Dental cements.pptx
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This document discusses dental amalgam and composites for dental restorations. It indicates that amalgam is used for class I, II lesions and non-aesthetic areas, while composites can be used for all classes of restorations and for aesthetic purposes. Principles of tooth preparation include preserving tooth structure and having walls perpendicular to forces. Different pulp protection materials like liners, sealers and bases are required depending on the depth of the cavity preparation. Glass ionomer cement is introduced which is used for various applications like restorations, liners and fissure sealants. Amalgam carving instruments include discoid, hollenbeck and amalgam knives.
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Electrocardiogram_20240614_173859_0000.pdf
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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- 10. INDICATIONS AMALGAM CLASS I, II Nonesthetic cervical lesions Core build up Temporary/caries control restorations Patient sensitivity to other materials COMPOSITES CLASS I, II, III, IV, V Esthetic enhancements Hypocalcified areas Partial/full veneers Luting agents
- 15. PRINCIPLES OF TOOTH PREPARATION
- 18. Features: Preserving cusps & marginal ridges Flat pulpal floor Pulpal & gingival walls perpendicular to occlusal forces Rounded internal and axiopulpal line angles (for class II)
- 19. Extend the proximal margin to provide clearance from adjacent tooth
- 21. Step 6: PULPAL PROTECTION To provide 2 mm of insulation between pulp & restorative material. Liners Sealers Bases
- 23. DEPTH OF CAVITIES AMALGAM COMPOSITES GOLD INDIRECT ESTHETIC RESTORATIONS SHALLOW (RDT >/= 2mm) Dentin sealer/ desensitizing agent Nil NIL (RMGI for cementation) Nil (DBA + Resin cement for cementation) MODERATE RDT 0.5–2 mm RMGI base + dentin sealer Nil (DBA) NIL (RMGI for cementation) Nil (DBA + Resin cement for cementation) DEEP RDT < 0.5mm 0.5 – 0.75mm layer of Ca(OH)2 + RMGI bae 0.5 – 0.75mm layer of Ca(OH)2 + RMGI base +DBA 0.5 – 0.75mm layer of Ca(OH)2 + RMGI base 0.5 – 0.75mm layer of Ca(OH)2 + DBA
- 24. GIC (FLOURIDE RELEASE) Other names: • Polyalkenoate cement • Manmade dentin • Dentin substitute • Alumino Silicate Polyacrylic Cement (ASPA)
- 25. It was introduced by Wilson and Kent in 1969. 47. CLASSIFICATION: Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI Type VIII } Type IX Luting cement Restorative cement Liner Fissure sealant Orthodontic cement Core build up cement Posterior packable GIC for atraumatic restorations
- 28. AMALGAM CARVING OCCLUSAL – discoid cleoid instrument Facial / lingual – hollenbeck carver Proximal- amalgam knife