly use the term “human rights” in its
Code of Ethics, many of the concepts within the
national document are derived from the human
rights philosophy. For example, the code requires
social workers within the United States to respect
“the dignity and worth of the person” (NASW,
2015a, p. 5), “facilitate informed participation by the
public in shaping social policies and institutions”
(NASW, 2015a, p. 27), and work to “ensure that all
people have equal access to the resources, employ-
ment, services, and opportunities they require to
meet their basic human needs” (NASW, 2015a, p.
27). These responsibilities align with the types of
human rights classified as integrity of the body, polit-
ical rights, and social and economic rights (Steen,
2006).
Although social work professional organizations
on the national and international levels e.
The document discusses different types of research design, including basic research which aims to produce new knowledge, applied research which aims to help solve social problems, and evaluation research which assesses the impact of programs. It also discusses theories and concepts, the difference between theory and description, deductive and inductive reasoning, hypotheses, advantages and disadvantages of case study research, and distinguishing basic from applied research.
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Design patterns barriers to social entrepreneurship
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
Design Patterns Barriers to Social Entrepreneurship: An
Application of Grounded Theory
Seyed Mostafa Razavi1 Mehri asadi 2 Hossein Moghimi Esfandabadi3 Hossien Ekbatani4
1.Associate Professor of Management, University of Tehran
mrazavi@ut.ac.ir
2.Master of Entrepreneurship Management, University of Tehran Occupation Cooperative Organization of
Academic Graduates of Iranian academic center for education,culture and research
Mehri382@yahoo.com
3.Master of Social Sciences & Research Assistant at the Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of
Tehran(moghimi_30@yahoo.com)
4.Master of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran
hekbatani@yahoo.com
Abstract
Social entrepreneurship involves social value creation activities and like many change-oriented activities does
not take place in a vacuum. Rather, it develops within a complex context of political, economic, and social
changes and on the local and global levels. Although, some countries have introduced laws for social supports,
they are inefficient and unpractical and there are still many obstacles in the path of social entrepreneurs that need
to be dealt with.Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following question: what are the barriers to
entrepreneurship in Iran? For this purpose, the qualitative research method has been employed using the
Grounded Theory method. Moreover, explorative interviews were conducted with 15 key experts who had
biological and practical experiences related to the research subject.The pattern derived from the current research
shows that the main obstacle that hinders the development of social entrepreneurship is the attenuation of
individuals’ active participation in altruistic social responsibilities which is due to contextual factors and
causative relationships. However, social responsibility can be fostered in individuals by implementing a series of
initiatives and strategies, as a result of which, entrepreneurial activities begin to develop.
Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship, Social Capital, Grounded Theory, Barriers, Iran.
Introduction
Social entrepreneurship involves innovative processes that lead to the creation of social values. This
phenomenon takes place when pursuing social goals and it is the same primacy of social goals over economic
ones that distinguishes social entrepreneurship from business entrepreneurship(Mari & Marti., 2006, p 38).
Despite researchers’ agreement on the necessity of understanding social entrepreneurship and social
entrepreneurs, most research in this field has been inspired by the business entrepreneurship literature, while it
cannot help in understanding social entrepreneurship which is initially driven by social value creation (Behave et
al., 2006). Furthermore, the literature on social entrepreneurship has been generally built on case studies (Certo,
Miller, 2008, p. 267) and anecdotal evidence from organizations that support social entrepreneurs (e.g. Mair &
Noboa, 2003: Mair, Marti, 2006).Therefore, it is essential to define and conceptualize social entrepreneurship as
a scientific and independent discipline using more consequential research methods.
Like many change-oriented activities, social entrepreneurship does not take place in a vacuum. Rather,
it develops within a complex context of political, economic, and social changes and on the local and global
levels (Johnson, 2000; Kramer, 2005; Harding, 2006). Some researchers believe that environmental factors are
very important for the emergence and implementation of social activities (Mair & Marti, 2009; Nicholls, 2010a;
Urbano et al., 2010: Ferri, 2011).Altruistic and charitable works have been long in practice in Iran and existed
under titles such as association, institute, foundation, etc. where individuals and groups of people gathered to
help the poor and the needy. These organizations were engaged in various activities such as help in providing
food, clothing, housing, educational facilities, medical expenses, etc.
On the other hand, social entrepreneurship is a context-dependant phenomenon; therefore, it is
essential to better understand its processes, mechanisms, and components before implementing it in certain
cultural, economic, and social contexts. Despite its importance, there is a profound lack of understanding about
social entrepreneurship in Iran due to which it has remained nearly unknown. This study aims to fill this void
and provide theoretical antecedents for the development of this phenomenon in Iran and seeks to answer the
main research question: "what are the barriers to social entrepreneurship in Iran?” To answer this question, the
qualitative research method has been employed using the Grounded Theory method.
6
RELEVANCE OF STUDY
Social Entrepreneurship
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online)
Vol.4, No.16, 2014
As an emerging phenomenon, social entrepreneurship has become a general approach for meeting
social and economic needs. The contemporary business thinker, Peter Drucker believes that social
entrepreneurship may become more important than business entrepreneurship in the future (Mair & Noboa, 2003,
p. 4).In general, researchers consider social entrepreneurs as important agents of change in communities
(Drayton, 2002; Light, Vegner, 2005; Dees, 2001). In other words, not only is a social entrepreneur an individual
who has a business attitude in solving social problems (Botchee& McClurg, 2003) but also an individual who
seeks innovative ways to evaluate social problems and creates social values by finding solutions to those
problems (Perrini , 2006; Drayton, 2002; Austin et al, 2007; Weeravardena & Mort, 2006; Zahra, et al, 2009).
Few studies have been done about the barriers to social entrepreneurship. Robinson (2006) argues that
the barriers to the development of social entrepreneurship mainly involve institutionalized and organized
structures. According to Ferrari (2011), the environmental factors that influence the social entrepreneurship
activities include formal institutions: public spending, governance effectiveness, access to finance; and
informal institutions: societal attitudes, social needs, education. Urban et al (2010) argue that the environmental
factors that influence the emergence and implementation of social entrepreneurship fall under two categories:
informal and formal institutions. The formal factors which are important in facilitating the implementation of
social entrepreneurship include: new social values, entrepreneurial and responsible social attitudes and informal
factors
Methodology
In order to achieve the research goals and answering the question it raises with regard to the research problem,
the Grounded Theory (GT) qualitative approach was used. The main reason for adopting this method has been
the nature of the research problem, its pertinent questions and the research goals.
GT is one of the qualitative research methods. Glaser (1967 & 1978), Strauss (1967, 1987 & 1998) and
Corbin (1998 & 2004) are among those who created this method. This method, as its name implies, seeks to
arrive at a theory that is qualitatively derived and developed from the data and deep understanding of a certain
field or context.
Research Sample and Instrument
In this study, exploratory and semi-structured interviews have been conducted with the key informed experts as
the research instrument. Targeted and strategic sampling was used to comply with the specific goals of the
research and problem solving strategies. The content from the exploratory interviews with the experts using the
snowball sampling technique proved the need for interviewing with other experts. The sampling and
interviewing continued until the analysis and discovery process reached theoretical saturation (Brown, 1999;
Denzin and Yvonna, 2000). Using purposive sampling, 15 experts were selected and exploratory interviews were
conducted with them. Sampling was based on theoretical saturation.The study uses the coding system for data
analysis in a three-step process: open, axial and selective coding.
The interviewees were sent invitations and email requests prior to the interviews. Later, after several
days, the researcher tried to maintain their interest by giving a more detailed account of the work via telephone
calls and personal visits.
Data Analysis
Based on its systematic design, the Grounded Theory method followed three stages (Struss & Corbin, 1990). In
the open coding stage, first, the transcripts of the interviews were carefully examined to find conceptual
statements and underlying issues. In total, the extracted 320 sets of statements (indices) represented by
“conceptual statements” were listed in the open coding table and formed the ultimate 84 conceptual statements.
Afterwards, based on common nature, the conceptual statements were classified into separate clusters. Thus,
eventually, 18 general categories were determined in this stage. In the axial coding stage, one of the general
categories which was determined in the last stage and which, according to the data analysis, had the most
connections with other categories and played an important role in the process was chosen as the main category.
Next, through narrative analysis, the relationship between other categories and the main category was
determined i.e. as in causal conditions (the factors involved in producing the main phenomenon), the conditions
and contexts as indirect influencing factors. The connections were then projected based on the axial coding
paradigm. In the selective coding stage, the relationship between the categories which had been obtained from
data analysis and technical notes were classified into narratives which in turn composed the research
intermediate theory.
In an attempt to show the triangulation of the findings, of the categories were validated through
accurate reporting and giving reference to the data. Also, two 5 member focus groups from the samples
evaluated the results and by applying their opinions the final theory was developed. Furthermore, the
interviewees were asked to review the transcripts and make modifications where necessary.
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Findings
Based on the methodology used in this study, the findings fall into two sections. In the first section, the obtained
categories are presented according to the main six indices in the axial coding paradigm. In the second section, the
projected pattern resulted from the study is offered.
Part one: Categories Analysis
1. The key phenomenon in barriers to social entrepreneurship
Lack of willingness to participate actively in social responsibility activities:
Conducting in-depth interviews with the research sample individuals, we repeatedly observed a decrease in their
willingness toward social responsibility activities. For instance, in case 9, the engagement of people in their daily
life affairs causes them to hardly think about the poor and the needy. In case 5, the individuals are not inclined to
social works because of a lack of understanding about social entrepreneurial activities. In case 11, the overall
attitude of the community toward social issues is negative and there is a rampant belief among them that it is the
duty of the government to solve social problems as it itself is the root of the problems that exist. Since these
findings respectively suggest the affective, cognitive, conative aspects (Robinson et al., 1999, p. 15) of the tendency
toward social responsibility activities and are somewhat related to other categories, therefore, the present category
was identified as the main category in the process.
2. Causative Casuals
They include factors that indirectly cause people not to show interest in actively participating in social activities.
Social attitude: religion is one of the most important factors that used to motivate people toward philanthropic
activities and good deeds. Unfortunately, for various reasons, religious motives are diminishing in communities
and especially among the youth and this along with other factors have caused people to become rather indifferent
toward social issues.
Behavioral stimuli
Today, social work motivation is low in Iran. This is because the individuals who work in the administrative
body of the government do not have a deep understanding of social businesses and have little knowledge, if any,
about social entrepreneurship and do not have a social work background or experience. Therefore, they could not
call society’s attention to social issues. Another factor that could explain the lack of interest in social activities is
the lack of a successful model in this regard.
Specialized knowledge
Specialized knowledge is another important factor that has a direct effect on motivating people toward social
activities. Most research and studies in this area are solely theoretical in Iran and empirical evidence is very
scarce. Moreover, the lack of knowledge in this area is also due to the lack of knowledge management. The
heads and managers of social enterprises do not have a proper understanding of social issues.
Social trust
Social trust is a very important factor in every type of participation. When people trust each other and institutions
and the government and vice versa, social participations increase and grow deeper. Another existing problem in this
regard is the lack or absence of social networks that would connect different divisions to each other.
Information
It is because of the lack of information and statistics that a community might not have the necessary awareness of
social issues. Lack of statistics and not reporting it frustrates the efforts of people who are interested in the
opportunities to participate is social activities. In fact, lack of statistics is one of the barriers that checks social
participations.
Resources
According to experts, one of the factors that directly affects social participations is financial resources. At the
present, most charities raise their necessary financial resources through the public and government offerings.
3. Environmental factors
Causative casuals take place in certain conditions. Thus, to explain its process it is essential to understand these
factors. Environmental factors category is itself composed of several sub-categories which include (not in order of
importance): 1) cultural 2) political 3) economic 4) legal environments.
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Cultural environment
One of the reasons that the society has become insensitive to social issues is because of the insufficiency of cultural
programs and inefficiency in the introduction of norms and customs and social values. The responsible institutions
are also partly culpable because of their inadequate cultural policies.
Education
Cultural factors need to be thought through education. A good and proper culture is passed on via education. Values
and genuine beliefs are barely effective if they are not properly inculcated during childhood and thus they’d prove
ineffective during adulthood.
Media
The media performance is very important. Due to lack of a proper understanding, the media cannot make people
sensitive toward social issues.
Family
Narrative analysis of the samples shows that cultural problems are partly rooted in family circumstances such as
responsibility evading behavior, poor empathy between family members.
Economic environment
Government’s absolute monopoly in the economy is one of the important factors that prevents the provision of
necessary requirements for the implementation of social entrepreneurship. Most organizations belong to the
government and even those that are contracted out are owned by the government. In this light, the economic system
would face problems. On the other hand, the governmental agencies do not wish to admit social participation and
participants in social policy decisions, because, it might lead to budget deficit for these agencies. That is why they
do not allow investment in the non-governmental sector. This would give rise to diseconomy in the non-governmental
9
sector which is a demotivational factor.
Legal environment
Most of the rules on social efforts are obsolete or not up to date. In practice, there are always problems when
exercising the laws.
Political environment
Political factors are one of the major barriers to social participation. Social issues are majorly viewed from the
political and security points of view. This could hamper the effect of non-governmental organizations and pose
problems for the engagement of social entrepreneurs.
4. Intervening factors
As can be seen in diagram (1), from the interviewees’ points of view, social responsibility is brought about by
causative casuals and influenced by the conditions; however, the role of intervening factors should not be
overlooked. Through intervention and strategies, these factors could facilitate and provide the basis for the process.
The intervening factors as can be seen in the GT findings of the research exist on three levels: 1) the micro level
(citizens), 2) the intermediate level (agents) and 3) the macro level (the government).
Intervening at the micro level (citizens)
The citizens are an important factor in creating and developing social entrepreneurship. The primary solution is
making people sensitive toward social issues. It is very important to engage the society in this area and by creating
community based hubs it would become possible to make the citizens sensitive toward social issues and encourage
them to learn about the problems of their communities and learn, step by step, how to make decisions in order to act
toward solving their problems.
The intermediate level
It involves the following issues:
Non-governmental organizations
These institutes provide the basis for the participation of people. In order to achieve this goal, it is essential to
recognize the role of NGOs in the communities in general and to believe in, enhance and support them. For this
purpose, the government needs to allow these institutes to intervene and accommodate them with education and
training.
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Family
It is vital that values like respecting relatives, beliefs, norms and principles be taught to the families so that they
could introduce responsible behavior, sympathy, and social trust to the younger generation.
Governmental institutes
By creating social networks, governmental institutes contribute to the comprehensive development of social
entrepreneurship. They should have an entrepreneurial structure.
Universities
There should be a systematic connection established between universities and institutes so as to meet the
research and education needs of the institutes.
Media
By means of instruction, advertisement, and providing information and behavioral role models, the media could
help enhance citizenship skills and shape civic behaviors and attract citizens into participation.
Macro level
In order for the government to implement social entrepreneurship in the communities it is essential to pay
attention to the following issues: introducing supportive laws (i.e. that support social efforts); encouraging the
formation of civil institutions and enhancing them; improving and enriching public education; averting the
monopoly of the government in different economic, cultural and social divisions.
5. Results and implications
The issues and processes that have been discussed so far, ultimately lead to the issue of results and implications.
In fact, the Grounded Theory method takes advantage of a “if, so, then” pattern. In other words, if appropriate
actions exist in accordance with the terms and conditions so the causative casuals provide the grounds and then
we will see the consequences and results. As can be seen in diagram 1, the “results and implications” involve
several categories:
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• Social networks formation
The formation of social networks is one of the most important outcomes of GT. Social entrepreneurship
will not develop in the communities without the formation of social networks. The social networks have
a close connection with the individuals in a community and therefore could make the people sensitive
toward social problems and teach citizens about trust and social empathy.
• Redefining the culture of helping
It is crucial to redefine the culture of helping in order to allow the growth and development of social
entrepreneurship in the society. Traditionally, helping refers to meeting the physical needs; keeping the
individual dependant and ruining self-confidence; furthering poverty and increasing dependence on
receiving help from others; using trickery to attract sympathy as a walk of life and apparent dependence
on others. This is while, in providing help through social entrepreneurship, the goal is to contribute to
the mental and physical growth of the disadvantaged people and attempting to increase their self-confidence;
reducing dependence and liberating from on outside resources. Employment and innovation
provide the grounds for collective affinities.
• Nurturing shared values
A prerequisite for development and promotion of social entrepreneurship in the society is to nurture
shared values. Shared beliefs and/or common goals connect different parts inside a network together
and unite the stakeholders in joint action. This, in turn, ends in the improvement of social
entrepreneurship. The outcome of such efforts includes the exploitation of material interests in favor of
the public good in order to achieve social capital; formation of a different perception of profits and
paying attention to philanthropic efforts and exploiting the profits in favor of the public good; social
attraction; collective affinity; overcoming of shortages and physical-mental weaknesses; overcoming
inability to reduce the social gaps and preventing social cleavage, etc.
• Financing entrepreneurship
Social capital is one of the most important sources of the growth and development of social
entrepreneurship in the society. Social capital includes sources of ideas, financial and human resources
that could help with the growth and development of social businesses.
Section two: development of social entrepreneurship
According to the research findings, the following pattern for the process of the development of social
entrepreneurship is offered (diagram 1):
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business models to provide financial resources for their activities.
The problem these organizations face today is that some of them still hold traditional views (based on
public donations). This view has to change through training and modeling. Therefore, they need to have access
to social entrepreneurship best practices. Furthermore, families need some training with regard to passing social
trust on to their children.
To reform a society, it is inevitable to change the attitude of people. Changing the attitude is a
continuous and time-consuming task. In this regard, the media, especially the Iranian Broadcasting Service has
to provide appropriate trainings through related programs. This could be accomplished by providing social
training materials such as movies, etc. The media is also an important factor for motivating public opinion
toward the issue at hand and make them sensitive and responsible to problems. TV programs could also address
different ethnic groups to motivate social participation. However, some points need to be taken into account. On
the macro level, the government needs to modify and change the regulations related to social practices and
encourage civil institutions, strengthen and enrich public trainings, and avoid commissioning different cultural,
social sections. These initiatives might give a better understanding with regard to the nature of social
entrepreneurship. For example, it should become clearly known that the concept of social entrepreneurship is not
just aiming at financial aspects or job creation and employment for the disadvantaged and isolated people.
Shared values are one of the consequences of this process which leads to solidarity and social cohesion and
develops trust among the members of the society.
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