In this paper dual band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is presented for mobile handset applications at dual frequencies. PIFA is a flat structure, simple and easy to fabricate. The idea of U-shaped slot technique is introduced into the basic rectangular patch antenna for higher GSM frequency. The impedance bandwidth covers GSM 900 and GSM 1900 bands. The PIFA covers a bandwidth of 31.9MHz (0.88-0.911GHz) or about 3.5% with respect to the resonance frequency at 0.89GHz. For the higher resonant mode the impedance bandwidth is 112.7MHz (1.873-1.985GHz) or about 5.83% with respect to resonance frequency of 1.93 GHz. The PIFA has a gain of 2.59dB and 5.12dB at lower and higher resonating frequencies respectively. PIFA is analyzed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A Multi-Band PIFA with Slotted Ground Plane Naveen Kumar
A multiband PIFA is proposed which operates on DCS, PCS, 3G, 4G, Bluetooth, WLAN & GPS bands. This antenna is designed and simulated in HFSS. The results shows good gain and radiation pattern at all resonant frequencies.
A Review of Multi Resonant Slotted Micro Strip Patch Antenna (MPA) for IMT, W...IJEEE
In this paper, a stacked multi resonant slotted micro strip patch antenna (MPA) has been proposed which is suitable to be used for GSM, WLAN standard and WiMAX applications. The antenna has been designed using substrate of FR4 material. In the designed stacked antenna, substrates having different thickness has been used. The bottom stack of designed antenna has a radiating patch of circular shape and the patch on the upper stack has rectangular shape and is flexible in nature. The antenna has a feed line which is connected to circular patch to feed power to the antenna. The feed line has to be of suitable width to match the antenna impedance with port impedance of 50 ohms. The designed antenna has a defected ground structure in order to improve the antenna performance. The antenna performance has been measured in terms of antenna parameters such as impedance bandwidth (GHz), Return loss (dB), antenna impedance (ohms), VSWR and Directivity (dBi). The designed antenna results have been simulated in CST Microwave Studio 2010. The practically designed antenna has been tested successfully by using Network analyzer E5071C. It has been observed that the practical results closely match with theoretical results.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
DUAL BAND F-ANTENNA FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICAijwmn
A single antenna for multiple bands are always beneficial from the design point of view. Here a single antenna which is fundamentally inverted F antenna is used, the uniqueness of the design is that , it uses trap technique to produce dual resonance from a single inverted F antenna . The trap used to block the current due to some frequencies and passes the current contributed by other frequencies. So in short , this trap is like a RF filter which has some passband as well as stop band. This trap approach uses a LC network to achieve this design goal .The two bands of interest are 865-870 MHz and 902-928 MHz .. The challenge of this design is that the frequency separation of the two bands is very small. In this case, and also the extra section for low frequency band is too small. Then, the influence of trap LC component variation due to tolerance to the two resonant frequencies is big, and so it is difficult to achieve good in band return loss within the LC tolerance. This is the main difficulty of this design. This issue is resolved by placing the low band section away from the end of the antenna. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate material having thickness of 1.6 mm and hence it is a low cost solution which could use in various commercial applications which follows these bands.
Planar Internal Antenna Design for Cellular Applications & SAR AnalysisIJERD Editor
This paper presents a new design of direct-fed Multi band printed Planar Internal Antenna (PIA), for
cellular applications. The PIA antenna is composed of ground plane, meander radiating strip and two other
parasitic strips are printed on a common substrate. The designed antenna has been simulated in CST
environment. The simulated results for the resonant frequency, return loss, radiation pattern and gain are
presented and discussed. The bandwidths for three resonance achieved on the basis of -6 dB return loss.These
Bandwidths can be utilized for GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, LTE 2300 and Bluetooth/WLAN as an
acceptable reference in mobile phones applications. Further the antenna was placed in proximity to the SAR
head on CST environment. The simulated results of SAR analysis are presented in this paper with acceptable
range.
Study of Planar Inverted - F Antenna (PIFA) for mobile devices Naveen Kumar
A brief study of planar inverted-F antenna is given. Basic structure of PIFA is discussed and effect of various parameters is explained. Techniques to improve bandwidth coverage by the antenna are also discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A Multi-Band PIFA with Slotted Ground Plane Naveen Kumar
A multiband PIFA is proposed which operates on DCS, PCS, 3G, 4G, Bluetooth, WLAN & GPS bands. This antenna is designed and simulated in HFSS. The results shows good gain and radiation pattern at all resonant frequencies.
A Review of Multi Resonant Slotted Micro Strip Patch Antenna (MPA) for IMT, W...IJEEE
In this paper, a stacked multi resonant slotted micro strip patch antenna (MPA) has been proposed which is suitable to be used for GSM, WLAN standard and WiMAX applications. The antenna has been designed using substrate of FR4 material. In the designed stacked antenna, substrates having different thickness has been used. The bottom stack of designed antenna has a radiating patch of circular shape and the patch on the upper stack has rectangular shape and is flexible in nature. The antenna has a feed line which is connected to circular patch to feed power to the antenna. The feed line has to be of suitable width to match the antenna impedance with port impedance of 50 ohms. The designed antenna has a defected ground structure in order to improve the antenna performance. The antenna performance has been measured in terms of antenna parameters such as impedance bandwidth (GHz), Return loss (dB), antenna impedance (ohms), VSWR and Directivity (dBi). The designed antenna results have been simulated in CST Microwave Studio 2010. The practically designed antenna has been tested successfully by using Network analyzer E5071C. It has been observed that the practical results closely match with theoretical results.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
DUAL BAND F-ANTENNA FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICAijwmn
A single antenna for multiple bands are always beneficial from the design point of view. Here a single antenna which is fundamentally inverted F antenna is used, the uniqueness of the design is that , it uses trap technique to produce dual resonance from a single inverted F antenna . The trap used to block the current due to some frequencies and passes the current contributed by other frequencies. So in short , this trap is like a RF filter which has some passband as well as stop band. This trap approach uses a LC network to achieve this design goal .The two bands of interest are 865-870 MHz and 902-928 MHz .. The challenge of this design is that the frequency separation of the two bands is very small. In this case, and also the extra section for low frequency band is too small. Then, the influence of trap LC component variation due to tolerance to the two resonant frequencies is big, and so it is difficult to achieve good in band return loss within the LC tolerance. This is the main difficulty of this design. This issue is resolved by placing the low band section away from the end of the antenna. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate material having thickness of 1.6 mm and hence it is a low cost solution which could use in various commercial applications which follows these bands.
Planar Internal Antenna Design for Cellular Applications & SAR AnalysisIJERD Editor
This paper presents a new design of direct-fed Multi band printed Planar Internal Antenna (PIA), for
cellular applications. The PIA antenna is composed of ground plane, meander radiating strip and two other
parasitic strips are printed on a common substrate. The designed antenna has been simulated in CST
environment. The simulated results for the resonant frequency, return loss, radiation pattern and gain are
presented and discussed. The bandwidths for three resonance achieved on the basis of -6 dB return loss.These
Bandwidths can be utilized for GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, LTE 2300 and Bluetooth/WLAN as an
acceptable reference in mobile phones applications. Further the antenna was placed in proximity to the SAR
head on CST environment. The simulated results of SAR analysis are presented in this paper with acceptable
range.
Study of Planar Inverted - F Antenna (PIFA) for mobile devices Naveen Kumar
A brief study of planar inverted-F antenna is given. Basic structure of PIFA is discussed and effect of various parameters is explained. Techniques to improve bandwidth coverage by the antenna are also discussed.
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.IOSR Journals
Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
A Compact Dual Band Elliptical Microstrip Antenna for Ku/K Band Satellite App...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an original elliptical microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, small size with dimensions of about 10×12×1.58 mm³. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness of 1.58 mm. The design is simulated by two different electromagnetic solvers. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has two resonant frequencies that define 2 bandwidths, defined by a return loss of less than -10 dB, and are: (14.44 GHz, 829 MHz) and (21.05 GHz, 5126 MHz),with the gain 5.59 dB and 5.048 dB respectively. The proposed antenna can be used in many applications such as in satellite, and wireless communications.
A slotted meander line printed monopole antenna for low frequency applications at 878 MHz is presented. The operating frequency of the conventional printed monopole antenna was greatly reduced by the presence of the slots and meander line which lead to the reduction of the antenna size. The size reduction up to 70% compared to the conventional reference antenna is achieved in this study. The antenna has a simple structure and small antenna size of 46.8 mm x 74 mm or 0.137흀0 x 0.217흀0. The antenna has been fabricated on the low-cost FR4 substrate and measured to validate the simulation performances. Measured results display that the proposed antenna produces omnidirectional radiation pattern of impedance bandwidth of 48.83 MHz and the maximum gain of -1.18 dBi.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
A Miniature L-slot Microstrip Printed Antenna for RFIDTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This work presents a miniature microstrip antenna at 2.45 GHz by using the slots technique. This microstrip antenna is fed by a CPW technique and designed for RFID reader system on FR4 substrate. A size reduction equal to 66.6% has been obtained compared to the conventional rectangular microstrip antenna. The total area of the final circuit is 19x31 mm2. The validated antenna has good matching input impedance with a stable radiation pattern, a loss return of -40 dB, and a gain of 1.78 dBi, a prototype of the proposed antenna has been fabricated and measured.
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole AntennaIOSR Journals
A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with
a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through
several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer.
Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole
antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual
band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped
monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the
results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and
complete monopole antenna
Characteristic Comparison of U-Shaped Monopole and Complete Monopole Antenna.IOSR Journals
Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna. Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLANIOSR Journals
Abstract : The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2 and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR less than 2. So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating software used is IE3D. Keywords - V-shape slot, RT duroid, Dual band, WLAN, WiMAX,
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
A Compact Dual Band Elliptical Microstrip Antenna for Ku/K Band Satellite App...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an original elliptical microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Ku/K band satellite applications. The proposed antenna has a simple structure, small size with dimensions of about 10×12×1.58 mm³. The antenna has been designed and simulated on an FR4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness of 1.58 mm. The design is simulated by two different electromagnetic solvers. The results from the measured data show that the antenna has two resonant frequencies that define 2 bandwidths, defined by a return loss of less than -10 dB, and are: (14.44 GHz, 829 MHz) and (21.05 GHz, 5126 MHz),with the gain 5.59 dB and 5.048 dB respectively. The proposed antenna can be used in many applications such as in satellite, and wireless communications.
A slotted meander line printed monopole antenna for low frequency applications at 878 MHz is presented. The operating frequency of the conventional printed monopole antenna was greatly reduced by the presence of the slots and meander line which lead to the reduction of the antenna size. The size reduction up to 70% compared to the conventional reference antenna is achieved in this study. The antenna has a simple structure and small antenna size of 46.8 mm x 74 mm or 0.137흀0 x 0.217흀0. The antenna has been fabricated on the low-cost FR4 substrate and measured to validate the simulation performances. Measured results display that the proposed antenna produces omnidirectional radiation pattern of impedance bandwidth of 48.83 MHz and the maximum gain of -1.18 dBi.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Design and Simulation of Dual Band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) For Mobile Handset Applications
1. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
DOI: 10.5121/jant.2015.1104 37
Design and Simulation of Dual Band Planar
Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) For Mobile Handset
Applications
K. Rama Krishna1, G Sambasiva Rao2, P.R.Ratna Raju.K3
V R Siddhartha Engineering college1, India
Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science2,3, India
ABSTRACT
In this paper dual band Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) is presented for mobile handset applications at
dual frequencies. PIFA is a flat structure, simple and easy to fabricate. The idea of U-shaped slot technique
is introduced into the basic rectangular patch antenna for higher GSM frequency. The impedance
bandwidth covers GSM 900 and GSM 1900 bands. The PIFA covers a bandwidth of 31.9MHz (0.88-
0.911GHz) or about 3.5% with respect to the resonance frequency at 0.89GHz. For the higher resonant
mode the impedance bandwidth is 112.7MHz (1.873-1.985GHz) or about 5.83% with respect to
resonance frequency of 1.93 GHz. The PIFA has a gain of 2.59dB and 5.12dB at lower and higher
resonating frequencies respectively. PIFA is analyzed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).
KEYWORDS
Planar Inverted F antenna, Return loss, GSM 900, GSM 1900
1.INTRODUCTION
For rapid development of Cellular Communication an antenna which meets the requirement of a
mobile phone user is very demanding. Monopole ß/2 antenna was used earlier to face these
challenges. Half wavelength monopole antennas have high radiation towards user head, easy to
physical damage and unable to produce multi resonance frequencies. Later monopole antenna is
replaced by Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA). It has advantages of desired cross polarization in
order to receive both horizontal and vertical polarization, easy feeding, simple to fabricate and
easy to place in mobile terminal as its size is less (ß/4). It has less spurious radiation towards user
head.Planar Inverted F antenna is a radiating element shorted at one end from patch to ground.
This shorting plate makes the PIFA to resonate at ß/4. In present scenario minimum size of the
antenna is challenging one. For PIFA with ß/4 resonance, same basic properties can be obtained
as that of normal half wavelength patch antenna.
2.PLANAR INVERTED F ANTENNA (PIFA)
Planar Inverted F antenna is developed from mono pole antenna. Inverted L is realized by folding
down the mono pole in order to decrease the height of the antenna at the same time maintaining
identical resonating length. When feed is applied to the Inverted L, the antenna appears as
2. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Inverted F. The thin top wire of Inverted F is replaced by planar element to get the Planar
Inverted F antenna. This sequence is clearly observable in Fig
2.1 PIFA DESIGN
PIFA consists of ground plane, radiating patch
coaxial probe feed is given between the ground
plane is folded at one edge of a patch and
length as shown in Fig 2. The size of the patch and resonating frequency can be determined by
the following equations
Where L1 = length of the patch,
constant,ß = wavelength. PIFA has moderate (or) high gain in both horizontal and vertical
polarization. Generally most of the wireless
antenna polarization is not known, still the signal is received with good strength. When antenna
orientation is not fixed, a signal with good gain (greater than 10 dB)
strength is calculated by summing up the horizontal and vertical
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
Inverted F. The thin top wire of Inverted F is replaced by planar element to get the Planar
Inverted F antenna. This sequence is clearly observable in Fig 1.
Fig 1. PIFA from monopole
PIFA consists of ground plane, radiating patch above the ground plane and shorting plane. A
coaxial probe feed is given between the ground plane and patch element. Top radiating patch
plane is folded at one edge of a patch and shorted to the ground plane to decrease the antenna
length as shown in Fig 2. The size of the patch and resonating frequency can be determined by
(1)
Fig 2. Basic PIFA
(2)
(3)
= length of the patch, L2 = Width of the patch, C = Velocity of light, = dielectric
= wavelength. PIFA has moderate (or) high gain in both horizontal and vertical
n. Generally most of the wireless systems use vertical polarization. Even if transmitter
antenna polarization is not known, still the signal is received with good strength. When antenna
orientation is not fixed, a signal with good gain (greater than 10 dB) is received and signal
strength is calculated by summing up the horizontal and vertical components.
International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
38
Inverted F. The thin top wire of Inverted F is replaced by planar element to get the Planar
the ground plane and shorting plane. A
and patch element. Top radiating patch
shorted to the ground plane to decrease the antenna
length as shown in Fig 2. The size of the patch and resonating frequency can be determined by
= Width of the patch, C = Velocity of light, = dielectric
= wavelength. PIFA has moderate (or) high gain in both horizontal and vertical
use vertical polarization. Even if transmitter
antenna polarization is not known, still the signal is received with good strength. When antenna
is received and signal
3. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
39
3.ANTENNA DESCRIPTION
The design of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig 3. It consists of patch plane, ground plane,
shorting plate and feeding post connected to the ground plane. Between dielectric medium and
patch plate, air is placed. Resonating frequency can be calculated if the initial patch and shorting
pin sizes are known using Eq (3).
The dimensions of PIFA are 22mm × 40 mm and is located 5mm above the phone printed circuit
board (PCB).The PCB layer has relative permittivity of 4.4 (FR4_epoxy ) with size 100×40×1.2
mm. To provide RF ground, PCB is metalized on its back surface. By using optimization, the
PIFA is operated at resonant frequencies of 0.89GHz and 1.93GHz to cover the dual band of
GSM900 and GSM1900. The proposed antenna is fed by microstrip feeding structure. U-shaped
slot is introduced on patch plane in order to get dual resonance. Basically coaxial probe feed is
used for PIFA. Here in this antenna Microstrip line feed of width 2mm is used as shown in Fig 3.
Fig 3. PIFA design
Two folded patches are introduced in order to get the high gain at resonant frequencies. First
folded patch of dimension 17 mm × 4 mm is introduced along the width of the patch. Similarly
second folded patch of dimension 18 mm × 3mm is introduced along the length side of
rectangular patch.
Antenna geometry is shown in Table 1 and Antenna description is shown in Table 2
Table 1: PIFA parameters
Length of the patch (L1) 40 mm
Width of the patch (L2) 22mm
Width of the shorting pin (W) 6.7mm
Height of the substrate (h sub ) 1.2 mm
Length of the ground plane 100mm
Width of the ground plane 40mm
Table 2: Antenna description
Shape Rectangular
Frequency of
operation
GSM 900 (880-
960)MHz
GSM 1900 (1850-
1990)MHz
Dielectric constant
of the substrate
FR4 Epoxy (4.4)
4. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
40
Height of the
dielectric substrate
1.2 mm
Feeding method Microstrip feed
VSWR 2:1
Gain (2-6) dB
The dimensions of different slots are clearly mentioned in the top view of antenna as shown in
Fig 4.
Fig 4. Top view of PIFA
Fig 5. Front View
4.SIMULATION RESULTS Fig 6. Side View
The Planar Inverted F antenna was analyzed and optimized with the HFSS 13 simulator software.
Since generally PIFA is a high frequency device driven model is used while designing antenna in
HFSS software.
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41
4.1The effect of slot on patch for PIFA
The U-shaped slot on patch plane makes the PIFA antenna resonating at dual frequencies.
Initially U-shaped slot is introduced on patch plane. Dual resonating frequencies are generated
out of GSM range. Using parametric analysis that is by varying the length and width of U-shaped
slot dual resonating frequencies are obtained in the GSM range.
For dimensions as shown in Fig 5 (Top view) of PIFA, dual resonating frequencies are obtained
at 0.89GHz and 1.93GHznin the GSM 900 and GSM 1900 standards with return loss of -33.36dB
and -29.67dB respectively.
4.2 Return loss
The lesser return loss the more properly antenna radiating. -10dB value can be considered as the
acceptable return loss. For bandwidth calculations -10db is considered as acceptable return loss.
The return loss of a PIFA with normal microstrip feed is -33.36dB and -29.6dB at frequencies
0.89GHz and 1.93GHz respectively as shown in Fig 7.
Fig 7. Return loss of PIFA
The impedance bandwidth is 31.9MHz (0.88-0.911GHz) or about 3.5% with respect to the
resonance frequency at 0.89GHz. For the higher resonant mode the impedance bandwidth is
112.7MHz (1.873-1.985GHz), or about 5.83% with respect to resonance frequency of 1.93
GHz. The acquired bandwidths can sufficiently cover the bandwidth requirement for GSM 900
and GSM 1900 standards.
4.3 VSWR
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) should be 2:1 for good radiator. A maximum gain of 2.59
dB is achieved in lower band with VSWR value of 1.0439 indicating a good impedance matching
(perfect matching VSWR=1) which implies that almost all input power could be transmitted to
the patch. In the higher band, the peak gain reaches to 5.12dB with VSWR value of 1.06
indicating a good impedance matching. For both higher and lower bandwidths range the VSWR
is 2:1 as shown in Fig 8.
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42
Fig 8. VSWR of PIFA
4.4 The effect of shorting plane width
The effect of shorting plane (shorting pin) width can be analyzed using parametric analysis. As
short plane width increases from 2mm to 6.7mm, the return loss increases at lower & higher
bands and return loss curves are shifting right side of the graph or resonating frequencies are
increased as shown in Fig 12. Resonating frequency of PIFA can be determined using Eq (3).
Return loss variation for different short plane widths are as shown in Table 4.
Fig 9: Variation of return loss with frequency for different short planewidth
Table 4: short plane width VS Return loss
Shorting plane
width(sh_w)
Return Loss
(dB)
at lower
band(0.89GHz)
Return Loss(dB)
at higher
band(1.93GHz)
2mm -12.29 -14.8
4mm -20.04 -20.211
6mm -21.8455 -25.6733
6.7mm -33.3652 -29.6705
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43
4.5 The effect of substrate height
The effect of substrate height can be analyzed using parametric analysis. As substrate height
increases from 1.2mm to 4.4mm, impedance bandwidth and return loss at lower and higher bands
are decreasing and the return loss curve moving left side of the graph. The variation of return loss
and impedance bandwidth is tabulated as shown in Fig 10.
Fig 10. Return loss corresponding to substrate heightvariation
Table 5: Return loss & Band width corresponding to substrate heightvariation
Substrat
e height
Sub_w
(mm)
Return loss
at
(0.89GHz)
dB
Return
loss at
(1.93GH)
dB
Impedanc
e band
width at
lower
band
(MHz)
Impedanc
e band
width at
higher
band
(MHz)
1.2 -33.3652 -29.67 31.9 112.7
1.8 -24.1126 -24.337 30.5 106.5
2.8 -17.2341 -21.0618 25.5 95.8
3.8 -12.115 -17.633 16.6 83.5
4.4 -9.6 -16.56 0 75.5
4.6 The effect of change of dielectric constant ( )
When dielectric constant of the material increases, the lower bandwidth is approximately constant
where as the higher bandwidth decreases as shown in Table 6. It is also observed that return loss
increases as dielectric constant increases.
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44
Table 6: The effect of change of dielectricconstant
dielectric
constant
( )
Return
loss at
0.89GHz
(dB)
Return
loss at
1.93GHz
(dB)
Impedance
bandwidth
at lower
band(MHz)
Impedance
bandwidth
at higher
band(MHz)
2.2 -20.33 -30.89 31.3 116
3.2 -26.31 -29.44 31.4 113.6
4.4 -33.36 -29.67 31.9 112.7
5.RADIATION PATTERN
The radiation pattern refers to the directional (angular) dependence of the electric field
(magnetic field) strength of the antenna. At lower resonating frequency radiation pattern is
omni-directional
i.e. radiation pattern is figure 8 pattern in elevation plane and uniform in azimuthal plane as
shown in Fig 11 with a gain of 2.59 dB. At higher resonating, the radiation pattern is nearly
uniform in azimuthal plane and directional in elevation plane as shown in Fig 12 resembles
omni- directional pattern with a gain of 5.12 dB.
Fig 11. Radiation pattern for fr = 0.89GHz
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45
Fig 12. Radiation pattern for fr = 1.93GHz
5.1 Directivity
Maximum gain in a given direction is called directivity. If antenna efficiency is one directivity
and antenna gain are interchangeable. When resonance frequency is 0.89GHz, a directivity of
2.55dB is achieved as shown in Fig 13. When resonance is frequency 1.93GHz, a directivity of
4.882dB is obtained as shown in Fig 14.
Fig 13. Directivity plot for fr = 0.89GHz
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46
Fig 14. Directivity plot for fr = 1.93GHz
5.2 Surface current distribution
The simulated current distributions on the antenna body for both resonant frequencies are
represented in Fig 15. At both resonating frequencies, the current distribution has a maximum
close to the shorting pin similar to the standard PIFA. It is clearly observed from the Fig 15(a)
that the radiation is more at the slots at 0.89 GHz with a maximum value of surface current
distribution (A/m) of more than 0.27 X103
A/m. For the higher resonant frequency, the magnitude
of surface current is observed to be less than the current distribution at lower resonant frequency
as shown in Fig 15(b).
Fig 15 (a): Surface current distribution at 0.89GHz
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47
6.CONCLUSION
Fig 15 (b): Surface current distribution at 1.93GHz
In this project Planar Inverted Antenna (PIFA) is designed and simulated. The PIFA covers a
bandwidth of 31.9MHz (0.88-0.911GHz) and 112.7MHz (1.873-1.985GHz) and lower and
higher bands with directivity of 2.55dB and 4.88dB at lower and higher resonating frequencies
0.89GHz and 1.93GHz respectively.
REFERENCES
[1] Saad Wasmi Luhaib, Kaydar M. Quboa and Bareq M. Abaoy "Design and Simulation Dual-Band
PIFA Antenna for GSM Systems” 9 thin ternational multi conference on systems 2012.
[2] Z. D. Liu, P. S. Hall, and D. Wake, "Dual-Frequency Planar Inverted-F Antenna", IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propagation, Vol. 45, No. 10, pp.1451-1458, Oct.1997.
[3] M.Komulainen, M. Berg, H. Jantunen, E. T. Salonen," A Frequency Tuning Method for a Planar
Inverted-F Antenna", IEEE Trans. AntennasPropagat, Vol. 56, No. 4, April 2008.
[4] P. Nepa, G. Manara, A.A. Serra, g. Nenna. “Multiband PIFA for WLAN mobile terminals”,
IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagat Letters, 2005, vol.4, pp. 349 –350.
[5] S.-H. Yeh, K.-L. Wong,T.-W. Chiou, and S. T. Fang, "Dual-band planar inverted F antenna
for GSM/DCS mobile phones," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 1124-1126, May
2003.
[6] Adnan Iftikhar, Muhammad Nadeem Raftiq, "A Dual band balanced planar inverted F antenna (PIFA)
for mobile applications” IEEE Proc-Microwave, Antennas Propagation, Vol.149, No,2,pp. 85-
91,2013
[7] Dongsheng Qi, Binhong Li, and Haitao Liu "Compact triple-band planar inverted-F antenna
for mobile handsets", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 41, No. 6, June 20,2004.
[8] P. Salonen, M. Keskilammi, and M. Kivikoski, "Single-Feed Dual-Band Planar Inverted-F Antenna
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[9] N. Misran, M. M. Yunus and M.T. Islam, “Small Dual-Band Planar Antenna with Folded Patch
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[10] Sandeep K Veeravalli, K.Shambavi, Zachariah C Alex “Design of Multi band Antenna for Mobile
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[11] ”Antennas for all applications” 3rd edition by John D Krauss
[12] “Antenna thoery analysis & Design ” ,3rd edition by Constantine A. Balanis
[13] High frequency structure simulator(HFSS) 13 version.
12. International Journal of Antennas (JANT) Vol.1, No.1, October 2015
48
Authors
G Sambasiva Rao was born in india, A.P in 1984. He received B.E(ECE) from
Narasaraopeta Engineering College, Narasaraopeta. And M.Tech(Microwave Engg) from
University of Kerala, Trivandrum. He has a 6 years of teaching experience. 4 International
Journals, 02 International Conference in his credit. Presently working as an Assistant
professor in MITS, Madanapalle,A.P
P.R.Ratna Raju.K was born in india, A.P in 1984. He received B.E(ECE) from Sir
C.R.Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru. And M.Tech(Communication systems) SVNIT,
Surat, Gujarat .He has a 6 years of teaching experience. Presently working as an Assis tant
professor in MITS, Madanapalle,A.P
K Ramakrishna was born in india, A.P in 1988. He received B.E(ECE) and M.Tech(Microwave Engg)
from VR Siddhartha Engineering College, Vijayawada. He has a 2 years of teaching experience. 1
International Journals, 02 International Conference in his credit. Presently working as an Assistant
professor in Srinidhi institute Technolog, Hyderabad,Telangana.