Interactive Paper: Past, Present and FutureBeat Signer
Presentation given at PaperComp 2010, 1st International Workshop on Paper Computing, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2010
ABSTRACT: Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of researchers dealing with the integration of paper and digital information or services. While recent technological developments enable new forms of paper-digital integration and interaction, some of the original research on interactive paper dates back almost twenty years. We give a brief overview of the most relevant past and current interactive paper developments. Then, based on our experience in developing a wide variety of interactive paper solutions over the last decade, as well as the results of other research groups, we outline future directions and challenges for the realisation of innovative interactive paper solutions.
Further, we propose the definition of common data formats and interactive paper design patterns to ensure future cross-application and framework interoperability.
Cross-Media Information Spaces and Architectures (CISA)Beat Signer
Research on cross-media information spaces and architectures covering interactive paper, personal information management, data physicalisation, document engineering, gesture recognition, presentation tools, next generation user interfaces and other topics.
From PaperPoint to MindXpres - Towards Enhanced Presentation ToolsBeat Signer
Presentation given at Education Thursday, December, 2014
Related publications:
PaperPoint: https://www.academia.edu/175439/
MindXpres: https://www.academia.edu/7719770/
Towards a Framework for Dynamic Data PhysicalisationBeat Signer
Presentation given at the International Workshop Toward a Design Language for Data Physicalization, Berlin, Germany, October 2018
ABSTRACT: Advanced data visualisation techniques enable the exploration and analysis of large datasets. Recently, there is the emerging field of data physicalisation, where data is represented in physical space (e.g. via physical models) and can no longer only be explored visually, but also by making use of other senses such as touch. Most existing data physicalisation solutions are static and cannot be dynamically updated based on a user's interaction. Our goal is to develop a framework for new forms of dynamic data physicalisation in order to support an interactive exploration and analysis of datasets. Based on a study of the design space for dynamic data physicalisation, we are therefore working on a grammar for representing the fundamental physical operations and interactions that can be applied to the underlying data. Our envisioned extensible data physicalisation framework will enable the rapid prototyping of dynamic data physicalisations and thereby support researchers who want to experiment with new combinations of physical variables or output devices for dynamic data physicalisation as well as designers and application developers who are interested in the development of innovative dynamic data physicalisation solutions.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/37336859/Towards_a_Framework_for_Dynamic_Data_Physicalisation
Indoor Positioning Using the OpenHPS FrameworkBeat Signer
Research paper presentation given at IPIN 2021, Lloret de Mar, Spain.
Hybrid positioning frameworks use various sensors and algorithms to enhance positioning through different types of fusion. The optimisation of the fusion process requires the testing of different algorithm parameters and optimal lowas well as high-level sensor fusion techniques. The presented OpenHPS open source hybrid positioning system is a modular framework managing individual nodes in a process network, which can be configured to support concrete positioning use cases or to adapt to specific technologies. This modularity allows developers to rapidly develop and optimise their positioning system while still providing them the flexibility to add their own algorithms. In this paper we discuss how a process network developed with OpenHPS can be used to realise a customisable indoor positioning solution with an offline and online stage, and how it can be adapted for high accuracy or low latency. For the demonstration and validation of our indoor positioning solution, we further compiled a publicly available dataset containing data from WLAN access points, BLE beacons as well as several trajectories that include IMU data.
Research paper: https://beatsigner.com/publications/indoor-positioning-using-the-openhps-framework.pdf
Interactive Paper: Past, Present and FutureBeat Signer
Presentation given at PaperComp 2010, 1st International Workshop on Paper Computing, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2010
ABSTRACT: Over the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the number of researchers dealing with the integration of paper and digital information or services. While recent technological developments enable new forms of paper-digital integration and interaction, some of the original research on interactive paper dates back almost twenty years. We give a brief overview of the most relevant past and current interactive paper developments. Then, based on our experience in developing a wide variety of interactive paper solutions over the last decade, as well as the results of other research groups, we outline future directions and challenges for the realisation of innovative interactive paper solutions.
Further, we propose the definition of common data formats and interactive paper design patterns to ensure future cross-application and framework interoperability.
Cross-Media Information Spaces and Architectures (CISA)Beat Signer
Research on cross-media information spaces and architectures covering interactive paper, personal information management, data physicalisation, document engineering, gesture recognition, presentation tools, next generation user interfaces and other topics.
From PaperPoint to MindXpres - Towards Enhanced Presentation ToolsBeat Signer
Presentation given at Education Thursday, December, 2014
Related publications:
PaperPoint: https://www.academia.edu/175439/
MindXpres: https://www.academia.edu/7719770/
Towards a Framework for Dynamic Data PhysicalisationBeat Signer
Presentation given at the International Workshop Toward a Design Language for Data Physicalization, Berlin, Germany, October 2018
ABSTRACT: Advanced data visualisation techniques enable the exploration and analysis of large datasets. Recently, there is the emerging field of data physicalisation, where data is represented in physical space (e.g. via physical models) and can no longer only be explored visually, but also by making use of other senses such as touch. Most existing data physicalisation solutions are static and cannot be dynamically updated based on a user's interaction. Our goal is to develop a framework for new forms of dynamic data physicalisation in order to support an interactive exploration and analysis of datasets. Based on a study of the design space for dynamic data physicalisation, we are therefore working on a grammar for representing the fundamental physical operations and interactions that can be applied to the underlying data. Our envisioned extensible data physicalisation framework will enable the rapid prototyping of dynamic data physicalisations and thereby support researchers who want to experiment with new combinations of physical variables or output devices for dynamic data physicalisation as well as designers and application developers who are interested in the development of innovative dynamic data physicalisation solutions.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/37336859/Towards_a_Framework_for_Dynamic_Data_Physicalisation
Indoor Positioning Using the OpenHPS FrameworkBeat Signer
Research paper presentation given at IPIN 2021, Lloret de Mar, Spain.
Hybrid positioning frameworks use various sensors and algorithms to enhance positioning through different types of fusion. The optimisation of the fusion process requires the testing of different algorithm parameters and optimal lowas well as high-level sensor fusion techniques. The presented OpenHPS open source hybrid positioning system is a modular framework managing individual nodes in a process network, which can be configured to support concrete positioning use cases or to adapt to specific technologies. This modularity allows developers to rapidly develop and optimise their positioning system while still providing them the flexibility to add their own algorithms. In this paper we discuss how a process network developed with OpenHPS can be used to realise a customisable indoor positioning solution with an offline and online stage, and how it can be adapted for high accuracy or low latency. For the demonstration and validation of our indoor positioning solution, we further compiled a publicly available dataset containing data from WLAN access points, BLE beacons as well as several trajectories that include IMU data.
Research paper: https://beatsigner.com/publications/indoor-positioning-using-the-openhps-framework.pdf
Personalised Learning Environments Based on Knowledge Graphs and the Zone of ...Beat Signer
Presentation given at CSEDU 2022, Virtual Event.
The learning of new knowledge and skills often requires previous knowledge, which can lead to some frustration if a teacher does not know a learner's exact knowledge and skills and therefore confronts them with exercises that are too difficult to solve. We present a solution to address this issue when teaching techniques and skills in the domain of table tennis, based on the concrete needs of trainers that we have investigated in a survey. We present a conceptual model for the representation of knowledge graphs as well as the level at which individual players already master parts of this knowledge graph. Our fine-grained model enables the automatic suggestion of optimal exercises in a player's so-called zone of proximal development, and our domain-specific application allows table tennis trainers to schedule their training sessions and exercises based on this rich information. In an initial evaluation of the resulting solution for personalised learning environments, we received positive and promising feedback from trainers. We are currently investigating how our approach and conceptual model can be generalised to some more traditional educational settings and how the personalised learning environment might be further improved based on the expressive concepts of the presented model.
Research paper: https://beatsigner.com/publications/personalised-learning-environments-based-on-knowledge-graphs-and-the-zone-of-proximal-development.pdf
Cross-Media Technologies and Applications - Future Directions for Personal In...Beat Signer
Webinar given at icity Lab Talks - The Digital Value Chain
In this talk, I will first provide an overview of the lab’s research on a general data-driven approach for cross-media information system and architectures based on the resource-selector-link (RSL) hypermedia metamodel. We will then have a look at several cross-media applications for personal information management and next-generation presentation solutions (MindXpres). Finally, I will outline the lab’s most recent research on tangible interaction and dynamic data physicalisation.
Codeschool in a Box: A Low-Barrier Approach to Packaging Programming CurriculaBeat Signer
Presentation given at CSEDU 2023, Prague, Czech Republic.
The tech industry is a fast-growing field, with many companies facing issues in finding skilled workers to fill their open vacancies. At the same time, many people have limited access to the quality education necessary to enter this job market. To address this issue, various small and often volunteer-run non-profit organisations have emerged to up-skill capable learners. However, these organisations face tight constraints and many challenges while trying to design and deliver high-quality education to their learners. In this position paper, we discuss some of these challenges and present a preliminary version of a curriculum packager addressing some of these issues. Our proposed solution, inspired by first-hand experience in these organisations as well as computing education research (CER), is based on a combination of micromaterials, study lenses and a companion mobile application. While our solution is designed for the specific context of small organisations providing vocational ICT training, it can also be applied to the broader domain of learning environments facing similar constraints.
Research paper: https://beatsigner.com/publications/codeschool-in-a-box-a-low-barrier-approach-to-packaging-programming-curricula.pdf
Cross-Media Document Linking and NavigationBeat Signer
Presentation given at DocEng 2018, 18th ACM Symposium on Document Engineering, Halifax, Canada, August 2018
ABSTRACT: Documents do often not exist in isolation but are implicitly or explicitly linked to parts of other documents. However, due to a multitude of proprietary document formats with rather simple link models, today's possibilities for creating hyperlinks between snippets of information in different document formats are limited. In previous work, we have presented a dynamically extensible cross-document link service overcoming the limitations of the simple link models supported by most existing document formats. Based on a plug-in mechanism, our link service enables the linking across different document types. In this paper, we assess the extensibility of our link service by integrating some document formats as well as third-party document viewers. We illustrate the flexibility of creating advanced hyperlinks across these document formats and viewers that cannot be realised with existing linking solutions or link models of existing document formats. A user study further investigates the user experience when creating and navigating cross-document hyperlinks.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/36550753/Cross_Media_Document_Linking_and_Navigation
An Analysis of Cross-Document Linking MechanismsBeat Signer
Presentation given at JCDL 2018, ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, Fort Worth, USA, June 2018
ABSTRACT: Physical and digital documents do often not exist in isolation but are implicitly or explicitly linked. Previous research in Human-Computer Interaction and Personal Information Management has revealed certain user behaviour in associating information across physical and digital documents. Nevertheless, there is a lack of empirical studies on user needs and behaviour when defining these associations. In this paper, we address this lack of empirical studies and provide insights into strategies that users apply when associating information across physical and digital documents. In addition, our study reveals the limitations of current practices and we suggest improvements for associating information across documents. Last but not least, we identify a set of design implications for the development of future cross-document linking solutions.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/36348960/An_Analysis_of_Cross_Document_Linking_Mechanisms
Crossing Spaces: Towards Cross-Media Personal Information Management User Int...Beat Signer
Presentation given at AVI 2018, International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Grosseto, Italy, May 2018
ABSTRACT: Nowadays, digital and paper documents are used simultaneously during daily tasks. While significant research has been carried out to support the re-finding of digital documents, less effort has been made to provide similar functionality for paper documents. In this paper, we present a solution that enables the design of cross-media Personal Information Management (PIM) user interfaces helping users in re-finding documents across digital and physical information spaces. We propose three main design requirements for the presented cross-media PIM user interfaces. Further, we illustrate how these design requirements have been applied in the development of three proof-of-concept applications and describe a software framework supporting the design of these interfaces. Finally, we discuss opportunities for future improvements of the presented cross-media PIM user interfaces.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/36502958/Crossing_Spaces_Towards_Cross-Media_Personal_Information_Management_User_Interfaces
Designing Prosthetic Memory: Audio or Transcript, That is the QuestionBeat Signer
Presentation given at AVI 2018, International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Grosseto, Italy, May 2018
ABSTRACT: Audio recordings and the corresponding transcripts are often used as prosthetic memory (PM) after meetings and lectures. While current research is mainly developing novel features for prosthetic memory, less is known on how and why audio recordings and transcripts are used. We investigate how users interact with audio and transcripts as prosthetic memory, whether interaction strategies change over time, and analyse potential differences in accuracy and efficiency. In contrast to the subjective user perception, our results show that audio recordings and transcripts are equally efficient, but that transcripts are generally preferred due to their easily accessible contextual information. We further identified that prosthetic memory is not only used as a recall aid but frequently also consulted for verifying information that has been recalled from organic memory (OM). Our findings are summarised in a number of design implications for prosthetic memory solutions.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/36500351/Designing_Prosthetic_Memory_Audio_or_Transcript_That_is_the_Question
Bespoke Map Customization Behavior and Its Implications for the Design of Mul...Beat Signer
Presentation given at MUM 2017, 16th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Stuttgart, Germany, November 2017
ABSTRACT: While popular digital maps support an unprecedented number of use cases, new reference map customization tools have been created for purposes for which those maps fall short. With the goal of informing the design of this new class of cartographic tools, we present the first study of naturalistic (“bespoke”) map customization behavior. Through a mixed methods and mixed-media approach involving a survey, the analysis of a corpus of customized maps, and an interview with a power user, we find that bespoke map customization is a relatively common activity and identify frequent use cases as well as map customization strategies. We discuss these use cases and strategies in detail, and propose design implications for future customization tools, such as the use of templates for common use cases, adaptability for various customization styles and the support of multimedia interaction.
Paper: https://www.academia.edu/34977332/Bespoke_Map_Customization_Behavior_and_Its_Implications_for_the_Design_of_Multimedia_Cartographic_Tools
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Design Guidelines and Principles - Lecture 7 - Information Visualisation (4019538FNR)
1. 2 December 2005
Information Visualisation
Design Guidelines and Principles
Prof. Beat Signer
Department of Computer Science
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
beatsigner.com
2. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 2
March 25, 2021
Guidelines
▪ No Unjustified 3D
▪ Power of the Plane
▪ Disparity of Depth
▪ Occlusion Hides Information
▪ Perspective Distortion Dangers
▪ Tilted Text is Not Legible
▪ No Unjustified 2D
▪ Eyes Beat Memory
▪ Resolution Over Immersion
▪ Overview First, Zoom and Filter, Details on Demand
▪ Responsiveness is Required
3. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 3
March 25, 2021
Guidelines …
▪ Get it Right in Black and White
▪ Function First, Form Next
4. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 4
March 25, 2021
No Unjustified 3D
▪ 3D visualisation easily justified for tasks involving shape
understanding of inherently three-dimensional structures
▪ frequently for inherently spatial data
▪ in this case benefits of 3D visualisation outweigh the costs
▪ Depth cues (e.g. occlusion, perspective distortion or
shadows and lighting) come with some costs
▪ e.g. legibility of text might be affected
▪ justify whether benefits of depth information outweigh the costs
▪ Power of the Plane
▪ perceived importance of items ordered on a plane probably domi-
nated by reading conventions (e.g. left to right and top to bottom)
5. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 5
March 25, 2021
No Unjustified 3D …
▪ Disparity of Depth
▪ we do not really live in 3D
but only see slightly more
than 2D
▪ we see millions of rays along
planar axes (image plane)
but only one point along the
depth axis → line-of-sight
ambiguity
▪ Steven's Psychophysical Power Law shows that accuracy for
lengths on a 2D plane (N =1.0) is better than for depth (N =0.67)
- stereo displays can help to slightly improve depth perception but accuracy for
planar positions is still better
6. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 6
March 25, 2021
No Unjustified 3D …
▪ Occlusion Hides
Information
▪ occlusion is the most
powerful depth clue
▪ occlusion between objects
changes with viewpoint
(motion parallax)
▪ different viewpoints needed
to understand 3D structure
- costs of interactive navigation
- additional cognitive load to
remember information from
different viewpoints
7. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 7
March 25, 2021
No Unjustified 3D …
▪ Perspective Distortion
Dangers
▪ perspective distortion (fore-
shortening) affects objects
- objects appear smaller and
change their position on the
image plane
▪ bad thing for the visual
encoding of abstract data
- power of the plane is lost
- e.g. more difficult to judge bar
heights in 3D bar chart
8. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 8
March 25, 2021
No Unjustified 3D …
▪ Depth cues of shadows and surface shading
▪ adds visual clutter when visualising abstract data
▪ shading interferes with colour channels
▪ shadows might be mistaken for true marks
▪ Tilted Text is Not Legible
▪ fonts have been designed for optimal readability on 2D displays
▪ tilted text becomes blocky and jaggy (less readable)
▪ high-resolution displays and careful rendering might improve the
legibility in the future
9. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 9
March 25, 2021
3D Visualisation for Shape Perception
▪ Benefits for understanding
3D geometric structures
▪ supports mental model via
interactive navigation
controls
▪ e.g. object structure easier to
understand from 3D visuali-
sation than 2D blueprints
- but 2D blueprints better to
determine the size of elements
▪ 3D outperforms 2D for shape understanding tasks
- medical imagining datasets of human body
- fluids flows
- molecular cell interactions
- …
10. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 10
March 25, 2021
Cluster-Calendar Time-Series Vis
11. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 11
March 25, 2021
Cluster-Calendar Time-Series Vis …
12. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 12
March 25, 2021
Layer-oriented Time Series Vis
13. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 13
March 25, 2021
Empirical Evidence of 3D vs. 2D
▪ Not always easy to prove the effect of using 3D infovis
▪ e.g. original claim of 3D benefits in 3D Data Mountain
▪ later shown that 2D Data Mountain has similar performance
14. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 14
March 25, 2021
No Unjustified 2D
▪ Laying out data in 2D space should also be justified
compared to simply showing data with a 1D list
▪ information density (e.g. number of labels) is higher in lists
▪ ordered lists are excellent for lookup tasks
▪ Benefits of explicitly showing relationships outweigh the
costs of required space when a task requires the
understanding of the topological structure of a network
▪ Some tasks might be handled well by 1D lists even if the
original data has a network structure
15. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 15
March 25, 2021
Eyes Beat Memory
▪ Cognitive load to switch between different views that are
visible simultaneously is much lower than comparing to a
memorised previous view
▪ Memory and Attention
▪ limited capacity of short-term memory (working memory)
- cognitive load and failure to absorb all presented information if limit is reached
▪ limited human attention
- e.g. conscious search for items gets more difficult for increasing number
of items
▪ Animation versus Side-by-Side Views
▪ some animation-based idioms impose significant cognitive load
▪ animation powerful for transitions between dataset configurations
- helps to maintain context
16. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 16
March 25, 2021
Eyes Beat Memory …
▪ Change Blindness
▪ we fail to notice even major changes if our attention is directed
elsewhere
▪ makes it difficult to track complex changes across multiframe
animations
17. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 17
March 25, 2021
Video: Change Blindness
18. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 18
March 25, 2021
Resolution Over Immersion
▪ Trade-off between the number of available pixels
(resolution) and the level of immersion (feeling of
presence in virtual reality)
▪ available number of pixels is most critical constraint in vis design
- extremely rare that immersion is worth the cost in resolution
▪ Another issue of immersive environments (e.g. via head-
mounted displays) is its special-purpose setting
▪ not integrated with a user's typical computer-based workflow
▪ no support for task switching between vis and other applications
▪ Immersive environments might be helpful for shape
understanding tasks as described earlier
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Overview First, Zoom and Filter,
Details on Demand
▪ Ben Shneiderman's Visual Information-Seeking Mantra
▪ overview and need to see details
▪ role of data reduction and navigation
▪ Overview has the goal to summarise
▪ shows all items of a dataset simultaneously
▪ helps to find regions that should be further investigated
▪ often shown at the beginning of an exploration process
▪ Overview construction
▪ geometric zooming might not be sufficient
- number of marks might become larger than the number of available pixels
▪ number of marks might be reduced via aggregation
- similar to semantic zooming
20. Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - bsigner@vub.ac.be 20
March 25, 2021
Overview First, Zoom and Filter,
Details on Demand …
▪ Detail view might pop up in response to a select action
but detail view might also be permanently visible side-by-
side with an overview
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Responsiveness is Required
▪ Visual Feedback
▪ user should get feedback that an action has been completed
- e.g. highlighting of a selected item
▪ when navigating, the feedback is normally represented by the
new frame that is drawn based on a new viewpoint
▪ visual feedback should typically take place within one second
(immediate response)
▪ if an action takes significantly longer than what the user might
expect, some progress indicator should be shown
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Responsiveness is Required …
▪ Latency and Interaction Design
▪ different implementations of the operation to see more details
for an item
- clicking on the item (slowest)
- hovering over the item for some short period of dwell time
- hovering over the item without dwell time (fastest)
▪ different mechanisms for visual feedback (details)
- fixed detail pane at the side of the screen (eyes have to be moved)
- popup window at the current cursor location (potential occlusion)
- visual highlight directly in the view (e.g. highlighting neighbours in graph)
▪ Interactivity Costs
▪ interaction requires human time and attention
- trade-off between finding automatable aspects and relying on the human in the
loop to detect patterns
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March 25, 2021
Get it Right in Black and White
▪ Design guideline for effective use of colour
by Maureen Stone
▪ ensure that the most crucial aspects of the visual representation
are even legible in black and white
- suggests using the luminance channel for the most important attribute
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March 25, 2021
Function First, Form Next
▪ Focus should be on the function first
▪ form can be refined for an effective but originally "ugly" design
▪ beautiful but ineffective design cannot be refined
▪ However, visual beauty does matter!
▪ given two equally effective systems, users prefer the more
beautiful design
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Exercise 6
▪ Analysis and Validation
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Further Reading
▪ This lecture is mainly based on the
book Visualization Analysis & Design
▪ chapter 6
- Rules of Thumb
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References
▪ Visualization Analysis & Design, Tamara
Munzner, Taylor & Francis Inc, (Har/Psc edition),
May, November 2014,
ISBN-13: 978-1466508910
▪ Video: Change Blindness
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY
▪ Ben Shneiderman, The Eyes Have It: A Task by Data
Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations, In
Proceedings of VL 1996, IEEE Symposium on Visual
Languages
▪ https://doi.org/10.1109/VL.1996.545307
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References …
▪ A. Cockburn and B. McKenzie, 3D or not 3D?:
Evaluating the Effect of the Third Dimension in a
Document Management System, Proceedings of CHI
2001
▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/365024.365309