The document traces the history of using motion pictures in surgery from 1896 to 2006. It discusses early pioneers like Eugène-Louis Doyen and Jacob Sarnoff and how their surgical films helped develop the field. Over time, attitudes shifted from initial bans by organizations like the AMA to endorsements from groups like the American College of Surgeons as the educational benefits became recognized.

2. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

3. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

6. MY FATHER, RABBI ISRAEL SARNOFF

7. ,
THE CINIiJfA IN SURGERY
Recording in JIOtion picturea the operation
tor the removal. ot a twiated ovarian qat

8. NES INFLATED BY TH E
MO -V! ME iHO D

13. 1896
First
commercial
film
exhibition

14. Eugène-Louis
Doyen begins
making
surgical films
1898
1896
First
commercial
film
exhibition

15. AMA
Eugène-Louis introduces
Doyen begins motion
making picture
surgical films theaters
1898 1915
1896
First
commercial
film
exhibition

16. AMA
Eugène-Louis introduces
Doyen begins motion
making picture
surgical films theaters
1898 1915
1896 1917
First Sarnoff
commercial begins
film making
exhibition films

17. AMA
Eugène-Louis introduces AMA
Doyen begins motion bans
making picture surgical
surgical films theaters films
1898 1915 1921
1896 1917
First Sarnoff
commercial begins
film making
exhibition films

18. AMA
Eugène-Louis introduces AMA
Doyen begins motion bans
making picture surgical
surgical films theaters films
1898 1915 1921
1896 1917 1924
First Sarnoff Sarnoff
commercial begins makes
film making “Circulatory
exhibition films System”

19. AMA AMA closes
Eugène-Louis introduces AMA motion-
Doyen begins motion bans picture
making picture surgical theaters
surgical films theaters films altogether
1898 1915 1921 1928
1896 1917 1924
First Sarnoff Sarnoff
commercial begins makes
film making “Circulatory
exhibition films System”

20. AMA AMA closes
Eugène-Louis introduces AMA motion-
Doyen begins motion bans picture
making picture surgical theaters
surgical films theaters films altogether
1898 1915 1921 1928
1896 1917 1924 1935
First Sarnoff Sarnoff American
commercial begins makes College of
film making “Circulatory Surgeons
exhibition films System” begins
endorsing
films

21. AMA AMA closes AMA
Eugène-Louis introduces AMA motion- reintroduces
Doyen begins motion bans picture motion-
making picture surgical theaters picture
surgical films theaters films altogether theaters
1898 1915 1921 1928 1941
1896 1917 1924 1935
First Sarnoff Sarnoff American
commercial begins makes College of
film making “Circulatory Surgeons
exhibition films System” begins
endorsing
films

22. Eugène-Louis Doyen separating
“Siamese twins” Radica and Doodica in 1902

29. “There is a personal flavor
about the photograph which
is absent in the drawing or the
outline.”

31. “spoiled by beautiful
photoengravings”

32. “spoiled by beautiful
photoengravings”
“simple diagrams
would have been
most instructive”

34. “depriving us
of diagrams”

35. “depriving us
of diagrams”
“due place”

38. “connected
sequence”

39. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

40. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

41. Animation frames, 1951

43. “We need
diagrams ...

44. “We need
diagrams ...
...that will
show the
actual technic”

46. “interpolate
animation where
[photography]
fails”

48. “your own
ability to
think in
diagram”

49. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

50. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

51. American College of Surgeons Multimedia Atlas of Surgery (2006)

52. American College of Surgeons Multimedia Atlas of Surgery (2006)

53. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

54. “Circulatory System” (Jacob Sarnoff, 1924)

55. miriam.posner@emory.edu