Describe the quaternary structure of insulin, including disulfide bo.pdf
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Describe the quaternary structure of insulin, including disulfide bonding. (h) In solution, two molecules of insulin form a hydrogen bonded pair. What is the new quaternary structure? NOTE: this is an active, blood-soluble form of the molecule. (i) In the presence of divalent cations, such as Zn2+, six molecules of insulin form a new, non-water-soluble mass. What is the quaternary structure of this new protein, which is much less clinically useful than the first one? Solution INSULIN: The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.Insulin is a hormone made by pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. Quarternary structure of insulin:Hormone insulin consisting of two polypepetide chains.Due to interaction between hydrophobic surfaces insulin can form into granules consisting of hexamers.Insulin can form into dimers.doughnut shaped form is the one in which insulin is stored in the beta cells and secreted through blood stream. The presence of zn2+ in granules to the capacity of insulin and its precursorsto bind cation with a high affinity.zn2+ promotes the formation of insulin and makes crystallization and precipitation.In the presence of divalent cations the new protein formed is a hexamer itself have six subunits..
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Insulin (1)
1. Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in the 1920s while experimenting with pancreatic extracts from dogs at the University of Toronto.
2. Their early experiments showed that extracts from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans could lower blood sugar levels in diabetic dogs.
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1. Frederick Banting and Charles Best discovered insulin in the 1920s while experimenting with pancreatic extracts from dogs at the University of Toronto.
2. Their early experiments showed that extracts from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans could lower blood sugar levels in diabetic dogs.
3. The first successful use of insulin on a human, a 14-year-old boy dying of diabetes, helped establish insulin as an effective treatment for diabetes. Banting and Best were later awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETEC DRUGS [Autosaved] [Autosaved].pptx
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It was first isolated in 1921 and its structure was determined in the 1950s. Insulin is composed of two peptide chains, the A and B chains, linked by disulfide bonds. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin and processed to its active form upon secretion from pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin facilitates glucose and amino acid uptake into cells and promotes glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. It is now produced recombinantly using genetic engineering.
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*please answer with as much detail as possible and provide the links to the websites you used,
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Write your paper on protecting the information in a DNS table.
Solution
The DNS protocol leverages the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for the majority of its
operations. UDP is a connectionless protocol and, as such, it can be easily spoofed. Many of the
attacks described in this document rely on spoofing to be successful.
Several security controls can be implemented to limit spoofing. These controls are described in
the following sections.
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (Unicast RPF) is a feature that can reduce the effectiveness of
packets with spoofed source addresses. A network device using Unicast RPF evaluates the
source of each IP packet against its local routing table in order to determine source address
validity. While it can detect and filter some spoofed traffic, Unicast RPF does not provide
complete protection against spoofing because spoofed and valid packets with the same source
address may arrive on the same interface.
Unicast RPF operates in two modes: strict and loose. In strict mode, the Unicast RPF feature uses
the local routing table to determine if the source address within a packet is reachable through the
interface on which the packet was received. If it is reachable, the packet is permitted; if it was
not, the packet is dropped. Strict mode Unicast RPF is best deployed on network boundaries
where traffic asymmetry is not prevalent.
Strict mode Unicast RPF is enabled on Cisco IOS devices using the interface configuration
command ip verify unicast source reachable-via rx; the previous format of this command was ip
verify unicast reverse-path. Strict mode Unicast RPF can be enabled on the Cisco PIX, ASA, and
FWSM firewalls using the ip verify reverse-path interface interface configuration command.
In loose mode Unicast RPF, if the source address of a packet is reachable through any interface
on the Unicast RPF enabled device, the packet is permitted. If the source address of the IP packet
is not present in the routing table, the packet is dropped. Loose mode Unicast RPF can be
enabled on Cisco IOS devices using the ip verify source reachable-via any interface
configuration command; loose mode Unicast RPF is not available on Cisco PIX, ASA or FWSM
firewalls.
More information about Unicast RPF is available in the Applied Intelligence Understanding
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding white paper.
IP Source Guard
IP source guard is a Layer 2 security feature that builds upon Unicast RPF and DHCP snooping
to filter spoofed traffic on individual switch ports. DHCP snooping, which is a prerequisite of IP
source guard, inspects DHCP traffic within a VLAN to understand which IP addresses have been
assigned to which network devices on which physical switch port. Once this information has
been gathered and stored in the DHCP snooping bindings table, IP source g.
Discuss the components and purpose of types of leaves-of-absence, in.pdf
Discuss the components and purpose of types of leaves-of-absence, including FMLA, military,
personal, and sabbaticals. If the leave type is mandated by law, discuss the employer
responsibilities and benefits to the employee.
HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW IT SHOULD BE FORMATTED:
FMLA
Components
“Provides certain employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year” and
protects group health benefits during the leave;
Applies to public agencies, schools, and companies with greater than 50 employees; and
Employees are eligible if they have worked for the company for more than 12 months and 1,250
hours over the last 12 months (United States Department of Labor, n.d.)
Purpose
“To help employees balance their work and family responsibilities by allowing them to take
reasonable unpaid leave for certain family and medical reasons” including the birth of a child,
adoption, and caring for self or a family member.
“It also seeks to accommodate the legitimate interests of employers and promote equal
employment opportunity for men and women” (United States Department of Labor, n.d.)
Mandated by law– yes, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993
Employer Responsibilities
Post a general notice in the form of an FMLA poster;
“Provide employees with a general notice about the FMLA;
Notify employees concerning their eligibility status and rights and responsibilities under the
FMLA; and
Notify employees whether specific leave is designated as FMLA leave and the amount of time
that will count against their FMLA leave entitlement” (United States Department of Labor, n.d.)
Benefits to Employees
Allows time off for certain family and medical reasons;
Protects their group health benefits from being terminated while they are on leave;
Protects other benefits received by the employee;
Protects their job while on leave (ie, they must be restored to the same or equivalent job when
they return); and
Protects other benefits such as unconditional pay increases, bonuses or payments (United States
Department of Labor, n.d.)
Solution
Discuss the components and purpose of types of leaves-of-absence, including FMLA, military,
personal, and sabbaticals. If the leave type is mandated by law, discuss the employer
responsibilities and benefits to the employee.
Answer:
FMLA
The Family and Medical Leave Act
Components :
The Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”), which allows employees time off from their job
to bond with their children, care for ill family members, or recover from their own serious health
problems — all without fear of losing their job. The FMLA entitles employees to a total of 12
weeks of unpaid leave during a 12-month period .
The FMLA entitles those who have taken leave under the law to return to their previous job,or to
an equivalent job with the same pay, benefits, and other conditions. Employers who provide
health insurance must also continue to pay their share of the health insurance premium for
employees on FMLA leave.
Care for newborn or newly adopt.
Compare and contrast the properties of a centralized and a distribut.pdf
Compare and contrast the properties of a centralized and a distributed routing algorithm. Give an
example of a routing protocol that takes a centralized and a decentralized approach.
Solution
Centralized: Central node in the network gets entire information about the network topology,
about the traffic and about other nodes. This then transmits this information to the respective
routers. The advantage of this is that only one node is required to keep the information. The
disadvantage is that if the central node goes down the entire network is down, i.e. single point of
failure.
Distributed: Node receives information from its neighbouring nodes and then takes the decision
about which way to send the packet. The disadvantage is that if in between the the interval it
receives information and sends the paket something changes then the packet may be delayed.
LinkState takes Centralzied approach
Distance Vector takes Decentralzied approach.
Baby Billy-Bob has a difficult infant temperament.His parents try .pdf
Baby Billy-Bob has a difficult infant temperament.
His parents try to be understanding and patient with him, but generally his behavior can be
described in terms of?
options:
moodiness, relative inactivity, and irregularity in daily routine.
high levels of activity, but unresponsiveness to changes in routine.
negative reactions to changes in routine, irritability, and difficulty being consoled.
openness to new experiences, but irregular feeding and sleeping habits.
Solution
The behaviour can be described in terms of moodiness, relative inactivity, and irregularity in
daily routine.
Approximately 10% of babies and children have a difficult temperament, which means that they
withdraw from or are slow to adapt to new situations, they have intense reactions, they have
irregular routines, and they have a negative mood..
A plane left at 3pm flying west at 450 miles per hour. At 330 pm an.pdf
A plane left at 3pm flying west at 450 miles per hour. At 3:30 pm another plane left the same
airport flying west at 500 miles per hour. At what time did the second plane overtake the first
plane?
Solution
first plane speed 450 mph
second plane speed 500 mph
rt=d
RT=D
30 minutes head start=1/2 hour
450*(t+1/2)=500(t)divide by 50
9*(t+1/2)=10t
9t+4.5=10t
simplify
4.5 hours =t
They pass at 7:30 pm.
A man with polydacytly, an autosomal dominant trait, marries a woman.pdf
A man with polydacytly, an autosomal dominant trait, marries a woman who is normal. They
have four children, and two of them also have polydactyly. The father has ten fingers and eleven
toes, and two of his children inherited the allele for polydactyly from him. A son has twelve
fingers and ten toes, and a daughter has eleven fingers and eleven toes. Polydactyly in this family
is a good example of _____. Question 13 options: A) incomplete penetrance B) polygenic
inheritance C) pleiotropy D) variable expressivity E) incomplete dominance Save
Solution
Answer: D) variable expressivity
Some genetic disorders exhibit little variation, most have signs and symptoms that differ among
affected individuals. Variable expressivity refers to the range of signs and symptoms that can
occur in different people with the same genetic condition..
1. Marvin is the executor and some heir of his aunts estate. The e.pdf
1. Marvin is the executor and some heir of his aunt\'s estate. The estate includes her furnished
home, which Marvin is considering converting to rental property to generate additional cash
flow.What are some of the tax problems Marvin may confront?
2. How does pay-as-you-go procedure apply to wage earners?To persons who have income from
sources other than wages?
3. Address the following issues.
a. What is the purpose of the unified transfer tax credit?
b. Is the same amount available for both the federal gift tax and the state tax?Explain
c. Does the use of the credit for a gift affect the amount of credit available for the estate
tax?Explain.
Solution
Here Marvin is subject to an estate tax by the Federal government as well as the inheritance tax
by the state government.There will be an increase of ad valorem tax on realty when Marvin
convert the property from residential to the income generating source. By adverse property tax
consequences, the tax results could be diminished. so there would be several tax issues with this
exchange..
___ is a type of homoplasy that reflects the independent evolution o.pdf
___ is a type of homoplasy that reflects the independent evolution of a trait in more that one
taxon.
Solution
Answer : Convergent evolution is a type of homoplasy that reflects the independent evolution of
a trait in more than one taxon.
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different
lineages. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have simiar form or function but
were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. The clasdistic term for the same
phenomenon is homoplasy..
Year-end interfund receivable or payable balances will appear in the.pdf
Year-end interfund receivable or payable balances will appear in the line item internal balances
within their respective columns on the government-wide statement of net position. True or False?
Solution
Year end interfund receivable or payable balances will appear in the item internal balances
within their respective
columns on the government wide statement of net position.
This Statement is TRUE..
Which isare true regarding the lipid bilayerA. It is modeled as .pdf
Which is/are true regarding the lipid bilayer?
A. It is modeled as a capacitor in the equivalent circuit of a cell membrane.
B. Ions can freely permeate and pass through the lipid bilayer.
C. Protein mobility in the lipid bilayer can be restricted by the lipid composition or tethering to
the cytoskeleton.
D. All of the above.
E. A & C only.
Solution
C.Protein mobility in the lipid bilayer can be restricted by the lipid composition or tethering to
the cytoskeleton..
Which statement describes a similarity between the diploid and haplo.pdf
Which statement describes a similarity between the diploid and haploid phases of plant life?
A zygote is formed ____.
Human skin color is an example of ____, while sickle-cell anemia is an example of ____.both
are multicellular
Solution
1. both are multicellular.
The plant life cycle alternates between haploid and diploid generations.Plants have multicellular
haploid and multicellular diploid stages in their life cycle.Gametes develop in the multicellular
haploid gametophyte.Fertilization gives rise to a multicellular diploid sporophyte,which
produces haploid spores via meiosis.
2.Zygote is formed by the fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.
In human fertilization,ovum which is a haploid secondary oocyte and a haploid sperm cell
combine to form a single 2n diploid cell called the zygote.
In fungi,the sexual fusion of haploid cells is called karyogamy.This cell may then enter meiosis
or mitosis depending on the life cycle of the species.
In plants,the zygote may be polyploid if fertilization occurs between meiotically unreduced
gametes.
Somatic cells are other than reproductive cells.Zygote formation occurs in reproductive cells.
3.Human skin color is an example of polygenic inheritance, while sickle-cell anemia is an
example of pleiotropy.
Polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes.Skin
color is largely determined by the amount of melanin. Dark skinned individuals produce more
melanin than light skinned individuals.At least three genes regulate the amount of melanin
produced. Each gene has two forms: dark skin allele (A,B,and C) and light skin allele (a,b,and c).
Pleiotropy occurs when variation at a single gene locus affects multiple aspects of the
phenotype.Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that causes deformed red blood cells with a
rigid,crescent shape instead of the normal flexible,round shape.It is caused by a change in one
nucleotide in the HBB gene.Sickle cell anemia occurs when the HBB gene mutation causes both
beta-globin subunits of hemoglobin to change into hemoglobin S..
Which of the following isareTRUEI. A field can possess zero divi.pdf
Which of the following is/areTRUE?
I. A field can possess zero divisors.
II. Every integral domain is a field.
III. The union of two subrings is always a subring
IV. Every field is an integral domain.
Solution
option (iv) is true.
becuause
if R is a field, then there is no zero divisor in R.
Integral domain that is not a field.
and the union of two subrings is generally not a subring..
Which of the groups below are hydrophobic Hydrophilic Explain .pdf
Which of the groups below are hydrophobic? Hydrophilic? Explain
Solution
4. ANS:
Polar and non- polar characteristics:
Polar molecules contain positive charge on one end and negative charge in other end. Polar
molecules share electrons un equally. Molecule with more polar parts less non polar Polar
molecules can easily soluble in water, so these are called as hydrophilic molecules. (At poles
both + Ve and -Ve charges are present).
Non-polar molecules contain same charges on both poles, so bonding is not possible. These are
not soluble in water. The molecule with mostly non polar (hydrocarbon) part shows hydrophobic
interactions. (At poles same charge + Ve and + Ve or –Ve and - Ve are present).
Hydrophilic compound:
A. The compound A only can capable to produce hydrophilic interactions. It is because on this
compound
Long carbon chains, carbon rings and non-polar covalent linkages are absent.
Hydrophobic compound:
B. The compound B only can capable to produce hydrophobic interactions. It is because on this
compound hydrophilic groups are absent..
Which function has a domain of all real numbers A. y = secx B. y =.pdf
Which function has a domain of all real numbers? A. y = secx B. y = cosx C. y = tanx D. y =
1/sin x
Solution
Functions sec(x) and tan(x) are not defined when x = (2n+1)/2 (where n is an integer)
Similarly, function 1/sin(x) is not defined when x = n (where n is an integer)
Cos(x) is defined for all the real values of x
Hence, the only option that has domain of all real numbers is function y = cos(x).
Option B.
When 3013 adults were survery in a poll, 73 said they use the Inter.pdf
When 3013 adults were survery in a poll, 73% said they use the Internet. is it okay for a
newspaper reporter to write that 3/4 of all adults use the Internet? why or why not? identify the
null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis,test statistics, p-value, conclusion about the null
hypothesis and final conclusion that addresses the original claim. use the p-value method. Use
the normal distribution as an approximation of the binomial distribution.
Solution.
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